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Thermal Sensors
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
Linear Approximation
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
Linear Approximation
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
Quadratic Approximation
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
Resistance Based Thermal Sensors: Types
1. Resistance-temperature detector (RTD)
2. Thermistors
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
1. Resistance-temperature detector (RTD)
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What is the function of compensation leads?
Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
1. Resistance-temperature detector (RTD)
Sensitivity:
Response Time : 0.5 to 5 s
Construction :
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
1. Resistance-temperature detector (RTD)
Range:
Pt wire -100 to 650°C
Ni wire -180 to 300°C 10
Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
1. Resistance-temperature detector (RTD)
Dissipation Constant
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
1. THERMISTORS
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Resistance Based Thermal Sensors
1. THERMISTORS
sensitivity up to 10 percent change per degree Celsius
Response time is 0.5 to 5 s
range from −50 to typically 300C (For Some devices 500C
encapsulated in plastic,
epoxy, Teflon, or some
other inert material.
https://honeywell.scene7.com/is/image/Honeywell65/s
ps-siot-sensors-temparature-sensors-thermistors- 13
honeywell-sensing-thermistors-group-mobile-hero
THERMOCOUPLES
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THERMOCOUPLES Seebeck Effect
Thermoelectric Effects
Chromel: 90% nickel and 10% chromium Alumel: 95% nickel, 2% aluminium, 2%
by weight manganese, and 1% silicon 15
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNoI62URtAk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6waiEeXDGo
THERMOCOUPLES
Thermoelectric Effects
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https://www.electrical4u.com/thermopile/#:~:text=A%20thermopile%20is%20an%20electronic,less%20c
ommonly%20connected%20in%20parallel.
THERMOCOUPLES
Types
Which is more
sensitive?
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THERMOCOUPLES
Reference T: 0 °C
Constantan: 55% copper and 45% nickel
Chromel: 90% nickel and 10% chromium Alumel: 95% nickel, 2% aluminium, 2%
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by weight manganese, and 1% silicon
THERMOCOUPLES
If value of emf or temperature in not in table use following relation
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THERMOCOUPLES
If ref. temperature in not same as that of table use add or subtract emf
If From table for a reference T of 0 °C
What would be emf at 400 °C If reference is 30
°C not 0 °C?
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THERMOCOUPLES
Reference Compensation
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https://lios.lunainc.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/inductionfurnace.jpg
THERMOCOUPLES
Reduction in noise
Noise sources?
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THERMOCOUPLES
Peltier Effects
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6waiEeXDGo https://instrumentationtools.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/instrumentationtools.com_peltier-effect.jpg
THERMOCOUPLES
Peltier Effects
Apply Voltage
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6waiEeXDGo https://instrumentationtools.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/instrumentationtools.com_peltier-effect.jpg
Other Thermal Sensors
Bimetal Strips
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Other Thermal Sensors
Bimetal Strips
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https://image.slidesharecdn.com/measure3rdlec-150525133045-lva1-app6892/95/measure-3rd-lec-21-638.jpg?cb=1432560695
Other Thermal Sensors
Gas Thermometers
-253.15 to 1500 °C
https://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-
19/Thermal%20physics/Temperature/text/Gas_thermometers/images/1.png
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Other Thermal Sensors
Vapor-Pressure Thermometers
Vapor pressure versus temperature for methyl chloride, which is often employed in 28
these sensors
Other Thermal Sensors
Liquid-Expansion Thermometers
https://holooly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/19-10.png
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Pyrometers
Stefan–Boltzmann law: The total energy radiated per unit
surface area is directly proportional to the fourth power of the
black body's temperature, T
Stefan–Boltzmann constant
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Pyrometers
• Actual body radiates at lower rate compared to the ideal one
• ɛ is the emissivity of the radiating body
• The measurement for emissivity is expressed as a value between zero
and one
• The surface of a perfect black body (with an emissivity of 1)
emits thermal radiation at the rate of approximately 448 watts
per square metre (W/m2) at a room temperature of 25 °C
(298 K; 77 °F).
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The image above shows two sides of a
Leslie Cube: a stainless steel cube
which is filled with hot water. The first,
on the left, is painted white with a small
piece of electrical tape, On the right, the
material is much more shiny and
reflective, meaning it has a low
emissivity (the darker, purple colouring
in the thermal image).
https://ired.co.uk/blog/what-is-emissivity/
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Pyrometers
Types of Bodies: A body's behavior regarding thermal radiation is
characterized by its transmission τ, absorption α, and reflection ρ.
An opaque body: τ = 0 and α + ρ = 1
A transparent body: τ = 1 and α = ρ = 0
A white body: τ = 0, α = 0, and ρ = 1
A black body: τ = 0, α = 1, and ρ = 0
A grey body: α, ρ and τ are constant for all wavelengths
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Radiation Pyrometers
emf
proportion
to T4
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Radiation Pyrometers
Advantages:
• They can measure high temperatures above 600°C, where other
sensors may melt or damage, no upper limit.
• They do not need physical contact with the object, which avoids
contamination, corrosion, or interference. NDT
• They have a fast speed of response and high output.
• They are less affected by corrosive atmospheres or electromagnetic
fields.
• Moving parts or bodies can be inspected
Disadvantages:
• They have non-linear scales and possible errors due to emissivity
variations, intervening gases or vapors, ambient temperature changes,
or dirt on optical components.
• They require calibration (emf is not proportion to T4 but emf is
proportional Tb where b are determined from tow standard calibration
points)
• Require maintenance for accurate readings.
• They may be expensive and complex to operate.
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Radiation Pyrometers
• Radiation pyrometers are widely used for industrial
applications where high temperatures are involved or where
physical contact with the object is not feasible or desirable.
Some examples are:
• Measuring the temperature of furnaces, boilers, kilns, ovens,
etc.
• Measuring the temperature of molten metals, glass, ceramics,
etc.
• Measuring the temperature of flames, plasmas, lasers, etc.
• Measuring the temperature of moving objects such as rollers,
conveyors, wires, etc.
• Measuring the average temperature of large surfaces such as
walls, roofs, pipes, etc.
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760 to 5500 0C or more
Optical Pyrometers
https://circuitglobe.com/optical-pyrometer.html 37
Thermography
• Thermographic cameras usually detect radiation in the long-infrared
range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000
nanometers or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation, called
thermograms.
• IR cameras
A comparison of a thermal image This thermogram shows
Thermogram of a traditional
(top) and an ordinary photograph excessive heating on a
building in the background and a
(bottom). The plastic bag is mostly terminal in an industrial
"passive house" in the foreground
transparent to long-wavelength electrical fuse block.
infrared, but the man's glasses are 38
opaque.
Guess the object
https://irinfo.org/articleofmonth/images/article_roush_2003_2.jpg 39
