STATEMENTS

A statement is the smallest logical entity that can independently exist in a C program. No entity
smaller than statement i.e. expressions, variable names, constants etc. can independently exist in a
C program unless and until they are converted into statements.

For example, a=2+3 is an expression. When it is terminated with a semicolon, it forms an

expression statement i.e. a=2+3;.

Non-Executable statements:
• These statements help the compiler to determine how to allocate memory, interpret and
compile other statements in a program.
• These statements are intended mainly for compiler and no machine code is generated for
them. Only executable statements play a role during the execution of a program.
• The order in which non-executable statements appear in a program is important. When a
compiler compiles a program, it scans all the statements from top to bottom. A non-
executable statement can only affect the statements which appear below it. Thus, a non-
executable statement should appear only before executable statements within a block.
• Only non-executable statements can appear outside the body of a function .
• Examples of non-executable statements are: function prototypes, global variable
declarations, constant declarations and preprocessor directive statements.

Executable statements:
• Executable statements represent the instructions which are to be performed when the
program is executed. The following are the important points about executable statements:
• For an executable statement, some machine code is generated by the compiler.
• Executable statement can appear only inside the body of a function.
• The examples of executable statements are: assignment statements, branching statements,
looping statements, function call statements etc.
Simple statements:
• Simple statement consists of a single statement. Simple statement terminates with a
semicolon. Following are the examples of simple statements:
• int variable=10; // definition statement
• variable+5; // expression statement
• variable=variable+10; // assignment statement

Compound statements:
• Compound statement consists of a sequence of simple statements enclosed within a pair of
braces . The following is an example of a compound statement:

{ // a compound statement consisting of three simple statements

int variable=10;
variable=variable*2;
variable+=5;
}

✓ A compound statement is also known as block.

✓ A compound statement need not be terminated with semicolon.
✓ A compound statement is treated as a single unit. Either all the constituent simple
statements will be executed or none will be executed.
✓ A compound statement can appear at any point in a program wherever a simple statement
can appear.
✓ In a block, non-executable statements (e.g. declaration statements) should come before
executable statements.
✓ A compound statement can be empty i.e. there is no simple statement present inside
the pair of braces like {}. An empty compound statement is equivalent to a null††
statement but it cannot act as a terminator for a statement.

if(a==b) if(a==b) Valid as {} is

{ ; //null equivalent to null
} statement statement (i.e. ;)

printf(“Hello”){} printf(“Hello”); Invalid as {} cannot

act as a terminator
 Flow Control Statements

• By default, statements in a C program are executed in a sequential order. The order in

which the program statements are executed is known as “flow of program control” or just
“flow of control”. By default, the program control flows sequentially from top to bottom.
• Practical situations like decision making, repetitive execution of certain task etc. require
deviation or alteration from the default flow of program control.
• The default flow of control can be altered by using control flow statements. Control flow
statements are of two types:
1. Branching statements
– Selection statements
– Jump statements
2. Iteration statements

Branching Statements:
Branching statements are used to transfer the program control from one point to another. They
are categorized as:

Conditional branching: In conditional branching, also known as selection,

program control is transferred from one point to
another based upon the outcome of a certain
condition. Following selection statements are
available in C: if, if-else and switch statement.

Unconditional branching: In unconditional branching, also known as jumping,

program control is transferred from one point to another
without checking any condition. Following jump
statements are available in C: goto, break, continue and
return statement.

Selection Statements:
• Based upon the outcome of a particular condition, selection statements transfer control
from one point to another. Selection statements select a statement to be executed amongst
a set of various statements.
→The selection statements available in C are:
1. if statement
2. if-else statement
3. switch statement
 If Statements
Two – way Decision logic (conditional statement)

else part if part

if (expression) other statements……

{ statement 1; Entry
- - - -- - - ---}
else Test False
Expressi
{statement 2; on

- - -- - -} True
Forms of IF statement:
(i) Simple if statement.
(ii) If ….. else statement.
(iii) Nested if …. Else statement.
(iv) If Else if ladder.

(i) Simple if statement:

Program-statement: Write A Program in which- enter a no. from keyboard
if this no. is bigger than 10 then print you are good .

start main ()
{
int num;
Enter a printf(“enter your no.”);
num scanf(“%d”,&num);
if(num >15)
No Num> yes {
10 Printf(“you are good ”);
?
}
Print (not Print (good)
good)
else{
Printf(“you are not good ”);
}
stop }
(ii) if-else statement.
if (test expression)
{
True-block statement(s)
}
else
{
False-block statement(s)
}
::
Other statements in program
::
Program stmt: WAP to calculate gross salary of an employee as-if basic salary is
less than Rs. 1500, then HRA = 10% of basic, DA=90% of basic
If salary is > 1500, then HRA = Rs. 500,
DA = 98% of basic. Input basic salary by keyboard.
main()
{
float bs, gs, da, hra
printf(“Enter basic salary”);
scanf(“%f”,&bs);
if(bs<1500)
{
hra=bs*10/100;
da=bs*90/100;
}
else
{
hra =500;
da=bs*98/100;
}
gs= bs+da+hra;
printf(“Total Salary = %f”,gs);
}

(iii) Nested if (else) statement:

When an if… else is included within an if
… else statement, it is called as-
Nested if-else statement.
Entry
 Other statements

if (test cond.-1)
{
if(test cond.-2)
{
statement-1
}
else
{
statement2
}
}
else
{
statement -3
}
:
other statements in program.
Example: Program to Check Leap Year (using nested if-else)
main()
{
int year;
printf("Enter a year: ");
scanf("%d",&year);
if(year%4 == 0)
{
if( year%100 == 0)
{ // year is divisible by 400, hence the year is a leap year
if ( year%400 == 0)
printf("%d is a leap year.", year);
else printf("%d is not a leap year.", year);
} // year is divisible by 4, hence the year is a leap year
else printf("%d is a leap year.", year );
}
else printf("%d is not a leap year.", year);
}

Program: One company decides to give bonus as 2% to all employees & 5% to all its
managers
having (salary) > 10,000 & if balance > 5000. Find increased salary after adding bonus.
main( )
{
float balance, bonus, salary;
printf(“Enter Balance, salary”);
 scanf(“%f”, & balance);
scanf(“%f”, & salary);
if (salary > 10,000)
{
if (balance>5000)
bonus=.05 * salary;
else
bonus=.02 * salary;}
else
{
bonus=.02* salary;
}
salary=(salary+bonus);printf(“salary now=%f ”,salary);

The Else IF Ladder:

if(condition-1)
statement-1;
else if(condition-2)
statement-2;
else if(condition-3)
statement-3;
: :: :: :: :: :
: :: :: :: :: :
else if(condition n)
statement-n;
else
default-statement;
statement-x;
• when multipath decisions are involved, then we use a combination of else-ifs together.
• A multipath decision is a chain of ifs in which the stmt. associated with each else is an if
Example: Program to Check Leap Year (using if-else-if ladder)
main()
{
int year;
printf("Enter a year to check if it is a leap year\n");
scanf("%d", &year);
if ( year%400 == 0)
printf("%d is a leap year.\n", year);
else if ( year%100 == 0)
printf("%d is not a leap year.\n", year);
else if ( year%4 == 0 )
printf("%d is a leap year.\n", year);
else
printf("%d is not a leap year.\n", year);
}

Program-Statement: Declare the result of student

as if he gets marks > 79 and <=100- honors
input marks from keyboard. > 59 and <=79– Ist div.
> 49 and <=59– IInd div.
> 39 and <=49- IIIrd div.
else (<= 39) – Fail.

main()
{
int marks;
printf("Enter the marks");
scanf("%d", &marks);
printf("\nresult is:");
if(marks > 79 && marks<=100)
{
printf("1st div. with Honors");
}
else if (marks > 59 && marks<=79)
{
printf("1st div.");
}
else if (marks > 49 && marks<=59)
{
printf("2nd Div.");
}
else if(marks > 39 && marks<=49)
{
printf("3rd Div.");
}
else
{
printf("Fail");
}
}
Example: A company insures its employees in the following cases:
• If the employee is married
• If the employee is unmarried, male & above 30 yrs.
• If the employee is unmarried, female & above 25 yrs.
Otherwise the employee is not insured.
Marital status, gender and age of employee are inputs. Then WAP to determine if the
driver is to be insured or not.
Now we will solve above program by 2 ways: using logical operators & without
using logical operators.

(A) using logical operators.

main()
{
char gender, ms;
int age;
printf(“Enter age, gender, marital status”);
scanf(“%d%c%c”, &age,& gender,&ms);
if((ms==’M’) || (ms= =’U’&& gender = =’M’&&age>30) || (ms = = ‘U’&& gender = = ‘F’
&& age>25))
printf(“Emloyee is insured”);
else
{printf(“Employee is not insured”);}}

(B) Without using logical operators:

main()
{
char gender, ms;
int age;
printf(“Enter age, gender, marital status);
scanf(“%d%c%c”, &age, & gender, &ms);
if(ms==’M’)
printf(“Employee is insured”);
else
{
if (gender = = ‘M’)
{
if (age > 30)
printf(“Employee is insured”);
else
printf(“Employee is not insured”);
}
else
{
if (age > 25)
printf(“Employee is insured”);
else
printf(“Employee is not insured”);
}
}
 Switch Statements (Multiway Selection)

Here we can select one option among many alternatives. We use switch statement here.

Switch Decision logic:

Switch statement is used when we have many alternatives. Since if-else if becomes complex.
The switch statement tests the value of a given variable (or expression) against a list of case
values (options/alternatives) & when a match is found, a block of statements associated with
that case is executed.

switch statement:
• The switch statement is used to control complex
branching operations. When there are many
conditions, it becomes too difficult and complicated
to use if and if-else constructs.
• In such cases, switch statement provides an easy and
organized way to select among multiple options,
depending upon the outcome of a particular
condition.
The general form of switch statement is:
• switch(expression) //switch header
• statement //switch body

The General form of switch:

switch (integer expression)
{
case <constant> 1:
{statements;
statements;}
break;
case <constant> 2:
statement-block
break;
: :
 case n:
statement-block
break;
default:
stmt-block }

Example :
void main()
{
int i=2;
switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf(“I am in case 1\n”);break
case 2:
printf(“I am in case 2\n”);
case 3:
printf(“I am in case 3\n”);
default:
printf(“I am in default \n”);
}
} o/p → I am in case 2
I am in case 3
I am in default

But if we will insert break in each case then only one o/p → I am in case 2.

Statement-x
 KEY POINTS: SWITCH STATEMENT
• Switch header :consists of keyword switch followed by
switch selection expression enclosed within parentheses.
• Switch selection expression must be of integral type (i.e.
integer type or character type).
• Switch body consists of a statement. The statement
constituting switch body can be a null statement,
expression statement, labeled statement, flow control
statement, compound statement etc.
• Generally, switch body consists of a compound statement,
whose constituent statements are case labeled statements,
expression statements, flow control statements and an
optional default labeled statement.

• Case labels of case labeled statements

constituting body of switch statement should be
unique i.e. no two case labels should have or
evaluate to the same value.
• There can be at most one default labeled
statement within the switch body.
• switch statement is executed as follows:
– switch selection expression is evaluated.
– The result of evaluation of switch selection
expression is compared with the case labels of
the case labeled statements until there is a
match or until all the case labeled statements
have been examined.
✓If the result matches with the case label of a case
labeled statement, the execution starts from the
matched case labeled statement and all the
statements after the matched case labeled statement
within the switch body gets executed.
✓If no case label of case labeled statements within the
switch body matches the result , the execution starts
with the default labeled statement, if it is present,
and all the statements after the default labeled
statement within the switch body gets executed.
✓If none of the case label matches the result and
there is no default labeled statement present within
the switch body, no statement within the switch
body will be executed and the execution continues
from the statement following the switch statement.

o
 o Order of cases is not important
We can write as:
Case 10:
Statement …..
Case 599:
Statement …..
Case 305:
Statement …
o Char values are also permitted in case & switch. because char values are replaced by the
ASCII values of these characters.
As :-

Char c;
switch (c)
{
case ‘v’:
----
case ‘a’:
-----
}
}

o break takes the control outside the switch body.

o switch stmts. are very useful to write menu driven programs.
Prog. To make a program of calculator.
Addition operation:option1
Subtraction operation:option 2
Multiplication operation:option 3
Division operation:option 4

main()
{
int a,c;
int b;
int opt;
printf(“Select an option (1….4):”);
scanf(“%d”, &opt);
switch (opt)
{ case 1:scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b); c = a +b; printf(“%d”,c);break;
case 2: scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);c = a -b; printf(“%d”,c);break;
case 3: scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);c = a *b; printf(“%d”,c);break;
case 4: scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);c = a /b; printf(“%d”,c);break;
default:printf(“Select a value between 1 & 4, try again”);}return 0;}