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Database System Lab

This document provides a mid-summary of a Database Systems Lab, detailing various SQL concepts including data types, table creation, constraints, and basic SQL operations such as inserting, updating, and deleting rows. It also covers select statements, comparison conditions, and join operations. The work is attributed to a student and dedicated to their deceased parent.

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5 views8 pages

Database System Lab

This document provides a mid-summary of a Database Systems Lab, detailing various SQL concepts including data types, table creation, constraints, and basic SQL operations such as inserting, updating, and deleting rows. It also covers select statements, comparison conditions, and join operations. The work is attributed to a student and dedicated to their deceased parent.

Uploaded by

عمر العويدات
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫‪Database Systems Lab‬‬

‫‪Mid Summary‬‬

‫ّ‬
‫هذا الملف تم حله من قبل الطالب ‪ :‬ليث عمرو‬

‫هذه الحلول ه جهد ر‬


‫بشي قابل للخطأ‪،‬‬ ‫ي‬
‫ّ‬
‫فمن ومن الشيطان‪.‬‬
‫إن أصبت فمن هللا‪ ،‬وإن أخطأت ي‬

‫ّ‬
‫هذا العمل مقدم ثوابه لروح والدي ( قـ ــاسـ ــم مـ ـ ـفـ ـ ـي ـ ــد عـ ـ ـم ـ ــرو )‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬
‫فمن وجد فيه فائدة فليدع له بالرحمة والمغفرة‪.‬‬
Database Systems Lab
Mid Summary
• Datatypes:
Data Type Description
VARCHAR2(size) Variable length character data
CHAR(size ) Fixed-length character data
NUMBER(p,s) Variable-length numeric data
DATE Date and time values

• Creating Table e.g.:


CREATE TABLE emp (
emp_name VARCHAR(20),
emp_id NUMBER(4),
CONSTRAINT emp_emp_id PRIMARY KEY (emp_name) );

• Creating Table using Subquery e.g.:


CREATE TABLE dept 80
AS
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 ANNSAL, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;
Database Systems Lab
Mid Summary
• Default Option e.g.:
CREATE TABLE emp (
emp_id NUMBER(4),
emd_hire_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE,
CONSTRAINT emp_emp_id PRIMARY KEY (emp_name) );

• Constraints:
Constraint Description
NOT NULL Ensures a column cannot have a NULL value.
UNIQUE Ensures all values in a column are unique across the
table.
PRIMARY KEY A combination of NOT NULL and UNIQUE.
FOREIGN KEY Ensures referential integrity by linking a column to a
PRIMARY KEY in another table.
CHECK Ensures that values in a column meet a specified
condition. (e.g., age >= 18).
Database Systems Lab
Mid Summary
• Alter/Modify Table:
Altering Type Exapmle
ADD COLUMN ALTER TABLE Customers
ADD Email VARCHAR2(255);
DROP COLUMN ALTER TABLE Customers
DROP COLUMN Email;
ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN ALTER TABLE Persons
Modify DateOfBirth date;

• Dropping Table e.g.:


DROP TABLE emp;

• Inserting new rows into table e.g.:


INSERT INTO departments
(department_id, department_name, manager_id, location_id) // Optional
VALUES
(70, 'Public Relations', 100, 1700);

• Inserting specific Date value e.g.:


INSERT INTO employees
VALUES ( 114 , 'Den', 'Raphealy', 'DRAPHEAL', '515.127.4561',
TO_DATE('FEB 3 , 1999 ', 'MON DD , YYYY'),
'AC_ACCOUNT', 11000 , NULL, 100 , 30 );
Database Systems Lab
Mid Summary
• Creating a script (input user “:”) e.g.:
INSERT INTO departments
(department_id, department_name, location_id)
VALUES ( :department_id, :department_name, :location_id);

• Updating rows in a table e.g.:


UPDATE employees
SET department_id = 70
WHERE employee_id = 113;

• Deleting rows from a table e.g.:


DELETE FROM departments
WHERE department_name = 'Finance';

• Select statements e.g.:


SELECT *
FROM emp;
SELECT emp_name, emp_id
FROM emp;
SELECT emp_name NAME, emp_id, sal*12 “Annual Salary”
FROM emp;
SELECT emp_name || ‘ Working with ID = ‘|| emp_id
FROM emp;
Database Systems Lab
Mid Summary
• Comparison Conditions:
Operator Meaning
= Equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
<> Not equal to
BETWEEN ... AND ... Between two values (inclusive)
IN (set) Match any of a list of values
LIKE Match a character pattern
IS NULL Is a null value

• Ordering rows ASC(default),DESC e.g.:


SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY hire_date ; // Or ORDER BY hire_date ASC ;
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;
Database Systems Lab
Mid Summary
• Select +Where statements e.g.:
SELECT *
FROM emp
WHERE emp_id>10;
SELECT emp_name, emp_id
FROM emp
WHERE emp_name LIKE ‘%O’; // Last character is O
// % denotes zero or many characters.
// _ denotes one character.
SELECT emp_name NAME, emp_id, sal*12 “Annual Salary”
FROM emp
WHERE dept_no = 10; // department id = 10
SELECT emp_name || ‘ Working with ID = ‘|| emp_id
FROM emp
WHERE sal BETWEEN 1000 AND 5000; // Min sal=1000, Max sal = 5000
SELECT emp_name || ‘ Working with ID = ‘|| emp_id
FROM emp
WHERE emp_id IN (10,20,30); // Emp. In dept 10 or 20 or 30
SELECT emp_name NAME, emp_id, sal*12 “Annual Salary”
FROM emp
WHERE dept_no = 10 AND sal>5000; // department id = 10 and sal> 5000
SELECT emp_name NAME, emp_id, sal*12 “Annual Salary”
FROM emp
WHERE dept_no = 10 OR sal>5000; // department id = 10 or sal> 5000
SELECT emp_name || ‘ Working with ID = ‘|| emp_id
FROM emp
WHERE sal NOT BETWEEN 100 AND 500; // less than 100, more than 500
Database Systems Lab
Mid Summary
• Join e.g.:
SELECT department_id, department_name, location_id, city
FROM departments
NATURAL JOIN locations;
SELECT department_id, department_name, location_id, city
FROM departments JOIN locations
USING (department_id);
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, d.location_id, department_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
USING (department_id);
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
d.department_id, d.location_id
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);
SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);

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