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EDUARCHSIA-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218 (2023) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012010

Analysis of flooding and nature-based solutions in the

improvement of urban drainage system

Yureana Wijayanti, Andreas Julianto, Christian Cahyono, Juliastuti, Oki

Setyandito
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta,
Indonesia 11480
Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract. This paper studies the drainage system performance of a conventional system with
concrete channels and a retention pond. Also, the analysis of runoff reduction by implementing
a nature-based solutions (NBSs) technique of rainwater harvesting and recharge well. The case
study site is located in an industrial area in West Karawang City, West Java. The analysis was
carried out by simulating the flood event using rainfall data from the site for a 10-year return
period. The flood simulation was performed using the Storm Water Management Model
(SWMM). The model consists of the analysis of flooding events in the drainage system and
retention pond and the analysis of flooding prevention scenarios. The result reveals that the cause
of the flooding is an extreme rainfall event which leads to the large accumulation of water at one
junction point. Moreover, although the capacity of the retention pond is sufficient, the discharge
rate is way larger than the infiltration rate, so the overflow occurred and resulted in flooding.
The scenario of widening the drainage channel and installing a pump in the retention pond
provides a good solution scenario to prevent flooding. The implementation of rainwater
harvesting and recharge well could reduce the surface runoff volume of 21%. Further study
should be conducted to analyze the combination of conventional and NBSs drainage system
performance under the highest daily rainfall of the series.

1. Introduction
Development in the State of Indonesia is increasingly being encouraged along with the changing times
that are increasingly modernizing. All projects are carried out with the aim of welcoming the
increasingly rotating era of globalization. In an era where people's needs are increasingly complex, this
has become the impetus for the emergence of large-scale industrial cities.
The need for land is getting bigger, so industrial cities are starting to turn vacant land, forests, rice fields,
and hills into tall buildings and concrete roads that really change the environmental order [1, 2]. The
amount of water infiltration continues to decrease and high rainfall makes the area prone to flooding.
This rainfall causes the drainage channel to be unable to accommodate the capacity of the rainwater that
falls so that the water overflows and becomes a puddle [3]. This inundation, if not handled, can then
result in flooding that has an impact on material losses, infrastructure, environment, and casualties [4].
Therefore, if there is inundation in an area, it is necessary to evaluate the rainwater distribution system
or the existing drainage system in the area. Furthermore, an evaluation is also carried out on whether the
drainage system can accommodate future rain events so that it can prevent inundation and even flooding.
The effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs), approaches that are inspired and supported by
nature [5], has widely been investigated and studied [6]). The conventional stormwater system has the
only objective of managing surface water runoff. The nature-based solutions stormwater system not only

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EDUARCHSIA-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218 (2023) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012010

manages the surface water runoff but also prevents the runoff and restores the groundwater [7]. NBSs
structures that reduce rainwater are urban parks, green roofs, wetlands, recharge wells, bioswales,
detention and retention ponds, and rain gardens. The retention ponds promote water storage and
infiltration.
There are some terminologies in the scientific literature related to NBSs for stormwater management.
These different terms sometimes create confusion, although they defined similar concepts with NBSs.
In the 1990s, the concept of Green Infrastructure (GI) was developed in the USA which refers to
stormwater management, landscape architecture, and landscape ecology [8]. GI plays a significant role
in stormwater management, increasing the natural process of infiltration, evapotranspiration, and
filtering of water [9]. In North America, small-scale water treatment works located close to the runoff
origin are labeled as Low Impact Development (LID) [10]. In this study, recharge well
The term Best Management Practice (BMP) defines practices and interventions applied to prevent
pollution [11], while the term Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) has the main goal of managing
the water balance. WSUD has been used for the last three decades in Australia (paper nature). In the
United Kingdom, the term Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) is applied which includes a range of
methods used to drain rainwater by restoring drainage conditions [12].
The SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) application is a dynamic rainfall and runoff simulation
application used to simulate single or long-term events and the quantity and quality of runoff from urban
areas. SWMM is widely used to optimize designs, evaluate existing conditions, improve performance,
mitigate flood/inundation areas, and implement low-impact development (LID) drainage systems and
nature-based solutions approach [13,14,15,16,17] The objective of this study was to analyze the drainage
system and evaluate the performance of the retention pond using SWMM 5.1.

2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area
The study area is an industrial area in Wanajaya Village, Kec. West Jambe Bay, Kab. West Karawang,
West Java with coordinates - 6° 24' 13.92225", 107° 14' 15.57027" with an area of 214 Ha. The existing
drainage system consists of concrete drainage channels and a retention pond located downstream of this
area. In 2021 the flooding occurred in this location during a heavy rainfall event. It caused some
economic loss due to delays in transportation (flooded roads) that affected other activities in this
industrial area. This study begins by formulating a problem to find out how the drainage system performs
in an industrial area. The drainage types that are reviewed are main drain drainage, secondary drain, and
retention lake. A literature study was conducted to serve as the basis for thinking in this research. Data
collection is divided into primary data and secondary data. Primary data includes rainfall data, site plan
and dimensions of the drainage system, and photos of flood events as secondary data. The data were
analyzed using the SWMM 5.1 application to see the state of the water flow in the drainage system.

2.2. Rainfall Data Collection

Rainfall data needed in the hydrological analysis is rain data obtained from the Central Meteorology,
Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) using rain stations, namely Cibeet and Cibarusah. The
data used has a period of 10 years, namely from 2007 to 2016, with a planned discharge of 5-10 years.

2.3.SWMM Model Development

SWMM is a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation model. In this study, the simulation was performed for
the drainage system and retention pond operation (Figure 1), to evaluate the drainage system
performance and to determine the retention pond capacity during the rainfall event.

2.3.1.Drainage System Model

A reference of the drainage system location was needed before applying any nodes or conduits. The
hydraulic component (nodes and links) was inserted in a backdrop image. This image was gained using
Google Maps and loaded as a reference image in SWMM. These nodes and links would allow users to

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EDUARCHSIA-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218 (2023) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012010

obtain a clear visual image of the drainage system. Then, the rain gauges and sub-catchment were
inserted, and as a result, the drainage system model was created using SWMM (Figure 2). The
calibration process carried out is to adjust the initial water level elevation value in the program so that
the parameter values obtained from the program analysis results are by the actual water level elevation
conditions in the field [18].

Figure 1. The model boundary of the drainage system and retention pond at the industrial area of west
karawang city

Figure 2. Layout Plan of Drainage system

Table 1. Water height comparison between SWMM and field data

Node SWMM (m) Field (m) Difference (m)
Conduit 2 0,91 1 0,09
Junction 5 >1,4 1,6 0,2
Junction 30 >1,4 1,6 0,4

The water level used as a comparison is the water level in the field when it rains during a flooding event,
which is 246.5 mm. The parameters were divided into 10 sub-catchment areas, 32 conduits, and 36

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EDUARCHSIA-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218 (2023) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012010

junctions. This division is done to make it easier to fill in parameter data so that the simulation results
resemble the situation in the field.
2.3.2. Retention pond Model
Based on the survey at the research site, the parameters are divided into 6 parts, namely:
Subcatchment area, rain gauge, storage detail, junction, conduit, outfall, wire link, and orifice link. Each
parameter is adjusted to the existing conditions so that the expected value can be by the conditions in
the field. Parameters consist of secondary data and primary data through direct measurements in the
field. The water flow flows from the catchment area to the retention pond, then flows back into the river
through spillway buildings and sluice gates.

Figure 3. Retention pond simulation

The calibration process is carried out by adjusting the initial water level elevation in the program
so that the parameter values obtained from the program analysis are by the actual water level elevation
conditions in the field [19]. The water level used as a comparison is the water level in the field when it
rains during a Flooding event, which is 246.5 mm. The results of the SWMM calibration show that the
water level in the retention lake is 3.28 m while the field measurements are 3.65 m, so the SWMM
software can be used to evaluate and simulate the capacity of the retention pond.

2.4. NBSs approach using rainwater harvesting and recharge well

The main objective of a recharge well is to increase the water infiltration into the groundwater. Thus,
the input of water is stored in the well and infiltrates through the porous bed into the aquifer. This process
artificially recharges groundwater and raises the level of groundwater [20]. The combination of
rainwater harvesting from the roof and recharge well can be applied as an NBSs solution not only to
mitigate urban flooding but also to recharge the groundwater [21). The recharge well has been widely
used in Indonesia [22,23,24], its design specification is based on Indonesian National Standard
Regulation No. 03 2453 on the procedure planning technique of rainwater recharge well [25] as shown
in Figure 4. The recharge well depth is influenced by some parameters such as soil permeability,
rainwater discharge, geometric factor, well radius, and rainfall duration.

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of stormwater recharge well location and design [25]

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EDUARCHSIA-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218 (2023) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012010

The volume and efficiency of the recharge well depend on the water balance between the water input
rate and infiltration rate into the ground [26]. In this study, the recharge wells will be modeled with
infiltration trench modeling which will be applied to every 100m2 residential area. The use of infiltration
trenches as infiltration wells is considered the closest approach to the concept of infiltration wells or
recharge wells [27]. The calculation of rainwater discharge from the roof is using the rational method,
as follows:

Q = 0.002778 x C x I x A (1)

Where C, I, and A is runoff coefficient, rainfall intensity, and the roof area, respectively.

The calculation recharge well depth is:

𝑄𝐴 F.K.T
(2)
𝐻= (1 − 𝑒 𝜋.𝑅2 )
F .K
Where:
H = Depth of the well (m)
QA = Flow discharge (m3/s)
F = Geometry factor (5.5R)
K = Soil permeability
T = Rainfall duration
R = Radius of well

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Simulation of Indundation in the Existing Drainage System
Based on the picture above, there are flood points at junctions 7-19, and junctions 30-31. The amount
of sub-catchment that is directly received by the four junctions causes water to overflow at the
junctions.

a b

c
Figure 5. Simulation of inundation event for a 10-year return period of Junction 17-Outfall (a),
Junction 28-Outfall (b), and Junction 3-7 (c)

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EDUARCHSIA-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218 (2023) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012010

The overflowing water caused flooding precisely in the ROW 38 roundabout area. The overflowing
water carried sedimentation so that the water did not return to the channel through the inlet because the
inlet was blocked, therefore the water remained stagnant until the rain was over.

3.2. Simulation of Drainage System Channel Width

The enlargement of drainage width of conduits 7 and 25 was applied to overcome the flooding. The
addition of this dimension is intended so that large accumulated water can be accommodated in the
channel. The existing dimension of the rectangular drainage channel is 1.4m x 1.4m. Conduit channels
7 and 25 will be simulated using the existing depth and wider channel of 3 m. It can be seen from the
simulation results that no overflow or flooding was recorded during the simulation (Figure 6).

(a) (b)

(c )
Figure 6. Simulation in 10-year return period for Junction 17-Outfall (a), Junction 28-Outfall (b), and
Junction 3-7 (c)

Therefore, the results obtained are that the channel no longer experiences flooding or overflows as
long as the rainfall intensity does not exceed the specified and the drainage receives water distribution
well. To meet the needs of the dimensions of the plan.

3.3. Simulation of the retention pond

Evaluation of SWMM by simulating retention pond capacity in rainy periods of 10 years, 20 years,
50 years, and 100 years. In the 10-year return period of 157.56 mm, the retention pond is still able to
accommodate the volume of rain where the water level is the highest at 2.8m.
The water rises to 2.8 meters for a duration of 4 hours and falls again after the duration of 8 hours. In a
20-year rainy period of 169.40 mm, the retention pond is still able to accommodate the volume of rain
where the water level is maintained at 2.93m. The water rises to 2.95 meters for a duration of 7 hours
and falls again after a duration of 8 hours.

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EDUARCHSIA-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218 (2023) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012010

In a 50-year rainy period of 181.62 mm, the retention pond is still able to accommodate the volume of
rain where the water level is maintained at 2.99 m. The water rises to 3 meters for a duration of 7 hours
and falls again after a duration of 8 hours. In the 100-year rainy period of 189.68 mm, the retention pond
is still able to accommodate the volume of rain where the water level is maintained at 2.8m as shown in
Figure 7. The water rises to 3 meters for a duration of 7 hours and falls again after a duration of 8 hours.
During the Flooding event, rainfall was 246.5 mm, the retention pond was unable to accommodate the
volume of rain where the maximum water level reached 3.8 meters (based on simulation) in Figure 8.

Figure 7. Water depth simulation on the street during a flood event (100 yr return period)

Figure 8. Water depth simulation in a retention pond during a flood event (100 yr return period)

The water touched its highest point in 6 hours. Then back to constant after 11 hours. As long as
the water overflowed from the retention pond, the floodgates continued to open and drain water. Based
on the simulation, it can be seen that the retention pond lake has a capacity above the design of 10 years,
it can be seen that the retention pond can accommodate 50-100 years return period with water levels
that can still be maintained at an altitude below 3 meters with a note that the floodgates are opened every
time the water is opened. past 3 meters. The retention lake was unable to accommodate the rainfall
capacity of 246.5 mm on 20 February 2021 even though the floodgates had been opened, causing the
lake to overflow and flood the surrounding area. The installation of the pump is considered to be able to
overcome the overflow of water with a pump capacity of 20 m3/s and has been able to keep the water
from overflowing with a rain intensity of 246.5 mm. The following is the modeling of the retention lake
after using the pump in Figure 8. On 20 February 2021 rainfall of 246.5 mm, the pump is set to open
automatically at a water level of 3.4 meters. The results of the simulation show that the water touches
3.4 meters at the 5th hour and immediately recedes when the pump is open. It can be seen that the water

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1218 (2023) 012010 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012010

level returned to 2.4 meters in ±5 hours. The water rose again after the pump stopped at a height of 2.4
meters and touched the highest point at 2.9 meters.

3.4. Implementation of rainwater harvesting and recharge wells

The application of rainwater harvesting and recharge wells in this study was applied using the rainfall
event of 10 years return periods of 157.56 mm. The calculation of recharge well design has resulted in
a dimension of the well depth and well diameter of 2.5 m and 1.5 m, respectively. The installation of a
recharge well every 100 m2 could reduce the runoff flow rate by 21%. Other studies about the influence
of rainwater harvesting systems on drainage show a range of surface runoff reductions. Kim et al. [28]
found a reduction rate of 18% by installing a storage tank of 10 m3 every 100 m2. Palla et al. [29]
revealed a reduction in rainfall volume of 26%. In the semi-arid region, rainwater harvesting could
reduce the surface runoff volume by up to 20% [30]. The runoff reduction percentage is influenced by
rainfall intensity [31], hence the design rain should be the highest daily rainfall of the series [32].

4. Conclusion
Based on the results of the drainage network modeling, it can be concluded that the existing drainage
system requires a diversion of flow in the channel to prevent large accumulation in the flooded area
which has caused an inundation. The first solution to overcome the overflow drainage system includes
redirecting the flow of water, so that water is distributed evenly. The second solution to overcome
overflow drainage is by changing the width of two sections of conduits number 7 and 25.
The retention pond capacity was by the design requirements and able to accommodate the rainfall-
runoff discharge of the 10-year return period. Therefore, the overflow that occurred in the retention
pond was not due to insufficient pond capacity. The overflow occurs due to extreme rainfall intensity
during the flooding event. An alternative solution to prevent flooding due to overflow is to install an
automatic water pump in the retention pond. During the flooding event (100 yr return period), the
infiltration rate is much lower than rainfall intensity, so the overflow occurred and caused the flooding.
Therefore, the pump was proposed to be installed in the retention pond in this study.
The application of rainwater harvesting and recharge well could reduce 21% of surface runoff rate.
Hence, the combination of a conventional drainage system using the concrete channel, and a nature-
based solution system using the retention pond, rainwater harvesting, and recharge well, could become
an alternative to mitigate flooding and also increase water infiltration into the groundwater.

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