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C Complete

This document provides comprehensive notes on C programming, covering its introduction, basic syntax, data types, operators, control structures, functions, arrays, pointers, structures, storage classes, file handling, dynamic memory allocation, preprocessor directives, and common built-in functions. It also discusses advantages and limitations of C, along with sample program snippets. The notes serve as a foundational guide for understanding and utilizing the C programming language.

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8 views6 pages

C Complete

This document provides comprehensive notes on C programming, covering its introduction, basic syntax, data types, operators, control structures, functions, arrays, pointers, structures, storage classes, file handling, dynamic memory allocation, preprocessor directives, and common built-in functions. It also discusses advantages and limitations of C, along with sample program snippets. The notes serve as a foundational guide for understanding and utilizing the C programming language.

Uploaded by

dihoncho.pro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📘 C Programming Complete Notes

📌 1. Introduction to C

 Developed by Dennis Ritchie in the 1970s.


 Structured, procedural, compiled language.
 Foundation for many modern languages like C++, Java, Python.

🔤 2. Basic Syntax
c
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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello, World!");
return 0;
}

 #include <stdio.h>: Standard input/output header.


 main(): Entry point.
 printf: Output function.
 return 0: Ends program execution successfully.

🔠 3. Data Types

 Basic: int, char, float, double


 Derived: array, pointer, function, structure
 Void: Represents absence of value.
 Type modifiers: short, long, signed, unsigned

➕ 4. Operators

 Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
 Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
 Logical: &&, ||, !
 Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.
 Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
 Increment/Decrement: ++, --

🔁 5. Control Structures

 Conditional:
o if, else, else if
o switch-case
 Loops:
o for, while, do-while
 Jump Statements:
o break, continue, goto, return

🧠 6. Functions
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int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

 Declaration, definition, and call.


 Parameters and return types.
 Recursion.
 void functions.
 Scope: local vs global variables.

📦 7. Arrays & Strings

 Arrays:

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int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

 Multidimensional Arrays:

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int matrix[3][3];

 Strings:
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char str[] = "Hello";

Use functions from <string.h> like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp().

📌 8. Pointers
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int a = 10;
int *p = &a;

 * dereference operator
 & address-of operator
 Pointer arithmetic
 NULL pointer
 Pointers with arrays, functions, strings.
 Pointer to pointer (int **pp)

🧠 9. Structures & Unions


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struct Student {
int id;
char name[20];
};

 Group related variables.


 Nested structures.
 Array of structures.
 Union: Shared memory for variables.

🛠 10. Storage Classes

 auto (default for local variables)


 static (persistent across function calls)
 extern (used across files)
 register (store in CPU register if possible)
🧠 11. File Handling
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FILE *fp = fopen("file.txt", "r");
fgets(buffer, 100, fp);
fclose(fp);

 fopen(), fclose(), fscanf(), fprintf(), fgets(), fputs()


 Modes: "r", "w", "a", "rb", "wb"

🧠 12. Dynamic Memory Allocation


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int *p = (int*) malloc(sizeof(int));
free(p);

 malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free()


 Located in <stdlib.h>

🧠 13. Preprocessor Directives

 #define constants/macros
 #include header files
 #ifdef, #ifndef, #endif, #undef

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#define PI 3.14

💡 14. Miscellaneous Concepts

 Command Line Arguments:

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int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { }

 Enum:

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enum week {Mon, Tue, Wed};
 Typedef:

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typedef int Integer;

🧠 15. Common Header Files

 <stdio.h>: Standard I/O


 <stdlib.h>: Memory, process control
 <string.h>: String manipulation
 <math.h>: Math functions
 <ctype.h>: Character type checking
 <time.h>: Date/time

🔄 16. Common Built-in Functions

 printf, scanf, gets, puts


 strlen, strcpy, strcmp, strcat
 malloc, calloc, free, realloc
 pow, sqrt, abs, rand, srand

🧠 17. Sample Program Snippets

 Factorial using recursion:

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int fact(int n) {
if(n <= 1) return 1;
else return n * fact(n - 1);
}

 Swap using pointers:

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void swap(int *a, int *b) {
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
}
🚀 18. Advantages of C

 Fast execution
 Low-level memory manipulation
 Portability
 Foundation for learning other languages

⚠️ 19. Limitations

 No object-oriented features
 No built-in memory safety
 Manual memory management

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