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The document discusses probability and non-probability sampling techniques, highlighting their definitions, types, advantages, and disadvantages. Probability sampling ensures every member of a population has a known chance of selection, allowing for reliable statistical inferences, while non-probability sampling does not guarantee equal chances and is often used for exploratory research. The choice between these methods depends on research goals and the need for generalizability.

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6 views4 pages

Assignment Solution 1

The document discusses probability and non-probability sampling techniques, highlighting their definitions, types, advantages, and disadvantages. Probability sampling ensures every member of a population has a known chance of selection, allowing for reliable statistical inferences, while non-probability sampling does not guarantee equal chances and is often used for exploratory research. The choice between these methods depends on research goals and the need for generalizability.

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hamdlarao60
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment solution

Student Id=bc250209690
Edu303
Solution #1:
Probability sap ensure that every member of a population has a known and
zero chance of being selected for the sample. This allows researchers to
make statistical inferences about the entire population based on the sample.
It is also known as random sampling.

There are four main types of probability sampling techniques:

Simple Random Sampling: Every member of a population has equal


chance of being selected. This can be done through methods like drawing
names from a hat or using a random number generator.

Systematic Sampling: Individuals are selected at regular intervals from


the population. For example, every k^{th} member is chosen after a random
start.

Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups (strata)


based on shared characteristics (e.g., age, gender, income), and then a
random sample is taken from each stratum. This ensures representation of
all subgroups.

Cluster Sampling: The population is divided into clusters (e.g., school and
neighborhood), and then a random selection of these clusters is made. All
individuals within the selected clusters are included in the sample.

Systematic sampling: individual are selected from a selected from a list a


regular interval .this is efficient but required a complete lost of population.
Examp : If you have a list of 500 customers and want a sample of 50, your
sampling interval would be 500/50 = 10. You would randomly select a
starting point (e.g., the 3rd customer) and then select every 10th customer
after that (3rd, 13th, 23rd, and so on).

Conclusion:

Probability sampling is valuable because it minimizes bias and allows for the
calculation of sampling error, increasing the reliability and validity of
research findings.
Solution #2:
Non-probability sampling does not guarantee equal chances of selection for
all member of population. Unlike probability sampling, which aims for a
statistically representative sample, non-probability sampling is often used
when random selection isn’t feasible, the population is hard to reach, or the
research is exploratory.

Here are some common types of non-probability sampling:

Convenience Sampling: participants are selected based on their


availability ease of success . For example, surveying people on a particular
street or students in a classroom. This method is quick and cost-effective but
can easily lead to a biased sample.

Quota Sampling: Participants are selected to meet to specific quotas based


on certain characteristics. This aims to get representation from different
segments but the selection within each quota is not random.

Purposive (or Judgmental) Sampling: Researchers handpick participants


based on their knowledge or characteristics relevant to the study’s purpose.
This is often used when specific expertise or experience is needed.

Snowball Sampling: Initial participants are asked to refer other people


they know who also fit the study criteria. This is useful for reaching
populations that are difficult to access, such as those with rare conditions or
marginalized groups.

Self-Selection (or Volunteer) Sampling: Participants volunteer to be


part of the study, often in response to an advertisement or announcement.
This can be easy to implement but may attract a specific type of person,
leading to bias.

Advantages of Non-Probability Sampling:

Cost and Time Efficiency: Generally quicker and cheaper to conduct than
probability sampling as it doesn't require a complete sampling frame or
random selection processes.

Convenience: Easier to implement, especially when participants are readily


available.

Disadvantages of Non-Probability Sampling:


Potential for Bias: The non-random selection increases the risk of
sampling bias, where the sample does not accurately represent the larger
population.

Conclusion:

while non-probability sampling offers practical advantages in certain


situations, it’s crucial to be aware of its limitations, particularly the potential
for bias and the impact on the generalizability of findings. Researchers using
these techniques should be transparent about the sampling method and its
potential implications.

Solution #3:
Probability Sampling Example:

 A researcher study the effectiveness of a new early intervention program


for children with autism could use stratified random sampling to
representation of children with varying level of autism severity and
different socioeconomic background .
 Simple Random Sampling: A researcher wants to survey 50 students
out of a university population of 5000. They obtain a list of all 5000
students and use a computer program to randomly select 50 unique
student ID numbers. The students corresponding to these numbers form
the sample.

Non-Probability Sampling Example:

 Convenience Sampling: A journalist wants to get a quick sense of


public opinion on a current political event. They stand outside a busy
train station during rush hour and interview the first 20 people who are
willing to stop and answer their questions.

Conclusion:

Probability sampling methods, like simple random sampling, ensure that


every member of the population has a known chance of being selected,
allowing for statistical inferences about the entire population. In contrast,
non-probability sampling methods, such as convenience sampling, do not
involve random selection and are often used for exploratory purposes or
when random sampling is not feasible. However, findings from non-
probability samples cannot be reliably generalized to the broader population
due to the potential for bias. The choice between these methods hinges on
the research goals and the need for generalizability.

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