CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT 1 -- Cloud computing Definition, Types of cloud, Cloud services: Benefits and challenges
of cloud computing, Evolution of Cloud Computing, Applications cloud computing, Business
models around Cloud, Major Players in Cloud Computing, Issues in Cloud - Eucalyptus -
Nimbus - Open Nebula, CloudSim.

Cloud Computing provides us means by which we can access the applications as utilities over
the internet. It allows us to create, configure, and customize the business applications online.

Centralized computing
This is a computing paradigm by which all computer resources are centralized in one physical
system. All resources (processors, memory, and storage) are fully shared and tightly coupled
within one integrated OS. Many data centers and supercomputers are centralized systems, but
they are used in parallel, distributed, and cloud computing applications.

Parallel computing

In parallel computing, all processors are either tightly coupled with centralized shared memory
or loosely coupled with distributed memory. Inter processor communication is accomplished
through shared memory or via message passing. Acomputer system capable of parallel
computing is commonly known as a parallel computer. Programs running in a parallel computer
are called parallel programs. The process of writing parallel programs is often referred to as
parallel programming.

Distributed computing
This is a field of computer science/engineering that studies distributed systems. A distributed
system consists of multiple autonomous computers, each having its own private memory,
communicating through a computer network. Information exchange in a distributed system is
accomplished through message passing. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is
known as a distributed program. The process of writing distributed programs is referred to as
distributed programming.

Cloud computing
An Internet cloud of resources can be either a centralized or a distributed computing system.
The cloud applies parallel or distributed computing, or both. Clouds can be built with physical or
virtualized resources over large data centers that are centralized or distributed. Some authors
consider cloud computing to be a form of utility computing or service computing . As an
alternative to the preceding terms, some in the high-tech community prefer the term concurrent
computing or concurrent programming. These terms typically refer to the union of parallel
computing and distributing computing, although biased practitioners may interpret them
differently.
 Figure :-Cluster of Cloud

What is Cloud Computing

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers
on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can
be anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

o Developing new applications and services

o Storage, back up, and recovery of data
o Hosting blogs and websites
o Delivery of software on demand
o Analysis of data
o Streaming videos and audios
Definition

“The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud

computing as a "pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient and on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
(e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction."

Essential Characteristics 1
� On-demand self-service.

◦ A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities

such as server time and network storage as needed
automatically, without requiring human interaction with a

service provider.

Figure 1.5 Cloud Computing

ArchitectureEssential Characteristics 2
� Broad network access.
◦ Capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by
 heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile
phones, laptops, and PDAs) as well as other traditional or
cloudbased software services.

Essential Characteristics 3
� Resource pooling.
◦ The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical
and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand.

Essential Characteristics 4
� Rapid elasticity.
◦ Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned - in some
casesautomatically - to quickly scale out; and rapidly released to
quickly scale in.
◦ To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning
often appear to beunlimited and can be purchased in any
quantity at any time.

Essential Characteristics 5
� Measured service.
◦ Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource
usage by leveraging ametering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service.
◦ Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported -
providingtransparency for both the provider and consumer of the
service.

Why Cloud Computing?

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT
infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the basic
need of IT companies.

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls,
routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be
handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.
To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these
problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence.

There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the cloud computing
feasible and accessible to end users. Following are the working models for cloud computing:

Deployment Models
Service Models
Deployment Models
Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is located?
Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid, and Community.

Public Cloud

It allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public. Public cloud may
be less secure because of its openness. are managed by third parties which provide cloud
services over the internet to public, these services are available as pay-as-you-go billing mode.
They offer solutions for minimizing IT infrastructure costs and act as a good option for
handling peak loads on the local infrastructure. A fundamental characteristic of public clouds
is multitenancy. A public cloud is meant to serve multiple users, not a single customer. A user
requires a virtual computing environment that is separated, and most likely isolated, from
other users.
Private Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. It is more secured
because of its private nature. It is a distributed systems that work on a private infrastruct ure
and providing the users with dynamic provisioning of computing resources. Instead of a pay- as-
you-go model as in public clouds, there could be other schemes in that take into account the
usage of the cloud and proportionally billing the different departments or sections of an
enterprise.

Dedicated Private Cloud (DPC): It is defined as physically isolated, single-tenant

collection of compute, network and sometimes storage resources exclusively
provisioned to just one organization or application. DPCs are scalable, isolated
computing environments that are tailored to fit unique requirements and rightsized for
any of workload or application. DPCs are ideal for mission-critical or legacy
applications. When applications can’t be easily refactored for the cloud, a DPC can be
a viable solution. DPC is also ideal for organizations seeking to reduce time spent
maintaining infrastructure. You do not need to sacrifice control, compliance or
performance with a DPC.
Dynamic Private Cloud: “It is the ability for software and services to grow with your
business. Sometimes that means automatically adjusting itself to adjust to changes in
demand or workloads.” It business to be more agile in how it responds to changes in
the market. It allows a business to quickly develop through composing new
applications using prebuilt components. Dynamic cloud gives companies what they
need, where they need it and how and when they want it. Dynamic cloud is the
 foundation of the composable business; it allows relentless innovation at the speed of
business.

Community Cloud
The community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of
organizations.

Hybrid Cloud

The hybrid cloud is a mixture of public and private cloud, in which the critical activities are
performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public
cloud. It is a heterogeneous distributed system resulted by combining facilities of public cloud
and private cloud. For this reason, it is also known as heterogeneous clouds. A major drawback
of private deployments is the inability to scale on demand and to efficiently address peak
loads. Here public clouds are needed. Hence, a hybrid cloud takes advantages of both public
and private cloud.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:

1) Agility
The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among users
and works very fast.

2) High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of infrastructure
failure are minimum.

3) High Scalability

Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale , without having

engineers for peak loads.

4) Multi-Sharing

With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more
efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5) Device and Location Independence

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their
location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-
site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect
from anywhere.

6) Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be installed
on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places . So, it reduces the cost
also.

7) Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud
computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of
resources.

8) Services in the pay-per-use mode

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can access
services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of services.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

As we all know that Cloud computing is trending technology. Almost every company switched
their services on the cloud to rise the company growth.

Here, we are going to discuss some important advantages of Cloud Computing-

1) Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using the
cloud.

2) Improved collaboration

Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and easily
share information in the cloud via shared storage.

3) Excellent accessibility

Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the whole
world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases organiza t ion
productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our data is always accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for organizations.

5) Mobility

Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.
6) IServices in the pay-per-use model

Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access
services on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.

7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such as
documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

8) Data security

Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many advanced
features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -

1) Internet Connectivity

As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the cloud,
and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have
good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have no any other way
to access data from the cloud.

2) Vendor lock-in

Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face
problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different vendors
provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to another.

3) Limited Control

As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the service
provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of services within
a cloud infrastructure.

4) Security

Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store important
information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be aware that you will be
sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing
service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance that your
organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
Cloud Computing - Opportunities and Challenges
� It enables services to be used without any understanding of their infrastructure.
� Cloud computing works using economies of scale
� It potentially lowers the outlay expense for start up companies, as they
would no longerneed to buy their own software or servers.
� Cost would be by on-demand pricing.
� Vendors and Service providers claim costs by establishing an ongoing revenue
stream.
� Data and services are stored remotely but accessible from “anywhere”

Cloud Computing – Pros

� Lower computer costs
� Instant software updates:
◦ When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
� Improved document format compatibility
� e capacity:
◦ Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage
◦ • Increased data reliability:

Cloud Computing – Cons

� Need of Internet :
◦ A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas
where Internetconnections are few or inherently unreliable, this
could be a deal-breaker.
◦ Requires a constant Internet connection

� Can be slow:
◦ Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can
sometimes be slowerthan accessing a similar software program
on your desktop PC.
� Disparate Protocols : Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different
APIs – Standards yet toevolve.

TYPES OF CLOUD SERVICES

Most cloud computing services fall into three broad categories:
1. Software as a service (Saas)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything as a service (XaaS)
These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack, because they are build on top of
one another. Knowing what they are and how they are different, makes it easier to
accomplish your goals.

1. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications over the
Internet. Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet,
freeing ourselves from the complex software and hardware management.It removes the
need to install and run applications on our own computers or in the data centers eliminating
the expenses of hardware as well as software maintenance.
SaaS provides a complete software solution which you purchase on a pay-as-you-go basis
from a cloud service provider.Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web
browser without any downloads or installations required.The SaaS applications are
sometimes called Web-based software, on-demand software, or hosted software.

Advantages of SaaS :
1. Cost Effective : Pay only for what you use
2. Reduced time : Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser without
needing to download and install any software.This reduces the time spent in installation and
configuration, and can reduce the issues that can get in the way of the software deployment.
3. Accessibility : We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates : Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely on a SaaS
provider to automatically perform the updates.
5. Scalability : It allows the users to access the services and features on demand.
The various companies providing software as a service are Cloud9 Analytics,
Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Eloqua, dropBox and Cloud Tran .
2. PLATFORM AS A SERVICE
PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow
developers to build applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are hosted in
the cloud and accessed by users simply via their web browser.
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a result,
PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a
new application.Thus, the development and deployment of the application takes
place independent of the hardware.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly configuration settings for the application- hosting environment.

Advantages of PaaS :
1. Simple and convenient for users : It provides much of the infrastructure and other IT
services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost Effective : It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus eliminating
the expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle : It is designed to support the complete web
application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing and updating.
4. Efficiency : It allows for higher- level programming with reduced complexity thus, the
overall development of the application can be more effective
The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon Web services,
Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google App Engine, cloud Bess and IBM smart cloud.
3. INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer infrastructure on
an outsourced basis to support various operations. Typically IaaS is a service where
infrastructure is provided as an outsource to enterprises such as networking equipments,
devices, database and web servers.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is also known as Hardware as a service (HaaS).IaaS
customers pay on a per-use basis, typically by the hour, week or month. Some providers
also charge customers based on the amount of virtual machine space they use.
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and servers for
developing such applications, services, and for deploying development tools, databases, etc.

Advantages of IaaS :
1. Cost Effective : Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and IaaS
customers pay on a per use basis, typically by the hour, week or month.
2. Website hosting : Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than traditional
web hosting.
3. Security : The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your existing
software.
4. Maintainence : There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the
introduction of new releases of the development or underlying software. This is all handled
by the IaaS Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web services,
Bluestack, IBM, Openstack, Rackspace and Vmware.
4. Anything AS A SERVICE
Most of the cloud service providers now a days offer anything as a service that is a
compilation of all of the above services including some additional services.

EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is all about renting computing services. This idea first came in the 1950s.
In making cloud computing what it is today, five technologies played a vital role. These are
distributed systems and its peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0, service orientation, and
utility computing.
 Cloud
Computing

Utility
Computing

Service
Orientation

Service
Orientation

Web- 2.0

Virtualization

Grid
Computing

Cluster
Computing

Mainframe

Distributed
Computing

EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING (1950s to 2007)

 Distributed Systems:
It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted
as a single entity to the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share
resources and also use them effectively and efficiently. Distributed systems
possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous availability,
heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But the main problem with this
system was that all the systems were required to be present at the same
geographical location. Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to
three more types of computing and they were-Mainframe computing, cluster
computing, and grid computing.

 Mainframe computing:
Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and
reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large data such
as massive input-output operations. Even today these are used for bulk
processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems have almost no
downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased
the processing capabilities of the system. But these were very expensive. To
reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe
technology.
 Cluster computing:
In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing.
Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high
bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems. These were
equally capable of high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be added to
the cluster if it was required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some
extent but the problem related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To
solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.

 Grid computing:
In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different
systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all
were connected via the internet. These systems belonged to different
organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it
solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the
nodes increased. The main problem which was encountered was the low
availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network associated
issues. Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid
computing”.

 Virtualization:
It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a
virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances
simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in cloud computing.
It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2,
VMware vCloud, etc work on. Hardware virtualization is still one of the most
common types of virtualization.

 Web 2.0:
It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the
clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web
pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages. Popular examples of web
2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social media
is possible because of this technology only. In gained major popularity in 2004.

 Service orientation:
It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible,
and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this
computing model. These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the
SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).

 Utility computing:
It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for services
such as compute services along with other major services such as storage,
infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.
ISSUES IN CLOUD COMPUTING
It is a new name for an old existing concept. The delivery of computing services from a
remote location. Cloud Computing is Internet-based computing, where shared resources,
software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand.
These are major issues in Cloud Computing:

1. Privacy:
The user data can be accessed by the host company with or without permission. The service
provider may access the data that is on the cloud at any point in time. They could
accidentally or deliberately alter or even delete information.

2. Compliance:
There are many regulations in places related data and hosting. To comply with regulations
(Federal Information Security Management Act, Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act, etc.) the user may have to adopt deployment modes that are expensive.

3. Security:
Cloud-based services involve third-party for storage and security. Can one assume that a
c3loud-based company will protect and secure one’s data if one is using their services at a
very low or for free? They may share user’s information with others. Security presents a
real threat to the cloud.

4. Sustainability:
This issue refers to minimizing the effect of cloud computing on the environment. Citing
the server’s effects on the environmental effects of cloud computing, in areas where climate
favours natural cooling and renewable electricity is readily available, the countries with
favourable conditions, such as Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland are trying to attract cloud
computing data centres. But other than nature’s favours, would these countries have enough
technical infrastructure to sustain the high-end clouds?

5. Abuse:
While providing cloud services, it should be ascertained that the client is not purchasing the
services of cloud computing for a nefarious purpose. In 2009, a banking Trojan illegally
used the popular Amazon service as a command-and-control channel that issued software
updates and malicious instruction to PCs that were infected by the malware So the hosting
companies and the servers should have proper measures to address these issues.

6. Higher Cost: If you want to use cloud services uninterruptedly then you need to have a
powerful network with higher bandwidth then ordinary internet networks and also if your
organization is broad and large so ordinary cloud service subscription won’t suit your
organization. Otherwise, you might face hassle in utilizing an ordinary cloud service while
working on complex projects and applications. This is a major problem before small
organisations, that restricts them from diving into cloud technology for their business.
7. Recovery of lost data in contingency: Before subscribing any cloud service provider
goes through all norms and documentations and check whether their services match your
requirements and sufficient well-maintained resource infrastructure with proper upkeeping.
Once you subscribed the service you almost handover your data into the hands of the third
party. If you are able to choose proper cloud service then in future you don’t need to worry
about the recovery of lost data in any contingency.

8. Upkeeping(management) of Cloud: Maintaining a cloud is a herculean task because a

cloud architecture contains a large resources infrastructure and other challenges and risks as
well, user satisfaction etc. As users usually pay for how much they have consumed the
resources. So, sometimes it becomes hard to decide how much should be charged in case if
the user wants scalability and extend the services.

9. Lack of resources/skilled expertise: One of the major issue that companies and
enterprises are going through today is the lack of resources and skilled employees. Every
second organization is seeming interested or has already been moved to cloud services.
That’s why the workload in the cloud is increasing so the cloud service hosting companies
need continuous rapidly advancement. Due to these factors, organizations are having a
tough time keeping up to date with the tools. As new tools and technologies are emerging
every day so more skilled/trained employees need to grow. These challenges can only be
minimized through additional training of IT and development staff.

10. Pay-per-use service charges: Cloud computing services are on-demand services a user
can extend or compress the volume of the resource as per needs. so you paid for how much
you have consumed the resources. It is difficult to define a certain pre-defined cost for a
particular quantity of services. Such types of up and downs and price variations make the
implementation of cloud computing very difficult and intricate. It is not easy for a firm’s
owner to study consistent demand and fluctuations with the seasons and various events. So
it is hard to build a budget for a service that could consume several months of the budget in
a few days of heavy use.

Eucalyptus - Nimbus & Open Nebula

Eucalyptus, Nimbus & Open Nebula are major Open-Source Cloud-Computing Software
Platforms
• Manage the provisioning of virtual machines for a cloud providing IaaS
• Commercial cloud services charge, by the hour, for CPU time
• It might be more cost effective for the organization to purchase hardware to create its own
private cloud.
• These software products are designed to allow an organization to set up a private group of
machines as their own cloud.
• These three frameworks represent three different points of interest in the design space of this
particular type of open- source cloud.

EUCALYPTUS CLOUD PLATFORM

Eucalyptus stands by Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs
To Useful Systems. It is mainly based on private cloud and was developed by California
University, Santa Barbara. Basically, it is an open-source computing environment framework.
By using eucalyptus, users are able to perform many functions like start, control, shut down,
cleaning of virtual machines etc. Eucalyptus can be used without requiring resources and
further demands minimum modification and maximum extension. It also provides virtua l
network that isolates network traffic of various users. Figure shows the Eucalyptus architect ure.
Eucalyptus platform has four basic components namely node controller, cluster controller,
storage controller and cloud controller. Node Controller runs on each and every node and is
responsible for handling queries requested by other users. It also stores the other informa t ion
like state of instances of VMs. Cluster Controller controls all the nodes that are interconnec ted
form a virtual cluster and collects the information from VM and schedule its extension. Storage
Controller is responsible for storing images stored on virtual machines so that these may be
accessed in future. Cloud Controller is basically manager of this cloud. It is responsible for all
the queries i.e., making decisions and implementing them.

• EUCALYPTUS stands for Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your
Program to Useful System.
• It is an open-source software that was developed by University of California-Santa Barbara
for Cloud Computing to implement Infrastructure as a Service.
• Eucalyptus provide an EC2 -compatible cloud Computing Platform and S3- compatible Cloud
Storage thus its services are available through EC2/S3 compatible APIs.
• The Eucalyptus system is composed of 5 main components interacting together; Client, Cloud
Controller, Storage Controller (Walrus), Cluster Controller and a Node Controller.

NIMBUS CLOUD PLATFORM

It is an open-source computing that converts clusters into IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service). It

permits the users for leasing remote resources and building environment for computing. For
deployment of an application, Nimbus offers a “cloudkit” that further comprises of manager
(used for hosting services) and a repository for images. It also provides a solution namely VWS
(Virtual Workspace Services) that can do allocation and configuration of remote resources.
Like Eucalyptus, Nimbus also works on some components shown in figure.

• Nimbus is another open-source IaaS implementation framework which came online

September 2005.
• Nimbus allows a client to lease remote resources by deploying virtual machines (VMs) on
those resources and configuring them to represent an environment desired by the user.
• It was formerly known as the "Virtual Workspace Service" (VWS) but the "workspace
service" is technically just one the components in the software collection.
• Nimbus was designed with the goal of turning clusters into clouds mainly to be used in
scientific applications.

OPEN NEBULA CLOUD

This platform can be used on public, private as well as hybrid cloud. It follows the framework
of open-source cloud service. The biggest advantage of using Open Nebula platform is that it
can dynamically extend the infrastructure of any user i.e., the data centres or clusters can be set
to make them their infrastructure property flexible. Storage, network and virtual techniques can
easily by synchronize. It basically includes three technologies i.e., virtualization, storage and
network. Open Nebula offers various advantages such as adjustable platform meeting the
dynamic requirements of the users, centralized management of virtually and physica lly
distributed infrastructure, efficient energy consumption, cost reduction and so on. The
architecture of Open Nebula is shown below in figure.
• OpenNebula tends to a greater level of centralization and customizability (especially for end-
users).
• The idea of OpenNebula is a pure private cloud, in which users actually log into the head
node to access cloud functions.
• OpenNebula, by default, uses a shared file system, typically NFS, for all disk images files
and all files for actually running the OpenNebula functions.
• In order to spawn a VM, the user provides a configuration file containing parameters which
would be fed into the VMM command line. This allows for memory, processor, network and
disk resources to be requested for essentially any configuration.
• OpenNebula is also very centralized, especially in its default.

CLOUD SIM
It is an open-source framework, which is used to simulate cloud computing infrastructure and
services. It is developed by the CLOUDS Lab organization and is written entirely in Java. It
is used for modeling and simulating a cloud computing environment as a means for
evaluating a hypothesis prior to software development in order to reproduce tests and results.
For example, if you were to deploy an application or a website on the cloud and wanted to
test the services and load that your product can handle and also tune its performance to
overcome bottlenecks before risking deployment, then such evaluations could be performed
by simply coding a simulation of that environment with the help of various flexible and
scalable classes provided by the CloudSim package, free of cost.
Benefits of Simulation over the Actual Deployment:

Following are the benefits of Cloud-Sim:

 No capital investment involved. With a simulation tool like Cloud-Sim there is

no installation or maintenance cost.
 Easy to use and Scalable. You can change the requirements such as adding or
deleting resources by changing just a few lines of code.
 Risks can be evaluated at an earlier stage. In Cloud Computing utilization of
real testbeds limits the experiments to the scale of the testbed and makes the
reproduction of results an extremely difficult undertaking. With simulation, you
can test your product against test cases and resolve issues before actual
deployment without any limitations.
 No need for try-and-error approaches. Instead of relying on theoretical and
imprecise evaluations which can lead to inefficient service performance and
revenue generation, you can test your services in a repeatable and controlled
environment free of cost with Cloud-Sim.

CloudSim Architecture:

CloudSim Core Simulation Engine provides interfaces for the management of resources
such as VM, memory and bandwidth of virtualized Datacenters.
CloudSim layer manages the creation and execution of core entities such as VMs,
Cloudlets, Hosts etc. It also handles network-related execution along with the provisioning
of resources and their execution and management.
User Code is the layer controlled by the user. The developer can write the requirements of
the hardware specifications in this layer according to the scenario.
Some of the most common classes used during simulation are:
 Datacenter: used for modeling the foundational hardware equipment of any
cloud environment, that is the Datacenter. This class provides methods to
specify the functional requirements of the Datacenter as well as methods to set
the allocation policies of the VMs etc.
 Host: this class executes actions related to management of virtual machines. It
also defines policies for provisioning memory and bandwidth to the virtual
machines, as well as allocating CPU cores to the virtual machines.
 VM: this class represents a virtual machine by providing data members defining
a VM’s bandwidth, RAM, mips (million instructions per second), size while also
providing setter and getter methods for these parameters.
 Cloudlet: a cloudlet class represents any task that is run on a VM, like a
processing task, or a memory access task, or a file updating task etc. It stores
parameters defining the characteristics of a task such as its length, size, mi
(million instructions) and provides methods similarly to VM class while also
providing methods that define a task’s execution time, status, cost and history.
 DatacenterBroker: is an entity acting on behalf of the user/customer. It is
responsible for functioning of VMs, including VM creation, management,
destruction and submission of cloudlets to the VM.
 CloudSim: this is the class responsible for initializing and starting the
simulation environment after all the necessary cloud entities have been defined
and later stopping after all the entities have been destroyed.

Features of CloudSim:

CloudSim provides support for simulation and modeling of:

1. Large scale virtualized Datacenters, servers and hosts.
2. Customizable policies for provisioning host to virtual machines.
3. Energy-aware computational resources.
4. Application containers and federated clouds (joining and management of
multiple public clouds).
5. Datacenter network topologies and message-passing applications.
6. Dynamic insertion of simulation entities with stop and resume of simulation.
7. User-defined allocation and provisioning policies.

Features of Cloud Sim

 Open source and free of cost, so it favours researchers/developers working in the
field.
 Easy to download and set-up.
 It is more generalized and extensible to support modelling and experimentation.
 Does not require any high-specs computer to work on.
 Provides pre-defined allocation policies and utilization models for managing
resources, and allows implementation of user-defined algorithms as well.
 The documentation provides pre-coded examples for new developers to get
familiar with the basic classes and functions.
  Tackle bottlenecks before deployment to reduce risk, lower costs, increase
performance, and raise revenue.

MODULE: 2
CLOUD
MODELS
(Topics: Cluster Computing, Grid Computing, Grid Computing Versus Cloud Computing,
Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing. Cloud Models: Benefits of Cloud Models, Public
Cloud, Private Cloud, Hybrid Cloud, Community Cloud, Shared Private Cloud, Dedicated
Private Cloud, and Dynamic Private Cloud.)
Cluster Computing:
A Computer Cluster is a local network of two or more homogeneous (similar kind)
computers. A computation process on such a computer network i.e. cluster is called Cluster
Computing. Such a network is used when a resource hungry task requires high computing
power or memory.

Grid Computing:
Grid Computing can be defined as a network of homogeneous or heterogeneous computers
working together over a long distance to perform a task that would rather be difficult for a
single machine. Its target is to provide an environment where a task can be performed by
multiple computers together on need basis. Each computer can work independently as well.

Difference between Cluster & Grid Computing

Sr. Key Cluster Computing Grid Computing

No.
Computer Nodes or computers has to be of Nodes or computers can be of
Type same type, like same CPU, same same or different types. Grid
1 OS. Cluster computing needs a computer can have homogeneous
homogeneous network. or heterogeneous network.

Task Computers of Cluster Computers of Grid Computing

Computing are dedicated to can leverage the unused
2 single task and they cannot be computing resources to do other
used to perform any other task. tasks.

Location Computers of Cluster Computers of Grid Computing

computing are co-located and can be present at different
are connected by high speed locations and are usually
3
network bus cables. connected by internet or a low
speed network bus.

Topology Cluster computing network is Grid computing network is

4 prepared using a centralized distributed and have a de-
network topology. centralized network topology.
 Task A centralized server controls the In Grid Computing, multiple
Scheduling scheduling of tasks in cluster servers can exist. Each node
5
computing. behaves independently without
need of any centralized
scheduling server.

Resource Cluster Computing network hasa In Grid Computing, each node is

Manager dedicated centralised resource independently managing each
6 manager, managing the own resources.
resources of all the nodes
connected.
Autonomy In Cluster computing network, In Grid computing network, each
whole system works as a unit. node is independent and can be
taken down or can be up at any
7
time without impacting other
nodes.

Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Basically there are 5 important characteristics of Cloud Computing.
1. On-demand self-services:
The Cloud computing services does not require any human administrators, user
themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing resources as
needed.
2. Broad network access:
The Computing services are generally provided over standard networks and
heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity:
The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out and
in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require services it is
provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling:
The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)
present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted
manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service:
The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will
provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has
been used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective
use of resource.

Benefits:
Cloud computing has been around for approximately two decades and despite the data pointing
to the business efficiencies, cost-benefits, and competitive advantages it holds, a large portion
of the business community continues to operate without it. According to a study by the
International Data Group, 69% of businesses are already using cloud technology in one
capacity or another, and 18% say they plan to implement cloud-computing solutions at some
point. At the same time, Dell reports that companies that invest in big data, cloud,
mobility, and security enjoy up to 53% faster revenue growth than their competitors. As
this data shows, an increasing number of tech-savvy businesses and industry leaders are
recognising the many benefits of the cloud-computing trend. But more than that, they
are using this technology to more efficiently run their organizations, better serve their
customers, and dramatically increasetheir overall profit margins. It operates on a similar
principle as web-based email clients, allowing users to access all of the features and
files of the system without having to keep the bulk of that system on their own
computers. In fact, most people already use a variety of cloud computing services
without even realizing it. Gmail, Google Drive, TurboTax, and even Facebook and
Instagram are all cloud-based applications. For all of these services, users are sending
their personal data to a cloud-hosted server that stores the information for later access.
And as useful as these applications are for personal use, they're even more valuable for
businesses that need to be able to access large amounts of data over a secure, online
network connection.
For example, employees can access customer information via cloud-based CRM software
from their smartphone or tablet or any other device at home or while traveling or from
anywhere and can quickly share that information with other authorized parties anywhere
in the world. Thereare several benefits:
a) Cost Savings
b) Security
c) Flexibility
d) Mobility
e) Insight
f) Increased Collaboration
g) Quality Control
h) Disaster Recovery
i) Loss Prevention
j) Automatic Software Updates
k) Competitive Edge
l) Sustainability
 Extra in unit 1

Cloud computing is a virtualization-based technology that allows us to create, configure, and

customize applications via an internet connection. The cloud technology includes a
development platform, hard disk, software application, and database.

What is Cloud Computing

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers
on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can
be anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

o Developing new applications and services

o Storage, back up, and recovery of data
o Hosting blogs and websites
o Delivery of software on demand
o Analysis of data
o Streaming videos and audios

Cloud Computing Architecture

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations
to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet
connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and event-

driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

o Front End
o Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are
required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers
(including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile
devices.

Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required
to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security
mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic .

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User

Interface) to interact with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.
3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement.

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly,

SaaS applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to
download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below –

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite
similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation, but
using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any platform.

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services.

It is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco
Metapod.

4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge
amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the
cloud computing model.

7. Management

Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud,

storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination
between them.

8. Security

Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security

mechanism in the back end.
9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate
with each other.

Difference between Cloud Computing and Grid

Computing
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing uses a client-server architecture to deliver computing resources such as
servers, storage, databases, and software over the cloud (Internet) with pay-as-you-go
pricing.

Cloud computing becomes a very popular option for organizations by providing various
advantages, including cost-saving, increased productivity, efficiency, performance, data
back-ups, disaster recovery, and security.

Grid Computing
Grid computing is also called as "distributed computing." It links multiple computing
resources (PC's, workstations, servers, and storage elements) together and provides a
mechanism to access them.

The main advantages of grid computing are that it increases user productivity by providing
transparent access to resources, and work can be completed more quickly.
difference between cloud computing and grid computing.

Cloud Computing Grid Computing

Cloud Computing follows client-server Grid computing follows a distributed computing

computing architecture. architecture.

Scalability is high. Scalability is normal.

Cloud Computing is more flexible than grid Grid Computing is less flexible than cloud computing.
computing.

Cloud operates as a centralized management Grid operates as a decentralized management system.

system.

In cloud computing, cloud servers are owned by In Grid computing, grids are owned and managed by the
infrastructure providers. organization.

Cloud computing uses services like Iaas, PaaS, Grid computing uses systems like distributed computing,
and SaaS. distributed information, and distributed pervasive.

Cloud Computing is Service-oriented. Grid Computing is Application-oriented.

It is accessible through standard web protocols. It is accessible through grid middleware.

Why Cloud Computing?

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT
infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the basic
need of IT companies.

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls,
routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be
handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these
problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:

1) Agility

The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among

users and works very fast.

2) High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of infrastructure
failure are minimum.

3) High Scalability

Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having

engineers for peak loads.

4) Multi-Sharing
With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more
efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5) Device and Location Independence

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their
location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-
site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect
from anywhere.

6) Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be

installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it
reduces the cost also.

7) Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud
computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of
resources.

8) Services in the pay-per-use mode

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can
access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of
services.

Types of Cloud
There are the following 4 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the organization's
needs-

o Public Cloud
 o Private Cloud
o Hybrid Cloud
o Community Cloud

Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-per-
usage method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service
Provider (CSP).

Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft,
Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

o Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about the
maintenance.
o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the internet.
o Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
o It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
o The Client has no control of data.

Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by
organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party. It
can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts-

o On-premise private cloud

o Outsourced private cloud

Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
o Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
 o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
o The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the organization
itself. So, there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and data
security is the first priority.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

o Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and organizations
that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to maintain and manage the
cloud.

Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:

Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud
can be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can be
accessed only by the organization's users.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365
(MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud
There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public cloud.
o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.
o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one type of
deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

Community Cloud
Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific community. It
is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third
party, or a combination of them.

Example: Health Care community cloud

Advantages of Community Cloud
There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

o Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by several
organizations or communities.
o Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a collaborative cloud with
more security features than the public cloud.
o It provides better security than the public cloud.
o It provdes collaborative and distributive environment.
o Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities
among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.
o Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
o It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community members.

Difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and

community cloud -
The below table shows the difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and
community cloud.

Parameter Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community

Cloud

Host Service provider Enterprise (Third party) Enterprise (Third party) Community (Third
party)

Users General public Selected users Selected users Community

members

Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN

Owner Service provider Enterprise Enterprise Community

Public Cloud
o Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is accessible to the general
public through an Internet connection.
 o Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and administrated by the third
party, i.e., Cloud service provider.
o In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by multiple users at the same
time.
o Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities,
government organizations, or a combination of them.
o Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure, IBM's Blue Cloud, Sun
Cloud, and Google Cloud are examples of the public cloud.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of public cloud -

1) Low Cost

Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares the same resources
with a large number of consumers.

2) Location Independent

Public cloud is location independent because its services are offered through the internet.

3) Save Time

In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage and maintain data
centers in which data is stored, so the cloud user can save their time to establish
connectivity, deploying new products, release product updates, configure, and assemble
servers.
4) Quickly and easily set up

Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the internet and deployed and configured it
remotely through the cloud service provider within a few hours.

5) Business Agility

Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer resources based on the
organization's requirements.

6) Scalability and reliability

Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and reliable (24*7 available) services
to the users at an affordable cost.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

1) Low Security

Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

2) Performance

In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet connectivity.

3) Less customizable

Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud.

Private Cloud
o Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.
o Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within
the organization) and selected users instead of the general public.
o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls
and internal hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not
accessible to third-party providers.
o HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud, and Ubuntu are the example of a
private cloud.
Advantages of Private cloud
There are the following advantages of Private Cloud -

1) More Control

Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than public clouds
because it is only accessed by selected users.

2) Security & privacy

Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud computing. Private cloud
improved the security level as compared to the public cloud.

3) Improved performance

Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

1) High cost

The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain hardware resources are
costly.

2) Restricted area of operations

As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is
limited.

3) Limited scalability

Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal hosted resources.

4) Skilled people

Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

Hybrid Cloud
o Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.
Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud
o The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a unified,
automated, and well-managed computing environment.
o In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public
cloud and critical activities are performed by the private cloud.
o Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities.
o The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google,
Cisco, and NetApp.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -
1) Flexible and secure

It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources because of
the private cloud.

2) Cost effective

Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations to save costs for both
infrastructure and application support.

3) Cost effective

It offers the features of both the public as well as the private cloud. A hybrid cloud is
capable of adapting to the demands that each company needs for space, memory, and
system.

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4) Security

Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed by the private cloud.

5) Risk Management

Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to manage the risk.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

1) Networking issues

In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of the private and the public
cloud.

2) Infrastructure Compatibility

Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid cloud. With dual-levels of

infrastructure, a private cloud controls the company, and a public cloud does not, so there is
a possibility that they are running in separate stacks.

3) Reliability

The reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

Community Cloud
Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be accessible
by a group of several organizations to share the information. It is owned, managed, and
operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of
them.
Example: Our government organization within India may share computing infrastructure in
the cloud to manage data.

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

Cost effective

Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared between several
organizations or a community.

Flexible and Scalable

The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with every user. It
allows the users to modify the documents as per their needs and requirement.

Security

Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than the private cloud.

Sharing infrastructure

Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities
among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

There are the following disadvantages of Community Cloud -

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

o Slow adoption to data
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.
o Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
o Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.