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Assignment 4 Quantization

The document discusses quantization, defining it as the process of mapping a large set of input values to a smaller set, which introduces quantization error. It differentiates between uniform and non-uniform quantization, explaining that adaptive quantization adjusts step sizes based on signal properties, providing better performance for varying signals. Additionally, it outlines various distortion criteria for measuring quality loss due to quantization and introduces entropy coded quantization as a method that combines quantization with entropy coding to optimize data representation.

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3 views

Assignment 4 Quantization

The document discusses quantization, defining it as the process of mapping a large set of input values to a smaller set, which introduces quantization error. It differentiates between uniform and non-uniform quantization, explaining that adaptive quantization adjusts step sizes based on signal properties, providing better performance for varying signals. Additionally, it outlines various distortion criteria for measuring quality loss due to quantization and introduces entropy coded quantization as a method that combines quantization with entropy coding to optimize data representation.

Uploaded by

2022bit021
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 4

Course Outcome No.: CO.CS311.4

Name: [Your Name]

Roll No: [Your Roll No]

Branch: [Your Branch]

Semester: [Your Semester]

1. What do you mean by Quantization? Describe the quantization problem with the help of an

example in detail.

Quantization is the process of mapping a large set of input values to a smaller set-often in digital

signal processing and data compression. It involves approximating a continuous range of values

with a finite set. This process introduces an error called quantization error.

Example: Consider analog-to-digital conversion. Suppose an analog signal ranges from 0 to 5V and

we need to digitize it using 8 levels (3 bits). Each level will cover a range of 5V / 8 = 0.625V. So, any

voltage between 0V and 0.625V is represented by 000, between 0.625V and 1.25V by 001, and so

on. A voltage of 1.1V would be quantized to 001, creating a small error. This simplification makes

storage and processing easier but introduces distortion.

2. Differentiate between uniform and non-uniform quantization.

Feature | Uniform Quantization | Non-Uniform Quantization

--------------------------|----------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------

Step size | Constant across the range | Varies depending on the signal distribution

Complexity | Simple to implement | More complex

Application | Suitable for signals with uniform distribution | Better for signals with

non-uniform characteristics

Performance | Higher error for high-dynamic signals | Minimizes error by focusing on


frequent values

Uniform quantization is suitable for general-purpose applications, while non-uniform quantization is

better for voice and audio signals.

3. Describe Adaptive Quantization in detail and how it is different from uniform Quantization

technique.

Adaptive quantization is a dynamic form of quantization where the step size changes according to

the statistical properties of the signal. It adapts to signal variations over time. For example, during

silent periods in audio, fewer levels may be used, whereas more levels are used in active regions.

Difference from uniform quantization:

Uniform quantization uses fixed intervals, regardless of signal changes. Adaptive quantization

adjusts intervals based on real-time analysis. Hence, adaptive quantization provides better

performance in scenarios where signal properties change over time, like speech and video coding.

4. What are the various distortion criteria?

Distortion criteria refer to metrics used to measure the quality loss due to quantization. The main

criteria include:

- Mean Squared Error (MSE): Average of the square of the difference between original and

quantized values.

- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): Ratio of signal power to the power of quantization noise.

- Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR): Widely used in image compression, focuses on peak value of

signal.

- Mean Absolute Error (MAE): Average of absolute differences.

- Maximum Error: Largest single error between input and output values.
These metrics help in evaluating and optimizing quantizer performance.

5. What is entropy coded quantization?

Entropy coded quantization combines quantization with entropy coding techniques like Huffman or

arithmetic coding. After quantizing the signal, the quantized output symbols are encoded using

variable-length codes based on their probabilities.

Advantage: It reduces the average number of bits required to represent data. Frequent symbols get

shorter codes, while rare symbols get longer codes. This technique is widely used in standards like

JPEG and MPEG.

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