CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

An automatic drug dispenser is an advanced device designed to enhance medication

management by ensuring timely and accurate dispensing of prescribed medications. These dispensers
are particularly beneficial for individuals managing chronic conditions, the elderly, or those with
cognitive impairments who may struggle with complex medication schedules. By automating the
dispensing process, these devices minimize the risk of missed doses or medication errors, which are
common in manual medication management. Features such as programmable alarms, visual cues, and
secure compartments help in maintaining adherence to medication regimens. Additionally, some
models offer connectivity options that allow caregivers or healthcare providers to monitor adherence
remotely, providing an added layer of oversight and support. The integration of automatic drug
dispensers into daily routines not only promotes patient independence but also contributes to improved
health outcomes by ensuring consistent and accurate medication intake.

The evolution of automatic drug dispensers has been significantly influenced by advancements
in technology, leading to the development of devices that are not only more efficient but also more
user-friendly. Modern dispensers often incorporate features such as touchscreens, voice prompts, and
even biometric authentication to enhance usability and security. Some systems are integrated with
electronic health records (EHRs), allowing for seamless updates to medication schedules and real-time
monitoring by healthcare professionals. This integration ensures that any changes in a patient's
medication regimen are promptly reflected in the dispenser's programming, reducing the risk of errors.

In addition to individual use, automatic drug dispensers have found applications in institutional
settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. In these environments, dispensers contribute to
streamlined medication administration processes, reducing the workload on healthcare staff and
minimizing the potential for human error. By automating routine tasks, healthcare providers can
allocate more time to direct patient care, thereby improving overall service quality.

Despite the numerous benefits, the adoption of automatic drug dispensers does come with
challenges. The initial cost of acquiring and implementing these systems can be substantial, which
may be a barrier for some individuals or smaller healthcare facilities. Furthermore, users may require

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training to effectively operate the devices, and there may be concerns regarding the reliability of the
technology, particularly in areas with limited technical support. Addressing these challenges is crucial
to ensure broader accessibility and to maximize the potential benefits of automatic drug dispensers in
various healthcare settings.

Looking ahead, the future of automatic drug dispensers is promising, with ongoing research
and development aimed at enhancing their capabilities. Emerging technologies such as artificial
intelligence and machine learning are being explored to create more adaptive systems that can predict
patient needs and adjust dispensing schedules accordingly. Additionally, advancements in connectivity
and data analytics are expected to further integrate dispensers into the broader healthcare ecosystem,
facilitating more proactive and personalized patient care.

In conclusion, automatic drug dispensers represent a significant advancement in the field of

medication management, offering solutions to common challenges such as adherence, accuracy, and
efficiency. By leveraging technology, these devices have the potential to transform how medications
are administered, ultimately leading to better health outcomes and improved quality of life for patients.

1.1HISTORY

1. Manual Medication Management (Before 1980s)

Before the advent of automatic drug dispensers, medication handling was entirely manual. In
hospitals and clinics, nurses and pharmacists were responsible for sorting, preparing, and
administering medications to patients. This process was time-consuming and prone to human errors
such as incorrect dosages, timing mistakes, or drug mix-ups. With increasing patient loads and the
complexity of medication regimens, the need for more reliable and efficient systems became evident,
prompting early interest in automation.

2. Mechanical Pill Dispensers and Packaging Systems (1980s)

During the 1980s, hospitals began adopting mechanical devices like pill counters and unit-
dose packaging machines to improve medication safety and efficiency. These machines helped
standardize dosages and reduced the time pharmacists spent preparing individual medications. While
these early systems were not fully automated, they laid the foundation for future advancements by
introducing mechanization into the pharmacy workflow, especially in high-volume hospital settings.

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3. Automated Dispensing Cabinets (1990s)
The 1990s marked a major technological leap with the introduction of Automated Dispensing
Cabinets (ADCs). Companies such as Pyxis and Omnicell developed secure, computerized systems for
storing and dispensing medications in hospitals. These cabinets featured electronic access controls,
barcode scanning, and integration with patient records. This innovation allowed for real-time tracking
of medication use, reduced drug diversion, and significantly lowered therisk of medication errors.
ADCs became standard in many hospital units, including emergency departments and intensive care
units.

4. Home-Based Drug Dispensers and Aging Populations (2000s)

As life expectancy increased and more patients began managing chronic diseases at home,
the need for personal medication dispensing devices grew. In the 2000s, home-based drug dispensers
such as MedReady and Philips Medication Dispenser emerged. These devices were designed to help
elderly or disabled individuals take their medications correctly and on time. Equipped with alarms,
lockable compartments, and caregiver alerts, they improved adherence and safety in home care
environments, while offering peace of mind to families and caregivers.

5. IoT and Smart Drug Dispensers (2010s)

The 2010s ushered in the era of smart technology and Internet of Things (IoT) integration.
Drug dispensers became more intelligent and interactive, featuring Wi-Fi connectivity, mobile app
integration, and cloud-based monitoring. Products like Hero Health, MedaCube, and Pria enabled
caregivers to monitor medication adherence remotely, receive alerts for missed doses, and manage
schedules in real time. These devices also supported voice assistants and wearable technology, creating
a seamless and patient-friendly medication management ecosystem.

1.2 REASON FOR SELECTION

The selection of the Automatic Drug Dispenser project is driven by the critical need to enhance
medication adherence, reduce human error, and support healthcare systems, especially in contexts
where medical supervision is limited. In modern society, where chronic diseases and aging populations
are on the rise, many patients particularly the elderly face difficulties in remembering when and how
to take their medications. Non-adherence to prescribed medication schedules often results in

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worsening health conditions, unnecessary hospitalizations, and increased healthcare costs. An
automatic drug dispenser ensures timely delivery of the correct dosage, eliminating dependency on
memory and manual intervention. Additionally, this system provides a reliable solution for people with
cognitive impairments, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, thereby improving their quality of
life.

In healthcare institutions like hospitals and nursing homes, such a device reduces the workload
on nurses and pharmacists, allowing them to focus more on patient care than routine dispensing tasks.
Moreover, it minimizes medication administration errors, which are a common and dangerous issue in
clinical practice. With automation and IoT integration, the system can alert patients and caregivers via
audio, visual, or mobile notifications. It can also be connected to cloud services for real-time data
sharing with doctors or family members, ensuring proper monitoring. Furthermore, it improves patient
compliance, a key factor in successful treatment outcomes.

This project offers a blend of disciplines including electronics, embedded systems, biomedical
engineering, and computer science, which makes it an excellent interdisciplinary learning opportunity.
The design involves microcontrollers like Arduino or Raspberry Pi, real-time clocks (RTC), sensors,
motors, and connectivity modules, all coordinated through intelligent software. The inclusion of a
user-friendly interface makes it practical for real-world use. The system can be further expanded with
features like biometric authentication, AI-based reminders, and adaptive learning for personalized
treatment schedules. In low-resource or rural settings, where access to healthcare professionals is
limited, an automatic drug dispenser can act as a semi-autonomous caregiver.

The project also promotes sustainability in healthcare by reducing wastage of drugs due to
missed doses or overdosing. It aligns with the global move toward smart healthcare and digital health
technologies, supporting the concept of "hospital-at-home" and remote patient management.
Moreover, the dispenser can be customized for different patient needs, whether they are taking a single
medicine or multiple drugs at various times during the day. Through this project, one can also explore
machine learning algorithms for predicting patient behavior, drug usage patterns, and alert
optimization.

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 Ultimately, the Automatic Drug Dispenser project is not only a technically rich endeavor but
also a socially impactful one. It targets a global problem with a scalable and cost-effective solution
that could benefit millions. The development of such a system showcases a commitment to
technological innovation in healthcare and reflects a vision to make medicine safer, more accessible,
and more efficient. Hence, the project was selected for its real-world significance, technical
challenges, and potential for innovation and positive impact.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

1. Automate the dispensing of correct medication doses at scheduled times.

2. Improve patient adherence to medication schedules.

3. Minimize human errors in drug administration.

4. Enable remote monitoring of medication intake.

5. Ensure secure and authorized access to medications.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 A WEARABLE SENSOR SYSTEM FOR MEDICATION ADHERENCE

PREDICTION

AUTHOR: HAIK KALANTARIANA,BABAK MOTAMED

YEAR: 2016

INTRODUCTION

Medication adherence is critical for effective disease management and positive health
outcomes. Non-adherence remains a widespread issue, leading to increased hospitalizations and
healthcare costs.Traditional adherence monitoring methods, such as self-reporting and pill counts, are
often inaccurate.Wearable sensor systems offer a promising alternative by enabling continuous, non-
invasive monitoring.These systems track physiological and behavioral signals related to medication
intake.Data from sensors like accelerometers, heart rate monitors, and skin temperature detectors is
collected in real time.Advanced algorithms process this data to detect and predict adherence
patterns.The system can alert users and healthcare providers about missed doses or irregularities. This
technology enhances adherence prediction, supporting timely interventions and improved patient
outcomes.

METHODOLOGY

Participants wear a sensor-equipped device that continuously monitors physiological and

motion data.Data such as heart rate, skin temperature, and movement patterns are collected in real
time. Preprocessing filters noise and segments relevant activity related to medication intake.Machine
learning models are trained to identify adherence events from sensor patterns.Predictions are validated
against ground truth data like electronic pill dispensers or patient logs.

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RESULT

The system achieved an adherence prediction accuracy of over 85% using sensor data.
Machine learning models successfully distinguished between adherent and non-adherent
behaviors.Validation against electronic pillbox data confirmed high correlation with actual intake
times.User feedback indicated the system was comfortable and easy to integrate into daily routines.

2.2The Role of a Self-Directed Technology to Improve Medication

Adherence in Heart Failure Patients

AUTHOR: Cynthia M. Walker, DNP, APRN

YEAR: 2014

INTRODUCTION

Heart failure patients often struggle with complex medication regimens, leading to poor
adherence.Non-adherence can result in worsened symptoms, hospital readmissions, and increased
mortality.Self-directed technologies empower patients to manage their medications
independently.These tools offer reminders, educational content, and adherence tracking. Implementing
such technologies may improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare burdens.

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METHODOLOGY

A quantitative, quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the impact of a self-directed

technology intervention on medication adherence in heart failure patients. Participants were recruited
from a cardiology clinic and divided into control and intervention groups. The intervention group
received access to a mobile health application designed to support medication reminders and track
adherence. Data were collected over 12 weeks using validated adherence scales and analyzed
statistically to assess outcomes.

RESULT

It provides reminders, education, and tracking features that support daily medication routines.
Patients gain more control over their treatment, enhancing self-management and confidence.
Smart apps and digital tools reduce missed doses and increase adherence rates.
This ultimately leads to better health outcomes and reduced hospitalizations.

2.3 Pillbox intervention fidelity in medication adherence research: A

systematic review

AUTHOR: Rebecca J. Bartlett Ellis, PhD, RN

YEAR:2017

INTRODUTION

Pillbox interventions have become a widely studied approach to improving medication

adherence, particularly in patients with chronic conditions.These interventions use physical or digital
pillboxes to remind patients to take their prescribed medications on time and in the correct
doses.Medication non-adherence remains a major barrier to achieving optimal health outcomes, often
leading to complications, hospitalizations, and increased healthcare costs.Despite their potential, the
effectiveness of pillbox interventions depends on their fidelity in implementation, which can vary

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across studies.This systematic review aims to evaluate the fidelity of pillbox interventions in
medication adherence research, examining the consistency and quality of their use.
METHODOLOGY
This systematic review followed a structured approach to assess studies on pillbox
interventions for medication adherence.Relevant studies were identified through comprehensive
database searches, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using predefined inclusion
criteria.Each study was evaluated for intervention fidelity, focusing on the consistency of pillbox
usage, adherence monitoring, and reporting outcomes.Data were synthesized to determine common
factors affecting intervention success and to provide insights into best practices for pillbox
implementation.
RESULT
The review found that pillbox interventions can improve medication adherence, but
effectiveness varies based on intervention fidelity.Higher success rates were associated with consistent
use and regular monitoring.Tailored interventions that include patient support showed better adherence
outcomes.

2.4 Improving healthcare using Smart Pill Box for Medicine Reminder
and Monitoring System
AUTHOR: Diaa Salama Abdul Minaam*, Mohamed Abd-ELfattah
YEAR:2018
INTRODUCTION

The Smart Pill Box is an innovative solution designed to improve medication adherence by
providing timely reminders and monitoring medication intake.With the rise of chronic diseases and
complex medication regimens, non-adherence to prescribed treatments has become a significant
healthcare challenge.This technology aims to address that issue by ensuring patients take their
medications on time and in the correct dosages.In addition to reminders, smart pill boxes can track
usage, alert caregivers or healthcare providers, and provide data to improve patient outcomes.By
integrating this technology into daily healthcare routines, it is possible to enhance patient compliance,
reduce hospitalizations, and improve overall health management.

METHODOLOGY

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 The methodology involved implementing smart pill boxes in a controlled group of patients
with chronic conditions requiring regular medication.Patients' adherence rates were monitored through
the pill box's reminder system and usage tracking features.Data was collected on medication
adherence, user engagement, and healthcare outcomes, such as hospitalizations and emergency
visits.The results were compared pre- and post-intervention to assess the impact of the smart pill box
on improving adherence and overall health management.

RESULT

The Smart Pill Box improves healthcare by ensuring timely medication adherence, reducing
the risk of errors and missed doses. It enhances patient safety through real-time monitoring and alerts
for drug interactions or missed doses. This system boosts communication between patients, caregivers,
and healthcare providers, leading to better disease management and improved health outcomes.

2.5 AUTOMATIC DRUG DISPENSER

AUTHOR: Varad Kulkarni, Shreeyash Kelkar

YEAR:2024

INTRODUCTION

An automatic drug dispenser is a device designed to assist in the safe and efficient management
of medication. It automates the process of storing, dispensing, and tracking medications, ensuring that
patients receive the correct dosage at the right time. These devices are particularly useful for
individuals with chronic conditions, elderly patients, or those managing multiple prescriptions. By
reducing human error, they improve medication adherence and minimize the risk of overdosing or
missing doses. With real-time monitoring and alerts, automatic drug dispensers enhance patient safety
and streamline healthcare management.

METHODOLOGY

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 The automatic drug dispenser works by securely storing medications in a compartmentalized
system, each corresponding to a specific dosage schedule. The device is programmed to release the
correct dose at predetermined times, based on the patient’s prescription. It uses sensors and timers to
track medication usage and ensure adherence. Alerts are sent to both patients and caregivers if a dose
is missed or incorrectly taken, with real-time data updates for monitoring and adjustments.

RESULT

An automatic drug dispenser is a device that ensures accurate and timely medication delivery.
It typically consists of a mechanism that stores and dispenses medication based on a pre-programmed
schedule. This helps improve patient adherence to prescribed treatments by automating the process.

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 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS USED

3. 1 COMPONENTS

The components used for doing this project were Microcontroller (Arduino Uno),Servo motors
,Real-Time Clock,LCD display ,Buzzer ,Power supply or battery pack,Pill compartments or rotating
tray.

3.2 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something
online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the
board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions
have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices
and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider
community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating
its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and
embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build
them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-
source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

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Hardware

Arduino-compatible R3 UNO board made in China with no Arduino logo, but with identical markings,
including "Made in Italy" text

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under
a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available. The source code for
the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. Nevertheless, an official Bill of
Materials of Arduino boards has never been released by Arduino staff.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduinoto be exclusive to the official product and not be used for
derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino name
emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product. Several
Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various
names ending in -duino.

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An early Arduino board with an RS-232 serial interface (upper left) and an Atmel ATmega8
microcontroller chip (black, lower right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at the top, the 6 analog input pins
at the lower right, and the power connector at the lower left.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8

ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins,
and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The
boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming
and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields.
Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most
boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some
designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to
specific form-factor restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the optiboot
bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some
serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels
and transistor–transistor logic(TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed
via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as
the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a
separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its
own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a
detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with
traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system
programming (ISP) programming is used.

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An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions of the I/O locations

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits.
The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can
produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital
I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-
in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible
Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board
that can plug into solderless breadboards.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent
to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output
drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others
are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields,
sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.

Software and programming tools

Arduino Software IDE

Screenshot of the Arduino IDE showing

the Blink simple beginner program

Developer(s) Arduino Software

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 Stable release 1.8.5 / 29 September 2017; 4
months ago[53]

https://github.com/arduino/Arduino
Repository

Written in Java, C, C++

Operating Windows, macOS, Linux

system

Platform IA-32, x86-64, ARM

Type Integrated development

environment

License LGPL or GPL license

Website www.arduino.cc

A program for Arduino may be written in any programming language with compilers that
produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for
their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio.

The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which
is a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It originated from the IDE
for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting
and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax
highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an
Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a hierarchy of operation menus.

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 A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch. Sketches are saved on the
development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved
sketches with the extension .pde.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring.
The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the
sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an
executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.
The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.

The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free
software libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.

Program structure

Power LED (red) and User LED (green) attached to Pin 13 on an Arduino compatible board

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions:

 setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to
initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch.
 loop(): After setup() has been called, function loop() is executed repeatedly in the main program. It
controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset.

Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a load resistor connected between
pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and program functions. A typical
program for a beginning Arduino programmer blinks a LED repeatedly.

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#define LED_PIN 13 // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.
}

This program uses the functions pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and delay(), which are provided by
the internal libraries included in the IDE environment. The program is usually loaded in the Arduino
by the manufacturer.

Applications

 Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino

 Arduino Motion Control Rig
 Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
 ArduinoPhone, a do-it-yourself cellphone
 Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
 ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino.
 Automatic titration system based on Arduino and stepper motorC-STEM Studio, a platform for
hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-
STEM) with robotics.
 DC motor control using Arduino and H-Bridge
 Data loggers for scientific research
 Gameduino, an Arduino shield to create retro 2D video games

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 Homemade CNC using Arduino and DC motors with close loop control by Homofaciens
 Impedance sensor system to detect bovine milk adulteration
 Low cost data glove for virtual reality applications
 OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars
 Water quality testing platform
 Xoscillo, an open-source oscilloscope

3.3 SERVO MOTORS

Servo motors are used in closed loop control systems in which work is the control variable,
Figure 9. The digital servo motor controller directs operation of the servo motor by sending velocity
command signals to the amplifier, which drives the servo motor. An integral feedback device
(resolver) or devices (encoder and tachometer) are either incorporated within the servo motor or are
remotely mounted, often on the load itself. These provide the servo motor's position and velocity
feedback that the controller compares to its programmed motion profile and uses to alter its velocity
signal. Servo motors feature a motion profile, which is a set of instructions programmed into the
controller that defines the servo motor operation in terms of time, position, and velocity. The ability of
the servo motor to adjust to differences between the motion profile and feedback signals depends
greatly upon the type of controls and servo motors used. See the servo motors Control and Sensors
Product section.

Three basic types of servo motors are used in modern servosystems: ac servo motors, based on
induction motor designs; dc servo motors, based on dc motor designs; and ac brushless servo motors,
based on synchronous motor designs.

Whats a Servo?

A Servo is a small device that has an output shaft. This shaft can be positioned to specific
angular positions by sending the servo a coded signal. As long as the coded signal exists on the input
line, the servo will maintain the angular position of the shaft. As the coded signal changes, the angular
position of the shaft changes. In practice, servos are used in radio controlled airplanes to position

19
control surfaces like the elevators and rudders. They are also used in radio controlled cars, puppets,
and of course, robots.

A Futaba S-148 Servo

Servos are extremely useful in robotics. The motors are small, as you can see by the picture
above, have built in control circuitry, and are extremely powerful for thier size. A standard servo such
as the Futaba S-148 has 42 oz/inches of torque, which is pretty strong for its size. It also draws power
proportional to the mechanical load. A lightly loaded servo, therefore, doesn't consume much energy.
The guts of a servo motor are shown in the picture below. You can see the control circuitry, the motor,
a set of gears, and the case. You can also see the 3 wires that connect to the outside world. One is for
power (+5volts), ground, and the white wire is the control wire.

A servo disassembled.

So, how does a servo work? The servo motor has some control circuits and a potentiometer (a
variable resistor, aka pot) that is connected to the output shaft. In the picture above, the pot can be seen
on the right side of the circuit board. This pot allows the control circuitry to monitor the current angle
of the servo motor. If the shaft is at the correct angle, then the motor shuts off. If the circuit finds that
the angle is not correct, it will turn the motor the correct direction until the angle is correct. The output
shaft of the servo is capable of travelling somewhere around 180 degrees. Usually, its somewhere in
the 210 degree range, but it varies by manufacturer. A normal servo is used to control an angular
motion of between 0 and 180 degrees. A normal servo is mechanically not capable of turning any
farther due to a mechanical stop built on to the main output gear.

The amount of power applied to the motor is proportional to the distance it needs to travel. So, if the
shaft needs to turn a large distance, the motor will run at full speed. If it needs to turn only a small
amount, the motor will run at a slower speed. This is called proportional control.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE

A servo motor is a precision-controlled actuator that plays a crucial role in the functioning of
automatic drug dispensers. It operates based on the principle of feedback control, where it receives
signals from a microcontroller or microprocessor to perform specific angular movements. In an
automatic drug dispenser, the servo motor is typically used to rotate or shift compartments containing
medicine doses, control a gate or flap mechanism, or push a plunger to release tablets or liquid drugs
at predetermined times. The motor consists of a DC motor, a gear system, a position sensor (usually a
potentiometer), and a control circuit. When the control system sends a Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) signal, the width of the pulse determines the angle of rotation. For example, a 1.5 ms pulse in
a 20 ms cycle might set the servo to its midpoint. The position sensor detects the shaft’s angle and
sends feedback to the control circuit, which compares it with the desired position. If there's any
discrepancy, the motor adjusts until the actual position matches the target. This closed-loop mechanism
ensures accurate motion control, which is essential in medical devices where dosing errors could be
critical. In drug dispensers, timing and precision are paramount. The servo motor's ability to rotate to
exact angles ensures that only the required dose is dispensed at scheduled intervals. Typically, the
dispenser is programmed with patient data such as dose quantity and schedule, and the servo activates
according to these instructions. It might rotate a carousel holding pill compartments or open a trapdoor
releasing a capsule. The microcontroller governs this sequence, triggering the servo at specific
intervals. Powering the servo is usually a low-voltage power supply, suitable for safe use in consumer
healthcare environments. Servos are preferred in such applications over regular DC motors because
they provide better control, require less external circuitry for precision, and are relatively compact.
Additionally, the gear system inside the servo increases torque while decreasing speed, making it ideal
for handling small mechanical movements with significant load, such as lifting a compartment cover.

21
In some designs, multiple servo motors may be used for different tasks like opening the lid, pushing a
pill forward, or activating an alert system. The flexibility and reliability of servo motors contribute to
the dispenser’s automation, reducing the need for caregiver intervention and improving patient
compliance. Some advanced models integrate sensors that confirm whether the pill was taken, and the
servo motor will respond accordingly, for instance, by not dispensing the next dose if the previous one
is still present. Integration with IoT allows remote programming and monitoring, with the servo acting
as the final actuator in this smart health ecosystem. The entire dispensing cycle relies heavily on the
accurate functioning of the servo motor, which performs countless operations without error over its
lifespan. Thus, the servo motor is not just a mechanical part but a vital component that makes drug
automation possible, dependable, and safe.

3.4 REAL TIME CLOCK

In an automatic drug dispenser project, the Real-Time Clock (RTC) plays a crucial role in
ensuring precise timing for medication delivery. An RTC is an integrated circuit (IC) that keeps track
of the current time and date, even when the main device is powered off. This functionality is essential
for a drug dispensing system where accuracy in scheduling medication is critical to patient health.
RTC modules like DS1307 or DS3231 are commonly used in such projects because of their low power
consumption and reliable timekeeping features. The RTC allows the system to dispense drugs at
predetermined intervals, minimizing human error and improving adherence to prescribed medication
regimens. For patients with chronic diseases or elderly individuals with memory problems, this
automation ensures they receive the right dose at the right time without needing constant supervision.
When integrated with a microcontroller like Arduino or Raspberry Pi, the RTC sends signals or
interrupts to trigger the release of medicine compartments. These dispensers are often divided into
slots representing different time intervals throughout the day. When the current time matches the
programmed schedule, the system activates a motor or servo to unlock or rotate the correct
compartment. Some systems also include buzzers, lights, or mobile notifications to alert patients that
it’s time to take their medicine. If a dose is missed, the system can log the event or notify caregivers
via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connectivity. Additionally, RTCs retain data using a backup battery,
maintaining functionality even during power outages, which is vital in healthcare settings. The
precision offered by RTCs ensures consistency in dosage timing, which can significantly influence
treatment outcomes, especially for medications requiring strict time intervals, such as insulin or

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antibiotics. Programming the RTC typically involves setting the initial time through code, which then
runs continuously. Libraries are available for easy interfacing with Arduino, simplifying code
development. Data from the RTC can also be logged for monitoring patient compliance, making it
easier for doctors and caregivers to assess whether medications are being taken correctly. Advanced
systems may integrate cloud platforms, allowing for remote monitoring and data storage. This can also
enable AI-based predictive analysis for optimizing drug schedules. Moreover, such a system supports
multiple user profiles, adapting to households or facilities with several patients. Safety is enhanced as
only the required dose is accessible at a given time, reducing the risk of overdose. Some dispensers are
designed with locking mechanisms that only open at programmed times, guided by the RTC,
preventing accidental or intentional misuse. Integration with sensors can further improve reliability,
ensuring a pill was removed and consumed, not just dispensed. The RTC is often connected to the I2C
pins of the microcontroller, simplifying wiring and communication. Many RTC modules come pre-
mounted on breakout boards with crystal oscillators and coin cell batteries, making them easy to
incorporate into prototypes and final designs. For user interaction, LCDs or OLED screens may
display real-time updates, dosage times, and medication logs, all based on RTC data. Speech modules
or voice assistants can be used for accessibility, reminding visually impaired patients. Overall, the
RTC ensures that the entire system remains time-driven and accurate, aligning medication
administration with medical prescriptions. In hospital settings, these systems can be scaled to manage
large numbers of patients, reducing nursing workload. At home, it provides independence to elderly
patients while keeping families informed through real-time data sharing. Compliance monitoring can
be enhanced by coupling RTC-based events with RFID, fingerprint, or facial recognition modules to
confirm the identity of the person taking the medication. Mobile apps can sync with the RTC-enabled
dispenser to update schedules, pause reminders during travel, or adjust for daylight saving time.
Ultimately, the RTC ensures reliability, precision, and consistency in drug delivery, forming the
backbone of timing operations in the system. Its small size and affordability make it suitable for both
prototype and commercial models. With its proven reliability, RTC modules are essential for any
automated drug delivery system, ensuring patient safety and therapeutic effiiency.

3.5 LCD DISPLAY

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 The LCD display is an essential component in the hardware design of an automatic drug
dispenser, playing a central role in user communication and device interaction. Most commonly, a
16x2 or 20x4 character LCD is used, depending on the information display requirements. The 16x2
LCD can display 16 characters on each of its 2 lines, while the 20x4 version displays 20 characters
across 4 lines, offering more space for messages. These LCDs operate using a controller such as the
HD44780, which is widely supported and easy to interface with microcontrollers like Arduino or
Raspberry Pi. The display features 16 pins, including VSS and VDD for power and ground, V0 for
contrast adjustment, RS for register selection, RW for selecting read/write mode, and E for enabling
the module. It also has eight data lines (D0 to D7) used to send data, although many applications use
4-bit mode (D4 to D7) to save GPIO pins. Pins 15 and 16 power the LED backlight, which improves
visibility in low-light conditions. A 10k potentiometer is typically used to control contrast for optimal
readability. The display shows time, date, medication name, dosage, and user instructions. It also
provides alerts such as “Time to Take Medicine,” “Missed Dose,” or “Medication Completed,”
ensuring clear communication with the user. In combination with a real-time clock (RTC) module, the
LCD can display accurate time-triggered messages. Push buttons or a keypad are often added to allow
users to interact with the display and change settings. The LCD is initialized in the code with libraries
like LiquidCrystal.h and updated periodically or upon specific events. It provides feedback when
medication is dispensed or when the user interacts with the system. In the event of an error or
malfunction, the display can alert the user immediately. It also offers setup menus, dosage schedules,
and battery level indicators. Some implementations include scrolling text to accommodate longer
messages. The display can show icons or custom characters, such as a pill symbol, by defining them in
the CGRAM of the LCD controller. The LCD has low power consumption, making it suitable for
battery-powered dispensers. It is compact and easily mountable inside a plastic enclosure, allowing for
a neat and user-friendly interface. The static nature of the display means it only updates when new
information is needed, reducing flicker and power use. The module is durable and well-suited for
frequent use in healthcare environments. For elderly users or those with limited vision, large fonts and
backlighting help enhance readability. The display’s ability to cycle through different messages makes
it effective for multi-dose or multi-user applications. In more advanced systems, a touchscreen LCD
can be used, though it increases cost and complexity. However, the standard alphanumeric LCD strikes
a good balance between functionality and simplicity. It supports multiple languages by default through
its ASCII-based character set. During system boot-up, the LCD can show startup messages or

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diagnostics. Developers can also program the display to show maintenance reminders or software
version details. It can act as a real-time status window for the dispenser, keeping users informed about
current operations. The display helps verify button presses and system inputs, minimizing user
confusion. In summary, the LCD display is a low-cost, reliable, and user-friendly interface component
that significantly enhances the performance and usability of an automatic drug dispensing system.

3.6 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles,

household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly consists of a
number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button was
pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control
panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound.
Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell
without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise).

Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding
board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make
the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-
ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a
Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which
varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.

3.8 POWERSUPPLY

The power supply of an automatic drug dispenser plays a critical role in ensuring the
continuous and reliable functioning of the device. It is responsible for delivering stable and regulated
electrical energy to all the electronic components, including the microcontroller, sensors, actuators,
display unit, communication modules, and dispensing mechanisms. The system typically starts with an
AC-DC power adapter, converting household 230V or 120V AC mains into a low-voltage DC output,
commonly 12V or 9V. This initial conversion is handled by a step-down transformer, rectifier circuit,
and voltage regulator. A bridge rectifier composed of four diodes ensures the conversion of AC to

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pulsating DC, which is then smoothed using capacitors to reduce ripple voltage. Voltage regulators
such as the 7805 or LM317 maintain a constant output voltage suitable for microcontroller logic (e.g.,
5V or 3.3V). For portability and backup purposes, a rechargeable battery system is often integrated.
Lithium-ion or Li-Po batteries are preferred due to their high energy density and rechargeability. A
battery charging module like TP4056 ensures safe charging and discharging operations. Battery
Management Systems (BMS) protect against overcharge, over-discharge, and short-circuiting. A power
path management circuit allows seamless switching between AC and battery supply. Energy efficiency
is crucial, especially for wearable or mobile dispensers, so power consumption is optimized by using
sleep modes in microcontrollers and low-power components. Indicators like LEDs signal battery
status, power ON, or charging. Some systems also incorporate solar panels for eco-friendly charging,
especially in remote areas. Buck or boost converters are used when different voltage levels are needed
for various components. For instance, motors may require 12V, while logic circuits need 3.3V. In such
cases, DC-DC converters are employed. The PCB layout is designed to separate high-power and low-
power tracks, reducing noise and preventing interference. Fuses and PTC thermistors protect against
overcurrent. EMI filters suppress electromagnetic noise. Ground loops are avoided by using a single-
point ground reference. The power supply also integrates with a microcontroller-based monitoring
system to track voltage levels and send alerts during low-battery conditions. Real-time monitoring
helps in predictive maintenance. A power-on reset circuit ensures the system boots correctly after
power is restored. Capacitors placed near ICs stabilize voltage and reduce noise. Shielded cables may
be used in noisy environments to prevent EMI affecting power integrity. Proper heat dissipation is
ensured through heat sinks or ventilation slots, particularly for linear regulators. Power switches with
debounce circuits prevent accidental or false triggering. In case of a power failure, EEPROM or flash
memory stores the last state to resume operation without data loss. To comply with safety standards,
insulation and grounding are implemented carefully. Surge protectors guard against voltage spikes. For
IoT-enabled dispensers, continuous power is essential to maintain cloud connectivity and data logging.
Some designs feature a power-saving mode that disables non-essential modules during inactivity. A
watchdog timer resets the system in case of power glitches or software hangs. Isolation techniques like
opto-isolators are used between high-power and logic sections. The design is tested under various load
and fault conditions to ensure robustness. Load regulation and line regulation parameters are checked
during prototyping. Over-temperature protection circuits shut down power if overheating occurs. To
reduce standby power loss, efficient converters with high idle efficiency are chosen. USB power ports

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are often added for programming or emergency charging. Battery level can be monitored using ADC
channels of the microcontroller. Smart battery gauge ICs provide accurate battery health status.
Depending on the environment, rugged enclosures are used to protect power electronics from moisture
or dust. The system may also log power consumption patterns to a cloud database for analysis.
Modular connectors and pin headers simplify maintenance and testing. The entire power section is
validated through simulation software like LTspice or Proteus before fabrication. Noise-sensitive
analog components are kept away from switching power devices. Ferrite beads help suppress high-
frequency noise. A compact and reliable power design ensures uninterrupted drug dispensing and
enhances user safety, especially in critical healthcare scenarios. The power system is the lifeline of the
automatic drug dispenser and demands careful planning, robust design, and thorough testing to support
reliable healthcare delivery.

3.8 PILL COMPARTMENTS

In an automatic drug dispenser system, the pill compartment plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate,
timely, and safe delivery of medications to patients. Each pill compartment is a small, enclosed
chamber specifically designed to store individual doses or categories of medications such as tablets,
capsules, or softgels. These compartments are often made of food-grade, non-reactive plastic to
maintain the pharmaceutical integrity of the stored medications. They are typically arranged in a rotary
disk or linear tray configuration depending on the dispenser’s design and storage capacity. The
compartments can be segregated based on dosage time (e.g., morning, afternoon, evening, and night)
and day of the week, ensuring that users receive the right medicine at the right time. For systems
handling multiple patients, each pill compartment can be coded or labeled to identify the patient and
prescription details.

The compartments are electronically controlled, often using servo motors or stepper motors
connected to a microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or ESP32). At scheduled times, the
controller activates the dispensing mechanism—this may include rotating the tray, lifting a cover, or
triggering a chute to release a pill into an output tray. Each action is monitored using sensors such as
IR sensors, limit switches, or Hall effect sensors to confirm successful dispensing. If a fault or
blockage occurs, the system can alert the user or caregiver through a buzzer, display screen, or cloud-
connected notification system.

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 For safety and security, pill compartments may include locking mechanisms to prevent
unauthorized access or tampering. In advanced systems, compartments may feature RFID tags or QR
code scanners to verify the correct medication. The compartments are often integrated with a real-time
clock module, allowing the microcontroller to keep track of the dosing schedule with precision.
Additionally, pill detection can be enhanced by using weight sensors or optical sensors that confirm
the presence of pills before dispensing.

In terms of design, pill compartments must be easy to refill, clean, and maintain. A modular or
drawer-based design allows caregivers or pharmacists to refill compartments without disassembling
the entire unit. Transparent or semi-transparent covers enable visual inspection of pill levels. Some
dispensers include UV-sterilization features to maintain hygiene in high-risk environments like
hospitals or nursing homes. For users with limited dexterity or cognitive challenges, the pill
compartment design ensures that only one compartment opens at a time, reducing the chance of
overdose or confusion.

In IoT-based smart dispensers, pill compartments are linked to mobile applications or cloud
dashboards that track dosage history, send reminders, and generate compliance reports. This
integration supports remote health monitoring by caregivers or physicians, making the dispenser an
important tool in chronic disease management. Compartments are also customizable in size to
accommodate different types of medications, including larger pills or multiple small pills in a single
dose.

Battery-backed memory systems and non-volatile storage in the dispenser ensure that
compartment scheduling is retained during power outages. Future improvements may include AI-
based pill identification, automated refilling alerts, and voice-assisted interfaces for better user
interaction. As a key element in the drug dispensing mechanism, the pill compartment ensures
medication safety, reduces human error, promotes adherence, and enhances the overall efficiency of
digital healthcare delivery.

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