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Introduction Poison3456

The document discusses the definition and implications of poisoning, categorizing it into pharmaceuticals, insecticides, plants and animals, and chemicals. It highlights the prevalence of accidental and intentional poisoning, particularly among young children and in developing countries due to pesticide exposure. Additionally, it addresses the dangers of snake bites, emphasizing their common occurrence in rural areas and the associated health risks.

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11 views6 pages

Introduction Poison3456

The document discusses the definition and implications of poisoning, categorizing it into pharmaceuticals, insecticides, plants and animals, and chemicals. It highlights the prevalence of accidental and intentional poisoning, particularly among young children and in developing countries due to pesticide exposure. Additionally, it addresses the dangers of snake bites, emphasizing their common occurrence in rural areas and the associated health risks.

Uploaded by

bjob15544
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

The term poison was derived from latin word “potionem’’ a drink, eat, breathe,
inject or touch enough of a chemicals (also called a poison or toxin)to cause
illness or death or poison is derived from Greek word ‘Toxicon’ which means
“poison”. A poison is any substance that is harmfull to the body when eaten
breathed, injected and or absorbed through the skin. Any substance can be
poisonous if through is taken .

Figure no: 1

They produce Harmful , dangerous or fetal symptoms in animal and human


beings. Poisoning could be accidental, occupational, suicidal or criminal generally
self medication is an important cause of drugs poisoning and is particularly seen
with OTC Drugs . Acute poisoning and is generally observed with over use of drugs
or insecticide and hence emergency treatment of acute poisoning is symptomatic.

Poisoning is an important health problem in every country of the world.


Occupational exposure to industrial chemicals and pesticides, accidental or
intentional exposure to household to Pharmaceutical product and poisoning due
to venomous animals , toxic plants and food contamination , all contribute to
morbidity and mortality . The danger of poisoning range from short term illness to
brain damage, coma and death. Some poisons in very small amounts can cause
illness or injury. Some poison cause immediate injury, such as battery acid or
household cleanser. Other poisons may take years to exposure to create a health
problem, such as heavy metals(lead, arsenic, mercury). The centre for disease
control and prevention (CDC)defines a poisoning that occurs by accident as
“unintentional poisoning” and a poisoning that results from a conscious, will full
decision(such as suicide or homicide) as “intentional poisoning” Unintentional
poisoning include the use of drugs or chemical for recreational purposes in
excessive amounts, such as by an infrant or child . Intentional poisonings include
suicide, such as medication over dosage (B.R.SHARMA et al., 2007).Young children
are particularly vulnerable to accidental poisoning by drugs error and form
exposures to toxic chemicals, respectively (Tanuj Kanchan et al., 2008). The
damage caused by poisoning depends on the age and underlying health of the
person who take it.some poison are not very potent and cause problems only
with prolonged exposure or repeated ingestions of large amount. Other poisons
are so potent that just a drop on the skin can cause severe damage.

Categories of poisoning

Poisoning divided in to 4 broad catrgories:-

Pharmaceuticals: Paracetamol, Aspirin, Benzodiazepines, phenytoin, Tricyclic,

Antidepressants , barbiturates, opioids etc.

Insecticides and pesticides:

Organophasphate, cholrine , pyrethroids, superwarfarin, furadon, parathion and


Endosulphan.

Plants and Animals: Snake or scorpian bite, Bees or wasps sting, insect sting,
Oleander, Dhatura and Oduvanthalai.

Chemicals:
(Para phenylenediamine).
 Organic: Rotenone, pyrethrum, Nicotine and neem oil.
 Biological: Bacteria and viruses (salmonella, Nonovirus virus,
Campylobacter, E .coli, Listeria, clostridium Perfringens).

Most of victims of travel related poisoning were businessman(67.56%)rest were


normal and domestic travelers ( 16.21) And few were services holder ( 10.81).
some other victim take poisonous material easily available in the household or at
work place like rat killer (superwarfarin), mosiquito repellant(pyrethroid)ant
killer(gammahexane), (furadon ,parathion,endosulphan). They also take drugs
which are available at house like alprazolam, diazepam, phenytoin, barbiturates,
paracetamol, aspirin etc. since all the drugs are easily available over the counter,
we also see lot of multidrug over dosage especially combination of antibiotics,
analgesic and antihistamine.

Pesticide poisoning

It is a major public health problem in developing countries particularly in setting in


low education and poor Regulatory framework. Pesticide usage in South Africa,
both agriculture and non agriculture has increased substantially in the past
decade and this country is the largest market for pesticides for sub Saharan
Africa.
Figure : insecitide and pesticide

Organophosphate poisoning

It is one of the commonest poisons consumed, as it is easily available. Among the


Organ phosphorous compound , methyl parathion (metacid) is the most
commonly used the other compound is dichlorovos(nuvan). Organophosphorous
poisoning occur very commonly in southern India, where farmers from a
significant proportion of the population who commonly use Organophsphours
compound like parathion as insecticide. Thus , due to the easy accessibility of
these compound , a large number of suicidal cases are encountered in the
region(subhash vijay kumar et al., 2011)

Figure: 4 OPC Poisoning substances

Most toxin compounds are Endosulphan, methyl parathion, malathion, oleander


seeds (in higher doses), Dhatura, Zinc sulphide and phosphide. Less toxin
compounds are Gammahexene, pyrethroids and superwarfarin .
Figure: 1.4 oleander seed and Dhatura Fruits

SNAKES

These are found all over the world except in the aractic, New Zealand and lreland
and are more commonly distributed in temperature and tropical countries .
Snakes are most likely to bite human beings when they feel threatened, startled
or provoked and have no means of escape cornered. The Deccan plareau, with its
agricultural land and hot, dry climate provides an ideal environment for cobras,
kraits and vipers (lnamder et al ., 2010) .

Figure no: 1.5 snake poison

The most common symptoms of al snakebites are overwhelming fear, which may
cause symptoms such as nausea and vomenting , diahhera, vertigo, fainting ,
tachycardia and cold , clammy skin. Dry snakebites and those inflicted byb a non
venomous species, can still cause severe injury . there ar several reasons for this
snake bites area may become infected with the snaks saliva and fangs sometimes
harboring pathogenic microbiology oraganism, including clostridium ttani .
Infection is often reported with viper bites whose fangs are capable of deep
puncture wounds. Bites may cause anaphylaxis in certain people. Most snakes
bites, whether by a venoums snake or not , will have some type of local effect.
There is minor pain and redness in over 90% of cases, althought this varies
depending on the sites. Bites by wipes and cobras may br extremely painfull, with
the localn tissue something becoming tender and serverely swallon within five
mintues. This area may become more lifethreathing over time , developing into
hypotension , tachypnea, severe tachycardia , severe internal bleeding, altered
senorium, kidney failure and respiratory failure. Snakebites is a common acute
medical emergency faced by rural population with heavy rainfall and humid
climate . 35000-50000 prople die each year from snake bites which is a common
cause of morbidity and morbidity in India . snake bite is a large problem of the
rural area , where basic health facilities are poor and as a result death is common
. the four families of venomous snakes atractaspididae, hydrophidae and viperdae
contain some 500 species

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