Python Built-in Functions Explained
abs()
Returns the absolute value of a number.
Example:
abs(-7) -> 7
all()
Returns True if all elements in an iterable are true.
Example:
all([True, True]) -> True
any()
Returns True if any element in an iterable is true.
Example:
any([False, True]) -> True
ascii()
Returns a readable version of an object, escaping non-ASCII characters.
Example:
ascii('ñ') -> "'\xf1'"
bin()
Returns the binary representation of an integer.
Example:
bin(10) -> '0b1010'
bool()
Converts a value to Boolean.
Example:
bool(0) -> False
Python Built-in Functions Explained
breakpoint()
Drops into the debugger at the call site.
Example:
breakpoint()
bytearray()
Returns a bytearray object.
Example:
bytearray([65, 66]) -> bytearray(b'AB')
bytes()
Returns a bytes object.
Example:
bytes(3) -> b'\x00\x00\x00'
callable()
Checks if the object appears callable.
Example:
callable(len) -> True
chr()
Returns a character from the Unicode code.
Example:
chr(65) -> 'A'
classmethod()
Returns a class method for the given function.
Used with @classmethod.
Python Built-in Functions Explained
compile()
Compiles source into a code object.
Example:
compile('2+2', '', 'eval')
complex()
Creates a complex number.
Example:
complex(1, 2) -> (1+2j)
delattr()
Deletes an attribute from an object.
Example:
delattr(obj, 'attr')
dict()
Creates a dictionary.
Example:
dict(a=1, b=2)
dir()
Returns a list of valid attributes for an object.
Example:
dir([])
divmod()
Returns quotient and remainder.
Example:
divmod(8, 3) -> (2, 2)
Python Built-in Functions Explained
enumerate()
Returns an enumerate object.
Example:
enumerate(['a','b'])
eval()
Evaluates a string as Python expression.
Example:
eval('2+2') -> 4
exec()
Executes dynamically created Python code.
Example:
exec('x=5')
filter()
Filters items in an iterable.
Example:
filter(lambda x: x>0, [-1, 0, 1])
float()
Converts to floating-point number.
Example:
float('3.14')
format()
Formats a string.
Example:
format(5, '02') -> '05'
Python Built-in Functions Explained
frozenset()
Returns an immutable frozenset.
Example:
frozenset([1, 2, 3])
getattr()
Returns value of named attribute.
Example:
getattr(obj, 'attr')
globals()
Returns the global namespace dictionary.
hasattr()
Checks if object has attribute.
Example:
hasattr(obj, 'attr')
hash()
Returns hash value of an object.
Example:
hash('abc')
help()
Invokes built-in help system.
Example:
help(str)
hex()
Python Built-in Functions Explained
Returns hexadecimal string of an integer.
Example:
hex(255) -> '0xff'
id()
Returns the unique ID of an object.
Example:
id(42)
input()
Takes input from user.
Example:
input('Enter: ')
int()
Converts value to integer.
Example:
int('5')
isinstance()
Checks instance type.
Example:
isinstance(5, int)
issubclass()
Checks if a class is subclass of another.
Example:
issubclass(bool, int)
Python Built-in Functions Explained
iter()
Returns an iterator.
Example:
iter([1, 2])
len()
Returns length.
Example:
len('abc') -> 3
list()
Creates a list.
Example:
list('abc') -> ['a', 'b', 'c']
locals()
Returns the local namespace dictionary.
map()
Applies a function to items.
Example:
map(str.upper, ['a', 'b'])
max()
Returns maximum value.
Example:
max([1, 3]) -> 3
memoryview()
Python Built-in Functions Explained
Returns memory view object.
min()
Returns minimum value.
Example:
min([1, 3]) -> 1
next()
Retrieves next item from iterator.
Example:
next(iter([1, 2]))
object()
Creates a new featureless object.
oct()
Returns octal string.
Example:
oct(8) -> '0o10'
open()
Opens a file.
Example:
open('file.txt', 'r')
ord()
Returns Unicode code from a character.
Example:
ord('A') -> 65
Python Built-in Functions Explained
pow()
Power function.
Example:
pow(2, 3) -> 8
print()
Prints to stdout.
Example:
print('Hello')
property()
Returns a property attribute.
range()
Returns a range object.
Example:
range(3) -> [0, 1, 2]
repr()
Returns string representation.
Example:
repr('abc') -> "'abc'"
reversed()
Returns reversed iterator.
Example:
reversed([1, 2, 3])
round()
Python Built-in Functions Explained
Rounds a number.
Example:
round(3.14159, 2) -> 3.14
set()
Creates a set.
Example:
set([1, 2, 2]) -> {1, 2}
setattr()
Sets an attribute on an object.
Example:
setattr(obj, 'attr', val)
slice()
Creates a slice object.
Example:
slice(1, 5)
sorted()
Returns sorted list.
Example:
sorted([3, 1, 2])
staticmethod()
Defines a static method.
str()
Converts to string.
Python Built-in Functions Explained
Example:
str(123) -> '123'
sum()
Returns sum of elements.
Example:
sum([1, 2, 3]) -> 6
super()
Refers to parent class.
Example:
super().method()
tuple()
Creates a tuple.
Example:
tuple([1, 2])
type()
Returns the type of an object.
Example:
type(3) -> <class 'int'>
vars()
Returns __dict__ of an object.
zip()
Combines iterables.
Example:
Python Built-in Functions Explained
zip([1, 2], ['a', 'b'])
__import__()
Imports a module by name.
Example:
__import__('math')
