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MICRO OF FMM Modular1

The document explains various concepts related to fluid mechanics, including distinctions between cohesion and adhesion, specific weight and specific mass, and dynamic and kinematic viscosity. It also covers Newton's law of viscosity, types of manometers, and the properties of fluids such as viscosity and capillary action. Additionally, it defines key terms and their units, and discusses the applications of Bourdon tube pressure gauges.

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Chandan kumar Choudhury
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25 views4 pages

MICRO OF FMM Modular1

The document explains various concepts related to fluid mechanics, including distinctions between cohesion and adhesion, specific weight and specific mass, and dynamic and kinematic viscosity. It also covers Newton's law of viscosity, types of manometers, and the properties of fluids such as viscosity and capillary action. Additionally, it defines key terms and their units, and discusses the applications of Bourdon tube pressure gauges.

Uploaded by

Chandan kumar Choudhury
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion.

Cohesion:
 Refers to the attractive force between like molecules. In other words, it's the force that
holds similar molecules together.
 Example: Water molecules sticking to each other due to hydrogen bonds. This is why
water forms droplets and why it has surface tension.
Adhesion:
 Refers to the attractive force between different types of molecules. It's the force that
causes molecules to stick to surfaces or other substances.
 Example: Water molecules sticking to the surface of a glass or a plant’s surface
2. Distinguish between specific weight and specific mass of a fluid.

Specific Weight:
 It refers to the weight per unit volume of a substance.
 It is denoted by γ (gamma) and is given by the formula:
γ=W/V
Where W is the weight of the fluid and V is the volume.
 Specific weight is dependent on both the density of the fluid and the acceleration
due to gravity (g),
 Specific mass
o It refers to the mass per unit volume of a substance.
o It is denoted by ρ (rho) and is given by the formula: ρ=m/V Where m is the
mass of the fluid and V is the volume.
o Unit: kg/m³ (kilograms per cubic meter), since it is a measure of mass.

3. Distinguish between dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity.


Dynamic Viscosity:
 It is the measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow when a force is applied.
 Denoted by μ (mu), and measured in Pa·s (Pascal-seconds) or N·s/m².
Kinematic viscosity
 It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the fluid's density.
 Denoted by ν (nu), and measured in m²/s.

4 . Distinguish between specific weight and specific mass of a fluid.


Specific Weight:
 Refers to the weight per unit volume of a substance.
 Formula: γ=ρ⋅g where ρ is density and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
 Unit: N/m³ (Newtons per cubic meter).
 Depends on gravity.
Specific Mass (Density):
 Refers to the mass per unit volume of a substance.
 Formula: ρ=m/V where mmm is mass and V is volume.
 Unit: kg/m³ (kilograms per cubic meter).
 Independent of gravity.
5. Define Newton’s law of viscosity.
Newton's Law of Viscosity states that the shear stress (τ) between adjacent layers of a fluid
is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain , or the velocity gradient, and the constant of
proportionality is the dynamic viscosity (μ).
6. Distinguish between simple U-tube manometer and differential U-tube manometer
Simple U-tube Manometer:
 Purpose: Measures the pressure of a single fluid in comparison to atmospheric pressure.
 Construction: It consists of a U-shaped tube filled with liquid (usually mercury or water),
with one end open to the atmosphere and the other connected to the fluid whose pressure is
being measured.
 Usage: The height difference in the liquid column indicates the pressure of the fluid relative
to atmospheric pressure.
 Example: Used for measuring the pressure of a liquid in a tank.
2. Differential U-tube Manometer:
 Purpose: Measures the difference in pressure between two points in different fluids or
systems.
 Construction: It has a U-shaped tube containing liquid, with each leg connected to different
points of measurement, such as two different fluid systems or locations.
 Usage: The difference in liquid column heights shows the difference in pressure between the
two points.
 Example: Used in applications where the pressure difference between two systems needs to
be measured.
7. Derive excess pressure inside a soap bubble.

Surface Tension Force: A soap bubble has two surfaces (inner and outer). The force due to
surface tension on each surface is:
Fsurface tension=2σ⋅4πr2=8πσr2
Where σ\sigmaσ is the surface tension, and rrr is the radius of the bubble.
Pressure Difference: According to the Young-Laplace equation, the pressure difference
ΔP\Delta PΔP across a curved surface is given by:
ΔP=4σ/r
Here, the factor of 4 accounts for the two surfaces (inner and outer).
Conclusion: The excess pressure inside the soap bubble is:
ΔP=4σ/r
8. Distinguish between capillary rise between water and mercury with glass.
Adhesive Forces:
o Water: Strong with glass.
o Mercury: Weak with glass.
Cohesive Forces:
o Water: Moderate between water molecules.
o Mercury: Strong between mercury molecules.
Capillary Effect:
o Water: Rises (positive capillarity).
o Mercury: Falls (negative capillarity).
Meniscus Shape:
Water: Concave (upward).
o Mercury: Convex (downward).

9. Define viscosity of a fluid

Viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to flow or deformation. It describes how


thick or sticky a fluid is and how easily it flows when a force is applied. In other words,
viscosity is the internal friction within a fluid that resists its movement.
 High viscosity: The fluid resists flow more (e.g., honey, oil).
 Low viscosity: The fluid flows more easily (e.g., water, air).
10. With suitable sketch explain the pathline and streamline of fluid flow.
. Pathline:
 A pathline is the actual trajectory followed by a single particle of fluid over time. It
shows the path traced by a specific particle as it moves through the fluid.
 It depends on the motion of the individual fluid particle.
Example: If you release a dye particle into a flowing stream, the pathline would represent
the actual path that the dye follows as it moves through the stream.
streamline
A streamline is an imaginary line that is tangent to the velocity vector of the fluid at every
point. In simpler terms, it represents the direction of flow at every point in the fluid at a given
instant.
Streamlines indicate the flow direction at any point, and no fluid particle crosses a streamline
in steady flow.

Example: In steady flow, if you visualize streamlines in a river, each streamline would show
the path that the fluid particles are following at that moment, without intersecting.

11. Define units and dimensions for the following terms: (a) coefficient of viscosity, (b)
dynamic viscosity (c) kinematic viscosity, (d) surface tension, (e) velocity gradient, (f)
specific mass, (e) specific weight, (f) pressure.

1. Coefficient of Viscosity
o Units: N·s/m² (Pa·s)
o Dimensions: [M L⁻¹ T⁻¹]
2. Dynamic Viscosity
o Units: N·s/m² (Pa·s)
o Dimensions: [M L⁻¹ T⁻¹]
3. Kinematic Viscosity
o Units: m²/s
o Dimensions: [L² T⁻¹]
4. Surface Tension
o Units: N/m
o Dimensions: [M T⁻²]
5. Velocity Gradient
o Units: 1/s
o Dimensions: [T⁻¹]
6. Specific Mass (Density)
o Units: kg/m³
o Dimensions: [M L⁻³]
7. Specific Weight
o Units: N/m³
o Dimensions: [M L⁻² T⁻²]
8. Pressure
o Units: Pa (N/m²)
o Dimensions: [M L⁻¹ T⁻²]
12. Define fluid

A fluid is a substance that continuously deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress,
regardless of how small the stress is. Fluids can be either liquids or gases and have the ability
to flow and take the shape of their container. They have no fixed shape but possess a definite volume.
13. Distinguish between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid.
Newtonian Fluids:
 Definition: Fluids that have a constant viscosity regardless of the applied stress or
shear rate.
 Viscosity: Remains constant at a given temperature and pressure.
 Example: Water, air, and simple oils.
 Behavior: The shear stress is directly proportional to the shear rate (linear
relationship).
Non-Newtonian Fluids:
 Definition: Fluids whose viscosity changes with the applied shear stress or shear rate.
 Viscosity: Varies depending on factors like shear rate, pressure, or temperature.
 Example: Ketchup, blood, toothpaste, and paint.
 Behavior: The relationship between shear stress and shear rate is non-linea

14. Distinguish between gauge pressure and vacuum pressure.


Gauge Pressure:
 Definition: The pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure.
 Value: Positive when the pressure is above atmospheric pressure.
 Example: Car tire pressure is usually measured in gauge pressure.
 Formula:
Pgauge=Pabsolute−PatmP
Vacuum Pressure:
 Definition: The pressure below atmospheric pressure (i.e., negative gauge pressure).
 Value: Negative or less than atmospheric pressure.
 Example: Pressure in a vacuum chamber is measured in vacuum pressure.
 Formula:
Pvacuum=Patm−Pabsolute
15. Define specific weight and specific mass of a fluid
 Specific Weight: The weight per unit volume of a fluid.
Formula: γ=ρ⋅g
Units: N/m³
Dimensions: [M L⁻² T⁻²]
 Specific Mass (Density): The mass per unit volume of a fluid.
Formula: ρ=m/V
Units: kg/m³
Dimensions: [M L⁻³]

16. what is the use of bourden tube pressure gauge ?

Uses of the Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge:


1. Measuring Pressure: It is primarily used to measure the gauge pressure of fluids in
pipes, tanks, or vessels.
2. Industrial Applications: Commonly used in industries like oil and gas, chemical, and
HVAC systems for monitoring pressure.
3. Mechanical Reliability: It provides a reliable and durable way to measure pressure in
environments where electrical devices may not be practical or suitable.
4. Versatility: Suitable for measuring both low and high pressures in various systems,
including water systems, air compressors, and steam boilers.

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