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CH 1

The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization, detailing the components of computer hardware, instruction set architecture, and computer organization. It classifies computers into various types such as microcomputers, laptops, workstations, supercomputers, mainframes, handheld devices, and multi-core systems, along with their functional units including input, output, memory, arithmetic and logic, and control units. Additionally, it discusses the differences between computer architecture and organization, as well as the distinctions between Von Neumann and Harvard architectures.

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5 views27 pages

CH 1

The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization, detailing the components of computer hardware, instruction set architecture, and computer organization. It classifies computers into various types such as microcomputers, laptops, workstations, supercomputers, mainframes, handheld devices, and multi-core systems, along with their functional units including input, output, memory, arithmetic and logic, and control units. Additionally, it discusses the differences between computer architecture and organization, as well as the distinctions between Von Neumann and Harvard architectures.

Uploaded by

joshephjod44
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Architecture

and Organization
Prof. Usman Sindhi
Institute of Computer Technology
Ganpat University
Computer Architecture
and Organization
Computer Architecture in general covers three aspects
of computer design namely: Computer Hardware,
Instruction set Architecture and Computer
Organization.
Computer Architecture
and Organization
Basic Structure of Computers

Computer hardware consists of electronic circuits,


displays, magnetic and optical storage media and
communication facilities.
Computer Architecture
and Organization
Instruction set Architecture is programmer visible machine
interface such as instruction set, registers, memory
organization and exception handling. Two main
approaches are mainly CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
Computer Architecture
and Organization
Computer Organization includes the high level
aspects of a design, such as memory system, the bus
structure and the design of the internal CPU.
• The internal operation of the computer can be as
depicted in the figure below:
• The computers can be classified into various
categoriesas given below:
• • Micro Computer
• • Laptop Computer
• • Work Station
• • Super Computer
• • Main Frame
• • Hand Held
• • Multi
• Micro Computer:
• A personal computer; designed to meet the
computer needs of an individual.
• Provides access to a wide variety of computing
applications, such as word processing, photo
editing, e-mail, and internet.
Laptop Computer:
• A portable, compact computer that can run on
power supply or a battery unit.
• All components are integrated as one compact unit.
• It is generally more expensive than a comparable
desktop. It is also called a Notebook.
• Work Station: Powerful desktop computer
designed for specialized tasks. Generally used for
tasks that requires a lot of processing speed. Can
also be an ordinary personal computer attached to
a LAN (local area network).
• Super Computer: A computer that is considered to
be fastest in the world. Used to execute tasks that
would take lot of time for other computers. For Ex:
Modeling weather systems, genome sequence, etc
(Refer site: http://www.top500.org/)
Main Frame:
• Large expensive computer capable of
simultaneously processing data for hundreds or
thousands of users.
• Used to store, manage, and process large amounts
of data that need to be reliable, secure, and
centralized.
Hand Held:
• It is also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
• A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on
batteries, and is used while holding the unit in your
hand.
• Typically used as an appointment book, address
book, calculator and notepad.
Multi Core:
• Have Multiple Cores – parallel computing
platforms.
• Many Cores or computing elements in a single chip.
• Typical Examples: Sony Play station, Core 2 Duo, i3,
i7 etc.
Functional Unit

• A computer in its simplest form comprises five


functional units namely input unit, output unit memory
unit, arithmetic & logic unit and control unit.
Functional Unit

• Input Unit: Computer accepts encoded information through input


unit. The standard input device is a keyboard. Whenever a key is
pressed, keyboard controller sends the code to CPU/Memory.
• Examples include Mouse, Joystick, Tracker ball, Light pen,
Digitizer, Scanner etc.
Functional Unit

• Memory Unit: Memory unit stores the program


instructions (Code), data and results of
computations etc. Memory unit is classified as:
• • Primary /Main Memory
• • Secondary /Auxiliary Memory
Functional Unit

Primary memory is a semiconductor memory that


provides access at high speed. Run time program
instructions and operands are stored in the main
memory.
Functional Unit

• Main memory is classified again as ROM and RAM. ROM


holds system programs and firmware routines such as BIOS,
I/O Drivers that are essential to manage the hardware of a
computer.
• RAM is termed as Read/Write memory or user memory
that holds run time program instruction and data.
• While primary storage is essential, it is volatile in nature and
expensive. Additional requirement of memory could be
supplied as auxiliary memory at cheaper cost. Secondary
memories are non volatile in nature.
Functional Unit

Arithmetic and logic unit: ALU consist of necessary logic


circuits like adder, comparator etc., to perform operations of
addition, multiplication, comparison of two numbers etc.
Functional Unit

Output Unit: Computer after computation returns


the computed results, error messages, etc. via
output unit. The standard output device is a video
monitor, LCD/TFT monitor. Other output devices are
printers, plotters etc.
Functional Unit

Control Unit:
Control unit co-ordinates activities of all units by
issuing control signals. Control signals issued by
control unit govern the data transfers and then
appropriate operations take place.
Control unit interprets or decides the
operation/action to be performed.
The operations of a computer can be
summarized as follows:
1. A set of instructions called a program reside in the
main memory of computer.
2. The CPU fetches those instructions sequentially
one-by-one from the main memory, decodes them
and performs the specified operation on associated
data operands in ALU.
3. Processed data and results will be displayed on an
output unit.
4. All activities pertaining to processing and data
movement inside the computer machine are
governed by control unit
Difference between Architecture & Organization
Architecture organization

“what” “How”
It describes It describes
what computer does? How computer Do it?
Deals with High level design issue Deals with low level design issue(Logic &
(system & Comp.) circuit)

Functional Behaviour Structural Behaviour

Design of computer “First” Design of computer “Second”

Instruction sets, Addressing modes, Data Circuit design signals, ALU, CPU&
types memory
Difference between Von Neumann & Harvard
architecture
Harvard Von Neumann

It has separate data & Program Memory It has common data & Program Memory

More hardware or separate Data and Less hardware and require only one
address bus for each memory Data and address bus

Require more space Require less space


Difference between Von Neumann & Harvard architecture

Harvard Von Neumann

Proper can fetch data and instruction Only either data or instruction can be
simultaneously fetched at a time
Empty space in program memory can not Memory size for data & Instruction can
be used for data & vice versa. be adjusted or interchange.

Controlling or control unit is complex Controlling or control unit is simple


since data and instruction are fetched
simultaneously
• Harvard Von Neumann is better for
architecture is used desktop computers,
primary for small laptops, workstations and
embedded high performance
computers and computers
signal processing
(DSP).

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