Basic concepts of fuzzy logic

Fuzzy logic is a key concept in soft computing, which deals with imprecision, uncertainty, and
approximation to solve complex real-world problems. Here's a breakdown of the basic concepts of fuzzy
logic in the context of soft computing:

1. **Fuzzy Set**

Unlike classical (crisp) sets, where an element either belongs or does not belong to a set (membership is
0 or 1), a **fuzzy set** allows **partial membership**.

**Membership function** (μ): Defines the degree to which an element belongs to a fuzzy set.

* Example: In a fuzzy set of “tall people,” a person who is 5'8" might have a membership value of 0.6.

2. **Membership Function**

This function maps input values to their membership degree in a fuzzy set. It ranges from **0 to 1**.

* Common shapes: triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian

* Used to represent linguistic variables like "hot", "cold", "medium", etc.

3. **Linguistic Variables**

Variables whose values are not numbers but words or sentences from natural language.

* Example: Temperature = {cold, warm, hot}

* Used to simplify the representation of complex systems.

4. **Fuzzification**

The process of converting crisp input values into fuzzy values based on defined membership functions.

* Example: 70°F might be 0.3 "cold" and 0.7 "warm".

5. **Fuzzy Rules (If-Then Rules)**

These are rule-based statements that use fuzzy logic to describe the behavior of a system.

* Example:

* IF temperature is high THEN fan speed is fast.

* IF temperature is medium THEN fan speed is medium.

🔹 6. **Inference Engine**

The component that applies fuzzy rules to the input fuzzy values to generate fuzzy output values.
* Combines rules using fuzzy logic operators like AND, OR, NOT (using min, max, or other methods).

7. **Defuzzification**

The process of converting fuzzy output values back into a crisp (numerical) value.

* Common methods: Centroid,Bisector,Mean of Maximum (MoM)

8. **Fuzzy Operators**

Used to combine or modify fuzzy sets:

**AND (intersection)**: min(μA(x), μB(x))

**OR (union)**: max(μA(x), μB(x))

**NOT (complement)**: 1 - μA(x)

Classical set

1. Classical set is a collection of distinct objects. For example, a set of

students passing grades.
2. Each individual entity in a set is called a member or an element of the
set.
3. The classical set is defined in such a way that the universe of discourse is
splitted into two groups members and non-members. Hence, In case
classical sets, no partial membership exists.
4. Let A is a given set. The membership function can be use to define a set
A is given by:

Operations on classical sets: For two sets A and B and Universe X:

 Union:

This operation is also called logical OR.

 Intersection:

This operation is also called logical AND.

 Complement:

 Difference:

1. Properties of classical sets: For two sets A and B and Universe X:

 Commutativity:

 Associativity:

 Distributivity:

 Idempotency:

 Identity:
 Transitivity:

Fuzzy set:

1. Fuzzy set is a set having degrees of membership between 1 and 0.

Fuzzy sets are represented with tilde character(~). For example, Number
of cars following traffic signals at a particular time out of all cars present
will have membership value between [0,1].
2. Partial membership exists when member of one fuzzy set can also be a
part of other fuzzy sets in the same universe.
3. The degree of membership or truth is not same as probability, fuzzy truth
represents membership in vaguely defined sets.
4. A fuzzy set A~ in the universe of discourse, U, can be defined as a set of
ordered pairs and it is given by

1. Fuzzy sets also satisfy every property of classical sets.

2. Common Operations on fuzzy sets: Given two Fuzzy sets A~ and B~
 Union : Fuzzy set C~ is union of Fuzzy sets A~ and B~ :

 Intersection: Fuzzy set D~ is intersection of Fuzzy sets A~ and B~ :

 Complement: Fuzzy set E~ is complement of Fuzzy set A~ :

1. Some other useful operations on Fuzzy set:

 Algebraic sum:

 Algebraic product:

 Bounded sum:

 Bounded difference:

Fuzzy Set Theory

Fuzzy set theory is an extension of classical set theory where elements have varying degrees of
membership. A logic based on the two truth values, True and False, is sometimes inadequate when
describing human reasoning. Fuzzy logic uses the whole interval between O (false) and 1(true) to
describe human reasoning. A fuzzy set in any set that allows its members to have different degree of
membership, called membership function, in the interval [0, 1].

Properties of Fuzzy Sets:

Involution
Involution states that the complement of complement is set itself.
( A‘ )’ = A
Commutativity
Operations are called commutative if the order of operands does not alter
the result. Fuzzy sets are commutative under union and intersection
operations.
A∪B=B∪A
A∩B=B∩A
Associativity
Associativity allows change in the order of operations performed on an
operand, how ever relative order of the operand can not be changed. All
sets in the equation must appear in identical order only. Fuzzy sets are
associative under union and intersection operations.
A∪(B∪C)=(A∪B)∪C
A∩(B∩C)=(A∩B)∩C
Distributivity
A∪(B∩C)=(A∪B)∩(A∪C)
A∩(B∪C)=(A∩B)∪(A∩C)
Absorption
Absorption produces identical sets after stated union and intersection
operations.
A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A
A∩(A∪B)=A
Idempotency / Tautology
Idempotency does not alter the element or the membership value of
elements in the set
A∪A=A
A∩A=A
Identity
A∪ϕ=A
A∩ϕ=ϕ
A∪X=X
A∩X=A
Transitivity
If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C then A ⊆ C
De Morgan’s Law
De Morgan’s Laws can be stated as,
 The complement of a union is the intersection of the complement of
individual sets
 The complement of an intersection is the union of the complement of
individual sets
( A ∪ B )’ = A‘ ∩ B‘
( A ∩ B )’ = A’ ∪ B‘
Difference between Fuzzification and Defuzzification:
S.No. Comparison Fuzzification Defuzzification
Precise data is converted Imprecise data is converted into
1. Basic into imprecise data. precise data.
Fuzzification is the Defuzzification is the inverse
method of converting a process of fuzzification where the
crisp quantity into a mapping is done to convert the
2. Definition fuzzy quantity. fuzzy results into crisp results.
Like, Stepper motor and D/A
3. Example Like, Voltmeter converter
Intuition, inference, rank
ordering, angular fuzzy Maximum membership principle,
sets, neural network, centroid method, weighted average
4. Methods etcetera. method, center of sums, etcetera.
5. Complexity It is quite simple. It is quite complicated.
It can use IF-THEN It uses the center of gravity
rules for fuzzifying the methods to find the centroid of the
6. Use crisp value. sets.
Aspect Mamdani FIS Sugeno FIS
Inventor Ebrahim Mamdani (1975) Takagi & Sugeno (1985)
Constant or linear function (e.g., z =
Rule Output Fuzzy set (e.g., "speed is high")
a1·x + a2·y + c)
Required (e.g., centroid, bisector, Not required (final output is already
Defuzzification
MOM) numeric)
High (more intuitive, human- Moderate (more mathematical, less
Interpretability
readable rules) intuitive)
Computational Higher (due to fuzzy output + Lower (especially good for real-time
complexity defuzzification) systems)
Expert systems, control systems, Adaptive systems, modeling, data-
Suitability
where interpretability is key driven optimization
IF temperature is high THEN IF temperature is high THEN
Rule Example fan_speed is fast fan_speed = 0.5·temp + 2