Functions of Complex Variable-Part 1.
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shrutibarua5Functions of Complex Variable-Part 1.
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Calculus of Complex Functions
C.R. Equations, Analytical functions,
Applications of flow problems
Prepared by:
Amit and Pranjali
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Last updated on 11-04-2011
(56 Solved problems and 60 Home assignments)
Limit of a complex function
Continuity of complex function
Derivative of Complex function
Differentiation rules
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the derivative of the complex
function
Analytic function
Limit of a complex function f(z):
Definition:
A function w f (z) tends to the limit as z tends to a point z0 along any path, if
to each positive arbitrary number , however small, there corresponds a positive number ,
such that
f z , whenever 0 z z 0
i.e., f (z) , whenever z0 z z0 , z z0
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 2
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
and we write Lt f z .
z z 0
Continuity of f(z):
A single valued function w f (z) is said to be continuous at a point z z 0 , if
Lt f z f (z 0 ) .
z z0
In other words:
A function f(z) is said to be continuous at a point z0 if f(z0) exists, Lim f (z) exists and
z z0
Lim f (z) f (z 0 ) ,
z z0
i.e., limiting value of f(z) as z approaches z0 coincides with the value f(z0).
A function f(z) is said to be continuous in any region R of the z-plane, if it is continuous at
every point of the region.
This means that, a function is said to be continuous in a domain if it is continuous at every
point of the domain.
A function, which is not continuous at z 0 , is known as discontinuous at z0.
This means that a function, in which f (z 0 ) does not exist, or Lim f (z) does not exist or
z z0
Lim f (z) f (z 0 ), is known as discontinuous at z0.
z z0
Result 1: If f(z) and g(z) are continuous function in D. Then their sum f + g, difference
f g , product fg, quotient f/g are all continuous in D. Continuous function of a
continuous function is continuous.
Result 2: f = u + iv is continuous if both u and v are continuous.
Note: If w f (z) u(x, y) iv(x, y) is continuous at z z 0 , then u(x, y) and v(x, y) are
also continuous at z z 0 , i.e., at x x 0 and y y0 .
Conversely, if u(x, y) and v(x, y) are continuous at x 0 , y 0 , then f(z) will definitely be
continuous at z z 0 .
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 3
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Derivative of f(z) (Differentiability) :
Let w f (z) be a single valued function of the variable z x iy , then the
derivative or differential coefficient of w f (z) is defined as
dw f z z f (z)
f (z) Lt
dz z 0 z
provided the limit exists and has the same value for all the different ways in which z 0 .
In other words:
A function f(z) is said to be differentiable at a point z0 if the limit
f z 0 z f (z 0 ) f z f (z 0 )
f (z 0 ) Lim Lim (with z z 0 z )
z 0 z z z0 z z0
exists.
The limit f (z 0 ) is known as the derivative of f(z) at z0.
The above limit should be the same along any path from z to z0.
Thus, differentiability of a complex function is a stringent requirement.
Differentiation rules:
Differentiation rules of real calculus are valid in complex differentiation also.
dc
1. 0 where c = complex constant
dz
d df dg
2. f g
dz dz dz
d df
3. cf (z) c
dz dz
d dg df
4. f.g f .g
dz dz dz
df dg
g f
d f dg dz
5.
dz g g 2
d n 1 df
f (z) n f (z)
n
6. a.
dz dz
d n
b. z nzn 1
dz
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 4
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dw dw d
7. Chain rule . if w f ( ) and g(z).
dz d dz
y-axis
x, y y Qx x, y y
P x , y x x, y
x-axis
O
z-plane
Remarks: Suppose P(z) is fixed and Q(z z) neighbouring point. The point Q may
approach P along any straight or curved path in the given region, i.e., z may tends to zero in
dw
any manner and may not exist. Then it becomes a fundamental problem to determine the
dz
dw
necessary and sufficient conditions for to exist. This fact is settled by the following
dz
theorem.
[Necessary and Sufficient conditions for the derivative of
the function f(z)]
Theorem:
The necessary and sufficient conditions for the derivative of the function
w u(x, y) iv(x, y) f (z) to exist for all values of z in a region R are
u u v v
(i) , , , are continuous functions of x and y in the region R;
x y x y
u v u v
(ii) , .
x y y x
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 5
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The conditions (ii) are known as Cauchy-Riemann equations or briefly C-R equations.
Proof: (a) Necessary condition:
Given: f(z) possesses a unique derivative.
To show: C-R equations are satisfied.
Let x and y be the increments of x and y respectively. Let u , v and z be the
corresponding increments in u, v and z respectively.
y-axis
x, y y Qx x, y y
P x , y x x, y
x-axis
O
z-plane
Now since f(z) possesses a unique derivative at P(z), then
f z z f (z) u u i v v u iv u v
f (z) Lt Lt Lt i .
z 0 z z 0 z z 0 z
z
Since z can approach zero in any manner, we can first assume z to be completely real and
then completely imaginary.
When z is wholly real, then y 0 and z x .
u v u v
f (z) Lt i i . (i)
x 0 x x x x
When z is wholly imaginary, then x 0 and z iy .
u v 1 u v v u
f (z) Lt i i . (ii)
y 0 iy
iy i y y y y
Now since f(z) possesses a unique derivative, this means (i) and (ii) are equal.
u v v u
i i .
x x y y
On equating the real and imaginary parts from both sides, we get
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 6
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
u v u v
, . (iii)
x y y x
Thus, the necessary conditions for the existence of the derivative of f(z) is the C-R equations
should be satisfied.
(b) Sufficient condition:
u u v v
Given: (i) , , , are continuous functions of x and y in the region R;
x y x y
i.e. f(z) is a single-valued function possessing partial derivatives
u u v v
, , , at each point of the region
x y x y
u v u v
(ii) , .
x y y x
To show: f(z) possesses a unique derivative at every point of the region R.
f z z f (z)
Now since f (z) Lt .
z 0 z
By Taylor’s theorem for function of two variables, we have
f z z u x x, y y iv x x, y y
u u v v
u x, y x y ........i v x, y x y ......
x y x y
u v u v
f (z) i x i y
x x y y
[Omitting terms beyond the first powers of x and y ]
u v u v
f z z f (z) i x i y
x x y y
u v v u
f z z f (z) i x i y [Using C-R equations]
x x x x
u v v u
i x i iy
x x x x
u v u v
i x iy i z.
x x x x
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 7
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
f z z f (z) u v v u
f (z) Lt i or i .
z 0 z x x y y
u v
Thus f (z) exists, because , exist.
x x
This completes the proof.
Analytic functions:
Definition:
If a single-valued function f(z) possesses a unique derivative w.r.t. z at all
points of a region R, then f(z) is called an analytic function.
In other words:
A function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z0 if f is differentiable not only at
z0 but at every point of some neighbourhood of z0. An analytic function is also known
as “holomorphic function”, “regular function”, “monogenic function”.
A function f(z) is analytic in a domain if it is analytic every point of the domain.
A point at which an analytic function ceases to possess a derivative is called a
singular point of the function.
Thus, if u and v are real single-valued functions of x and y such that
u u v v
, , , are continuous throughout a region R, then the Cauchy’s-Riemann
x y x y
u v u v
equations and ,
x y y x
are both necessary and sufficient conditions for the function f (z) u iv to be analytic in
the region R.
The derivative of f(z) is then given by
u v v u
f '(z) i i .
x x y y
Thus Cauchy’s-Riemann equations (or conditions) are used to determine whether a
complex function is analytic or not.
Note:
1. If f is analytic in a domain D, then u, v satisfy C-R equations at all points in D.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 8
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
2. C-R conditions are necessary, but not sufficient conditions.
3. C-R conditions are sufficient if the partial derivatives are continuous, i.e., u(x,y),
v(x,y) have continuous first partial derivatives and satisfy C-R equations then f = u +
iv is analytic.
f analytic C-R conditions + Continuous P.D. Analyticity
Entire Function:
A function which is analytic everywhere, for all z in the complex plane, is
known as entire function.
e.g., Polynomials, rational functions are entire functions, means analytic everywhere.
2
z is differentiable only at z = 0. So, it is nowhere analytic.
Thus, analyticity is very stringent condition
Properties of analytic functions:
1. If f(z) and g(z) are analytic, then f g, fg, f / g are analytic if g(z) 0 .
2. Analytic function of an analytic function is analytic.
3. An entire function of an entire function is entire.
4. If f is analytic, then it is continuous (analyticity) differentiability continuity.
5. Derivative of an analytic function is itself analytic.
Proof: f u x iv x U iV .
f is analytic, so u x v y , u y v x
Differentiating w.r..t. and y, we get
u xx v yx , u yy v xy or Ux = Vx and U y Vx ,
i.e. U, V satisfy CR conditions. Hence f is analytic.
6. If f u iv is analytic, then the family of curves u(x, y) = c1 and v(x, y) = c2 are
mutually orthogonal, i.e., u = c1 are orthogonal trajectories of v = c2 and vice-versa.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 9
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Proof: By implicit differentiation of u = c1, we get
u u y y ux
. 0 .
x y x x uy
dy dy v x
Similarly v x v y 0 .
dx dx vy
ux v x
Product of slopes . 1 by CR conditions.
uy v y
Remarks: The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are called conjugate
functions. Thus if, f (z) u(x, y) iv(x, y) is an analytic function, then u(x, y) and v x, y
are conjugate functions. The relation between two conjugate functions is given by C-R
equations.
Continuous
Differentiable
Analytic
Entire
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 10
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
POLAR FORM OF CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS
Show that the polar form of Cauchy-Riemann equations are
u 1 v v 1 u
, .
r r r r
2 u 1 u 1 2 u
Also deduce that 0.
r 2 r r r 2 2
Proof: If (r, ) be the co-ordinates of the point whose cartesian co-ordinates are (x, y), then
z x iy rei .
u iv f (z) f rei , where u and v are now expressed in terms of r and .
Differentiating it partially w.r.t. r and , we get
u v u v u v
r r
i f ' rei .ei and i
f ' rei .irei ir i
r r
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u 1 v v 1 u
(i) , (ii)
r r r r
which is the required polar form of Cauchy-Riemann equations.
Now, differentiating (i) partially w. r. t. r, we get
2u 1 v 2 v
. (iii)
r 2 r 2 r
Differentiating (ii) partially w. r. t. , we get
2u 2v
r . (iv)
2 r
Thus using (i), (ii) and (iv), we get
2 u 1 u 1 2 u 1 v 1 2 v 1 1 v 1 2 v 2v 2v
r 0.
r 2 r r r 2 2 r 2 r r r r r 2 r r r
Harmonic Functions:
Definition: A function f(x, y), is said to be a harmonic function if it satisfies the Laplace’s
2f 2f
equation, i.e., 2 0, i.e., 2f 0.
x y
2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 11
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If f z u iv be an analytic function in some region of the z-plane, then the Cauchy-
Riemann equations are satisfied.
u v u v
i. e. (i) and (ii)
x y y x
Differentiate (i) w. r. t. x and (ii) w. r. t. y, we get
2u 2 v
(iii)
x 2 xy
2u 2v
(iv)
y 2 yx
2v 2v 2u 2u
Adding (iii) and (iv) and assuming that , we get 0 (v)
xy yx x 2 y 2
Similarly, by differentiating (i) w. r. t. y and (ii) w. r. t. x and subtracting, we obtain
2v 2 v
0. (vi)
x 2 y 2
Thus, both the functions u and v satisfy the Laplace’s equation in two variables. For this
reason, they are known as harmonic functions and their theory is called potential theory.
Thus, a function f(x, y), is said to be a harmonic function if it satisfies the Laplace’s
2f 2f
equation, i.e., 2 0, i.e., 2f 0.
x y
2
Complex form of Laplace’s equation:
Let f(z) is a regular function of z.
1 1
Now since z x iy , z x iy , we have x z z , y z z
2 2i
x y 1
so that i ,
z x z y z 2 x y
x y 1
i ,
z x z y z 2 x y
where x and y are treated as functions of two independent variables z and z .
1 2 2
i i 4 2 2 .
z z 4 x y x y z z x y
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 12
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2 2
Now since 4 .
x y
2 2
z z
2u
Thus the complex form of Laplace’s equation is 4 0.
zz
Orthogonal system: Consider the two families of curves
u x, y c1 (i)
v x, y c 2 (ii)
Differentiating (i), we get
u v
u u dy dy y
. 0 x m1 (say) [by C-R equations]
x y dx dx u v
y x
v
dy
Similarly (ii) gives x m 2 (say)
dx v
y
m1m 2 1 , i. e. (i) and (ii) form an orthogonal system.
Hence every function f z u iv defines two families of curves u x, y c1 and
v x, y c 2 , which form an orthogonal system.
Applications to flow problems:
As the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are the solutions of the
Laplace’s equation in two variables, the conjugate function provide solutions to a number of
field and flow problems.
Example: Consider the irrotational motion of an incompressible fluid in two dimensions.
Assuming the flow to be in planes parallel to the xy-plane, the velocity V of a fluid particle
can be expressed as
V vx I vy J . (i)
Since the motion is irrotational, there exist a scalar function (x, y) such that
V x, y I J . (ii)
x y
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 13
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
[This function (x, y) is called the velocity potential and the curves (x, y) c are known
as equipotential lines.]
Thus from (i) and (ii), v x and v y . (iii)
x y
v x v y
Also the fluid being incompressible div V 0 , i. e. 0.
x y
2 2
Substituting the values of v x and v y from (iii), we get 0,
x 2 y2
which shows that the velocity potential is harmonic. It follows that there must exist a
conjugate harmonic function x, y such that w(z) (x, y) i(x, y) (iv)
is analytic.
Also the slope at any point of curve ( x, y) c' is given by
dy y v y
x . [by C-R equations]
dx v x
y x
This shows that the velocity of the fluid particle is along the tangent to the curve ( x, y) c' ,
i. e. the particle moves along this curve. Such curves are known as stream lines and (x, y)
is called the stream function. Also the equipotential lines ( x, y) c and the stream lines
(x, y) c' cut orthogonally.
dw
From (iv), we get i i v x iv y [by C-R equations]
dz x x x y
dw
The magnitude of the fluid velocity v 2
x
v 2y
dz
.
Thus the flow pattern is fully represented by the function w(z), which is known as the
complex potential.
Similarly the complex potential w(z) can be taken to represent any other type of 2-
dimensional steady flow. In electrostatics and gravitational fields, the curve (x, y) c and
( x, y) c' are equipotential lines and lines of force. In heat flow problems, the curve
( x, y) c and ( x, y) c' are known as isothermals and heat flow lines respectively.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 14
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
If we have given (x, y) , then we can find (x, y) and vice-versa.
Now let us solve few problems:
x2y
Q.No.1.: Show that Lim does not exist even though this function approached the
z 0 x 4 y2
same limit along every straight line through the origin.
x2y 0
Sol.: Path I. Lim Lim 2 Lim 0 0
x 0
y0
x y
4 2 y 0 y y 0
x2 y 0
Path II. Lim Lim 4 Lim 0 0
y0
x 0
x y
4 2 x 0 x x 0
Path III. Along any straight line through origin.
Let y = mx
x2y mx 3 mx
Lim 4 Lim 4 Lim 2 0
y mx x y 2 x 0 x m x 2 2 x 0 x m2
x 0
Choose Path IV as y mx 2 , then
x2y m.x 4 m m
Lim2 Lim Lim 0
y mx
x 0
x y
4 2 x 0 x m x
4 2 4 x 0 1 m 2
1 m2
and different for different values of m.
Therefore, the limit does not exist.
Q.No.2.: Determine where the given function is continuous
1 1
(a) , (b). inside a unit circle.
1 z 2
z 1
How about in the complex plane.
1
Sol.: is continuous everywhere except where 1 z 2 0 , i.e., at z i .
1 z 2
When unit circle is considered, z 1 , z i are excluded.
1
Thus is continuously inside z 1 .
1 z2
1
Similarly, is also continuous inside z 1 .
z 1
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 15
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 1
If the entire complex plane is considered, then both and are discontinuous, at
1 z 2
z 1
z i and z = 1 respectively.
z
Q.No.3.: Is f (z) continuous at origin (defined for z 0 and f(0) = 0).
z
x iy
Sol.: Lim f (z) Lim
z0 z0
x 2 y2
x iy
Path I. Lim i
x 0
y 0 x 2 y2
x iy
Path II. Lim 1
y 0
x 0 x 2 y2
Since limit does not exist, so f is discontinuous at z0 = 0.
Q.No.4.: Determine where the function
z 2 3iz 2
, for z i
f (z) z i
5, for z i
is continuous? Can the function be refined to make it continuous at z i ?
g(z)
Sol.: The function f (z) in continuous when g(z) and h(z) are continuous except at
h(z)
h(z) = 0. So f(z) is continuous everywhere except at z i , since g(z), h(z) are continuous.
x iy 3i x iy 2
2
y 2 3y 2
Lim f (z) Lim Lim
z i x 0
y 1
x iy i y 1 i(y 1)
2y 3 1
Lim i
y 1 i i
2 x i 3i
Also Lim f (z) Lim Lim i
z i y i
x 0
x 0 1
Thus Lim f (z) i 5 f ( i)
z i
Hence f is not continuous at z i.
Suppose we redefine f(z) as follows:
i.e., f (i) i (instead of 5)
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 16
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Then f(z) is continuous at z i is known as removable discontinuity.
Q.No.5.: Show that f(z) = Re z = x is continuous but not differentiable.
Sol.: Continuity: For any point z, we have
Lim f (z) Lim Re z Lim x x 0 f z 0 .
z z0 z z0 x x 0
y y0
Not differentiable: For any point z, we have
f (z z) f (z) x x x x
f (z) Lim Lim Lim 0
z 0 z x
y 0
0 x i y x
y 0
0 x i y
x
while Lim 1.
y 0 x iy
x 0
So limit does not exist, i.e., f is not differentiable.
Q.No.6.: Find the derivative from (a) definition (b) differentiation rule of
f (z) 3z 2 4iz 5 i at z = 2.
Sol.: (a). From definition:
3 z z 4i z z 5 i 3z 2 4iz 5 i
2
f z Lim
z 0 z
3z 2 6zz 4iz
Lim Lim 3z 6z 4i
z 0 z z 0
6z 4i 12 4i at z = 2.
(b). From rule of differentiation:
df d
dz dz
3z2 4iz 5 i 3.2z 4i.1 0 at z 2
12 4i
d 2
Q.No.7.: Prove that
dz
z z does not exist anywhere.
Sol.: (a). From definition, for any z:
d 2
2
z z z z z 2 z zz 2 2zzz z 2 z z 2 z 2zz z
dz
z z Lim
z 0 z
Lim
z 0 z
z z
Lim 0 2zz z 2 0 0 Lim 2zz z 2 2zz iz 2
z 0
z xy
0
0
z
z
Lim 2zz z 2 2zz z
2
y 0
x 0
z
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 17
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
So limit does not exist. Nowhere Differentiable.
(b). From Cauchy-Riemann conditions:
z 2 z x iy x iy x x 2 y 2 2xy 2 i 2x 2 y y y 2 x 2
2
So u x x 2 y 2 2xy 2 , v 2x 2 y y y 2 x 2
u x 3x 2 y 2 2y 2 , u y 2xy 4xy
v x 4xy 2xy, v y 2x 2 3y 2 x 2 .
C. R. conditions are not satisfied for any x, y so
f u x iv x v y iu y does not exist for any x, y i.e., for any z.
Q.No.8.: Show that every differentiable function is continuous (converse is not true, i.e., a
function may be continuous but not differentiable).
Sol.: Let f(z) be differentiable at z0. Then
f z f z0
f (z 0 ) Lim exist.
z 0 z z0
Therefore f(z0) is well defined.
Consider
f (z) f (z 0 )
Lim f (z) f (z 0 ) Lim .z z 0
z z0 z z0 z z0
f (z) f (z 0 )
Lim Lim z z 0
z z0 z z0 z z0
f (z 0 ).Lim z z 0 0
z z0
Thus Lim f(z) = Lim f (z 0 ) f (z 0 ) .
z z0 z z0
Therefore f(z)is continuous at z0.
Counter Example:
2
(a) f (z) z, (b) f(z) z , (c) f (z) Imz are continuous, but not differentiable at (a) any
point (b) at zero (c) any point.
1
Q.No.9.: Find the derivatives of f (z) for n 1 .
zn
Sol.: Introducing polar coordinates
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 18
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 1
f (z) cos n i sin n
r cos ir sin
n
rn
so u r n cos n , v r n sin n
f z e i u r iv r e i nr n 1.cos n 1 n r n 1.sin n
n i n n
n 1
.e cos n i sin n n 1 .ei .e in n 1 e i n 1
r r r
n n
f z n 1 n 1
n 1 , n 1 .
r .e z
Q.No.10.: Prove that the function f(z) defined by
x 3 1 i y3 1 i
f z z 0 , f(0) 0 ,
x 2 y2
is continuous and the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin,
yet f (0) does not exist.
x 3 1 i y3 1 i
Sol.: Here f z z 0.
x 2 y2
x 3 1 i y3 1 i y3 1 i
Lt f (z) Lt Lt Lt y 1 i 0.
z 0 x 0
y0
x 2 y2 y0 x2 y 0
x 3 1 i y3 1 i x 3 1 i
Also Lt f (z) Lt Lt Lt x 1 i 0.
z 0 y0 x 2 y2 x 0 x2 y 0
x 0
Also f (0) 0 (given)
Thus Lt f (z) f (0) when x 0 first and then y 0 and also vice-versa. Now let both x
z0
and y tend to zero simultaneously along the path y mx . Then
x 3 1 i y3 1 i x 3 1 i m 3 x 3 1 i
Lt f (z) Lt Lt
z 0 y mx
x 0
x 2 y2 x 0
1 m x
2 2
x 1 i m 3 1 i
Lt 0.
x 0 1 m2
Hence Lt f (z) f (0) , in whatever manner z 0 .
z0
f (z) is continuous at the origin.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 19
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Hence f(z) is continuous for all values of z.
x 3 y3 x 3 y3
Now f (z) i u x, y iv x, y
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
Since f(0) = 0 u 0, 0 0 , and v 0, 0 0
u u x, 0 u 0, 0 x
Lt Lt 1
x 0, 0 x 0 x x 0 x
u u 0, y u 0, 0 y
yLt Lt 1
y 0, 0 0 y x 0 y
v v x, 0 v 0, 0 x
xLt Lt 1
x 0, 0 0 x x 0 x
v u 0, y u 0, 0 y
and Lt Lt 1
y 0, 0 y0 y x 0 y
u v u v
and .
x y y x
Thus, the C-R equations are satisfied at the origin.
But f (0) Lt
f (z) f (0)
Lt
f (z)
Lt
x 3 y3 i x 3 y 3
.
z 0 z z 0 z z 0
x 2 y2 x iy
If z 0 along the path y mx , then f (0)
1 m3 i 1 m3 ,
1 m 1 im
2
which assume different values as m varies. So f (z) is not unique at (0, 0).
Thus, f(z) is not analytic at the origin even though it is continuous and satisfies the C.R.
equations at the origin.
Q.No.11.: Show that the function defined by
x 2 y3 x iy
, z0
f (z) x 6 y10
0, z0
is not analytic at the origin, even though CR equations are satisfied at the origin.
x 3 y3 x 2 y4
Sol.: Let z 0 and given f (z) i u iv (say).
x 6 y10 x 6 y10
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 20
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
x 3 y3 x 2 y4
Here u , v .
x 6 y10 x 6 y10
u u x, 0 u 0, 0 00
Now x 0 xLt Lt 0.
x y 0 0 x x 0 x
u u 0, y u 0,0 00
yLt Lt 0.
y xy 00 0 y y 0 y
v v 0, y v 0,0 00
yLt Lt 0.
y xy 00 0 y y 0 y
v v x, 0 0, 0 00
x 0 xLt Lt 0.
x y 0 0 x x 0 x
u x vy , u y vx .
Hence, CR equations are satisfied at the origin.
x 3 y3 x 2 y4
i 0
f (z) f (0) x 6 y10 x 6 y10
Further f 0 Lt Lt .
z0 z z0 z
Choose the path y = x, then
x6 x6 1
f 0 Lt 6 i
x 0 x x10 x 6 x10 x ix
1 i x 6 1 1
Lt Lt .
x 0 x 6
1 x 1 i x x0 x 1 x 0
4 4
f 0 does not exist at origin. f(z) is not analytic at the origin.
x 3 y y ix
Q.No.12.: If f z x 6 y 2
, z0
, prove that
f (z) f (0) 0 as z 0 along
0 z
, z0
any radius vector but not as z 0 along the curve y mx 3 .
x 3 y y ix
, z0
Sol.: Given f z x 6 y 2
0 , z0
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 21
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
x 3 y y ix
Path I. Now Lt f z Lt Lt 0 0 .
z 0 x 0
y 0 x 6
y2 y 0
x 3 y y ix
Path II. Also Lt f z Lt Lt 0 0 .
z 0 y 0
x 0
x 6
y2 x 0
Path III. Let z 0 along the path y mx , then
x 3mx mx xi mx 3 m i
Lt f z Lt Lt 0
z 0 y mx
x 0
x 2 x 4 m2 x 0 x 4 m2
f z f 0
0 as z 0 , along any radius vector.
z
IInd part:
Now let z 0 along the curve y mx 3 , we have
f (0) Lt
f z f 0
Lt 2
x 3 y y ix
Lt
x 3mx 3 mx3 ix
z 0 z y ax
x 0
x 6
y 2
x iy x 0
x 6
m x
2 2
x imx 3
Lt
mx 7 mx 2 i
mi
.
x 0 x 1 m
7
2
1 imx 2
1 m2
Now this limit is not unique since it depends on m.
Hence f (0) is not zero along the curve y mx 3 .
2xy x iy
Q.No.13.: Show that for f (z) if z 0
x 2 y2
= 0 if z = 0.
The C-R are satisfied at origin but derivative of f(z) at origin does not exist.
(i.e., C-R conditions are not sufficient for analyticity ).
Sol.: C-R conditions at origin;
2xy x iy 2x 2 y 2xy 2
f (z) , so u 2 , v 2
x 2 y2 x y2 x y2
u u x, 0 u 0, 0 00
Lim Lim 0
x x 0 x x 0 x
u u 0, y u 0,0 00
Lim Lim 0
y y 0 y y 0 y
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 22
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
v v x, 0 v 0,0 00
Lim Lim 0
x x 0 x x 0 x
v v 0, y u 0,0 00
Lim Lim 0
y y0 y y 0 y
So C-R conditions are satisfied at z = 0
Derivative at z = 0:
2xy x iy
f z f (0) x 2 y2
f 0 Lim Lim
z 0 z0 z 0 x iy
2xy x0 y0
Lim 0 as and
z 0 x y2
2
y0 x0
2xy 2mx 2 2m 2m
Lim 2 Lim 2 Lim 0.
x 0 x y 2 x 0 x m 2 x 2 x 0 1 m 2 1 m2
Thus derivative of f(z) does not exist at z = 0.
Q.No.14.: Determine where the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied for the given
functions. Determine the region where function is analytic.
(a). f (z) x y 2i x y
2
Sol.: u x y , v 2 x y
2
u x 2 x y , u y 2 x y , v x 2 , v y 2
So u x 2 x y v y 2 if x y 1
Also u y 2 x y v x 2 if x y 1 .
Thus C. R. equations are satisfied only along the straight line x y 1 .
So f z u x iv x 2 x y i2 2.1 iz 2 2i exists only along the lines x y 1, not
through any region (neighbourhood) R.
Hence f(z) is nowhere analytic.
(b). f (z) ei z ei( x iy) e y cos x i sin x
Sol.: u e y cos x , v e y sin x
So u x e y sin x , u y e y cos x
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 23
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
v x e y cos x , v y e y sin x
Thus u x v y and u y v x for any x and y.
Thus C. R. conditions are not satisfied for any z.
Hence f (z) eiz is nowhere analytic.
(c). f (z) cos x(cosh y a sinh y) i sin x(cosh y bsinh y) , where a and b are constants.
Sol.: u cos x cosh y a sinh y , v sin x cosh y b sinh y
u x sin x cosh y a sinh y , v x cos x sinh y b cosh y
u y cos x sinh y a cosh y , u x cos x cosh y b sinh y
So u x u y and u y v x if a b 1 .
Hence f is analytic, when a b 1 .
z 3i
5
(d). f (z) .
2
z 2 2z 5
g(z)
where g(z) z 3i
5
Sol.: f (z) (Polynomial) is analytic everywhere and
h(z)
2
h(z) z 2 2z 5 (Polynomial) is analytic everywhere.
g(z)
2
The quotient f (z) is analytic everywhere except when h(z) z 2 2z 5 0 . Thus
h(z)
f(z) is analytic except at z 2 2z 5 0 , i.e., at z 1 2i .
Q.No.15.: Show that (a) f z xy iy is everywhere continuous but is not analytic,
(b) f z z 2z is not analytic anywhere in the complex plane.
Sol.: (a): Given f z xy iy
Path I. Lt f z Lt xy iy Lt iy 0 .
z 0 x 0 y 0
y 0
Path II. Also Lt f z Lt xy iy Lt 0 0 .
z 0 y 0 x 0
x 0
Path III. Let z 0 along the line y mx , we get
Lt f z Lt xy iy Lt m x 2 ix 0 .
z 0 y mx x 0
x 0
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 24
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Hence, f(z) is continuous everywhere.
IInd Part: Since f z xy iy u(x, y) iv(x, y)
u x, y xy and v x, y y .
Since f (z) 0 as z 0 u 0, 0 0 v 0, 0 .
To show : The given function f(z) is not analytic, i.e. C-R equations are not satisfied.
u u x, 0 u 0, 0 u u 0, y u 0, 0
Now since Lt 0, Lt 0
x 0, 0 x 0 x y 0, 0 y0 y
v v x, 0 v 0, 0 v v 0, y v 0, 0 y
x Lt 0 , Lt Lt 1 .
0, 0 x 0 x y 0, 0 y 0 y y 0 y
u v u v
, and .
x y y x
One of the C-R equations is not satisfied and hence the given function is not analytic.
(b): Given f z z 2z
Now since z x iy z x iy
f (z) x iy 2 x iy 3x iy u iv
Here u 3x and v y
u u v v
Since 3x , 0, 0, 1
x y x y
u v u v
and .
x y y x
Hence, one of the C-R equations is not satisfied and hence the given function is not analytic
everywhere in complex plane.
Q.No.16.: Show that the function f z xy is not analytic at the origin even though
C-R equation satisfied thereat.
or
Give an example of the function where CR equations are satisfied, but f(z) is
not analytic.
Sol.: Let f z u x, y iv x, y xy , then u x, y xy , v x, y 0 .
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 25
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
At the origin (0, 0), we have
u u x, 0 u 0, 0 00
Lt Lt 0
x x 0 x x 0 x
u u 0, y u 0, 0 00
yLt Lt 0
y 0 y x 0 y
v v x, 0 v 0, 0 00
xLt Lt 0
x 0 x x 0 x
v u 0, y u 0, 0 00
and Lt Lt 0
y 0, 0 y0 y x 0 y
u v u v
and .
x y y x
Hence, C-R equation satisfied at the origin.
f (z) f (0) xy 0
Now f '(0) Lt Lt .
z 0 z z 0 x iy
If z 0 along the path y mx , we get
mx 2 x m m
f '(0) Lt Lt .
x 0 x 1 im x 0 1 im 1 im
Now this limit is not unique since it depends on m.
Hence, the function f '(z) is not analytic at the origin.
Q.No.17.: If the amplitude of an analytic function is constant, show that f(z) is constant.
Sol.: Let f(z) = u + iv be an analytic function.
v
Then by def. amp f(z) tan 1 c (given)
u
v
tan c k (say) v ku . (i)
u
v u v u
k ; k
x x y y
v v v v v v v v
x
k ;
y y
k
x
x
k 2
x
1 k2
x
0
x
0 v constant.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 26
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
u u v v
Similarly 0 u = constant As x 0 y 0 v constant
x y
dw
Q.No.18.: If w log z , find and determine where w is non-analytic.
dz
dw u v
Sol.: Here we have to find i .
dz x x
1 y
Now since w u iv log x iy log x 2 y 2 i tan 1 .
2 x
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
1 y
u log x 2 y2
2
and v tan 1
x
u x v u y v
2 , 2 .
x x y 2
y y x y 2
x
Since the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied and the partial derivatives are continuous
except at (0, 0). Hence, w is analytic everywhere except at z = 0.
dw u v x y x iy 1 1
i 2 i 2 z 0 .
dz x x x y 2
x y 2
x iy x iy x iy z
Remarks: The definition of derivative of a function of complex variable is identical in form
to that of the derivative of a function of real variable. Hence the rules of differentiation for
complex functions are the same as those of real calculus. Thus if, a complex function is once
known to be analytic, it can be differentiated just in the ordinary way.
Q.No.19.: Determine a, b, c, d such that f (z) x 2 axy by 2 i cx 2 dxy y 2 is
analytic.
Sol.: Here u x 2 axy by 2 and v cx 2 dxy y 2 . Given f(z) is analytic.
Therefore, C.R. equation must be satisfied.
u v
Now 2x ay dx 2y 2 d x a 2 y 0 (i)
x y
u v
Again ax 2by 2cx dy a 2c x 2b d y 0 . (ii)
y x
Solving (i) and (ii) for a, b, c, d, we get
2d 0, a 2 0 (On equating the coefficients of x, y in (i))
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 27
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
d = 2, a = 2
Similarly from (ii),
a 2c 0 c 1 , 2b d 0 b 1 .
1 px
Q.No.20.: Determine p such that the function f (z)
2
log x 2 y 2 i tan 1
y
be an
analytic function.
Sol.: Take x r cos , y r sin . Then
1
f (z) log r 2 i tan 1 (p cot ) u iv , (say)
2
1
Here u log r 2 log r and v tan 1 p cot .
2
Now given function f(z) is analytic therefore it must satisfy CR equations.
u 1 u
Here , 0
r r
v v 1
r
0,
1 p cot
2 2 p cos ec 2
1 1 p cos ec
2
u 1 v
Now 1 p 2 cot 2 p cos ec2
r r r r 1 p cot
2 2
1 p p cot 2 cos ec 2 .
This equation is true if p 1.
Q.No.21.: Determine which of following functions are analytic:
(i) 2xy i x 2 y 2 , (ii)
x iy , (iii) cosh z .
x 2
y2
Sol.: (i): Given f (z) 2xy i x 2 y 2 u iv
Here u 2xy and v x 2 y 2
u u v v
Since 2y , 2x , 2x , 2y
x y x y
u v u v
and .
x y y x
One of the C-R equations is not satisfied and hence the given function is not analytic.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 28
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(ii): Given
x iy = u iv
x 2
y2
x y
Here u and v .
x y2
2
x y2
2
Since
u
x 2 y 2 x 2x
y2 x 2
,
x
2
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2
y
u
x 2 y2 0 x 2y
2xy
,
y
2 2
x 2 12 x 2 y2
v
x 2 y 2 0 y 2x
2xy
,
x
2
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2
y
v
x 2 y 2 1 y 2y
y2 x 2
.
y
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
u v u v
and .
x y y x
So C-R equations are satisfied.
Now, since the function does not exist at z 0 and hence its derivative does not exist at
z0
The given function is not analytic.
e x iy e x iy e x eiy e x eiy
(iii): Given f (z) cosh z = cosh x iy
2 2
e x cos y i sin y e x cos y i sin y
2 2
e x e x e x e x
cos y i sin y u iv
2 2
e x e x e x e x
u cos y and v sin y
2 2
u ex e x v ex e x
Now cos y , sin y
x 2 x 2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 29
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
u ex e x v ex e x
sin y , cos y
y 2 y 2
u v u v
and .
x y y x
Hence, C-R equations are satisfied.
Since f 0 0 f 0 Lt
f z f 0
Lt
cos y e x e x i sin y e x e x .
z 0 z z0 2 x iy
Let z 0 along the path y mx , we get
f 0 Lt
cos mx e x e x Lt sin mx e x
ex 0
y mx 2x 1 im x 0 2x 1 im 0 form
x 0
Lt
m sin mx e x e x cos mx e x e x i Lt sin mx m e x
e x
x 0 2 1 im x 0 mx 2 1 im
1 im
1.
1 im 1 im
Hence, the given function is analytic.
f
Q.No.22.: If f is analytic show that f cos i sin .
r
y
Sol.: x r cos , y r sin , r x 2 y 2 , tan 1 .
x
1 2x x
rx cos , ry sin .
2 xx 2 y 2 r
1 y y y sin cos
x . 2 2 2 , y .
y x x y
2 2
r r r
1
x
We know that f u x iv x u x iu y
f u r .rx u . x u r .ry u . y
since u is function of r, which are functions of x, y.
sin cos
f cos .u r u i sin .u r .u
r r
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 30
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
v
since f is analytic, C-R conditions are satisfied (in polar coordinates) u r , u rv r .
r
sin
f cos . .rv r i u r sin v r cos cos i sin u r i cos i sin v r
r
cos i sin u r iv r
f f
f cos i sin , since u iv u r iv r .
r r r
Remember: C-R conditions are sufficient conditions for a function to be analytic if the
partial derivatives are continuous, i.e., u(x,y), v(x,y) have continuous first partial
derivatives and satisfy C-R equations then f = u + iv is analytic.
Q.No.23.: Determine which of the following functions are analytic :
(i). ez (ii). sin x (iii). cosh x
1 x iy 1 y
(iv).
z
(v).
x 2 y2
(vi).
2
log x 2 y2 i tan 1 .
x
Sol.: (i). Here f (z) e z e x iy e x eiy .
u iv e x cos y i sin y u e x cos y , v e x sin y .
u v
Now e x cos y , e x sin y
x x
u v
e x sin y , e x cos y
y y
u v u v
, .
x y y x
u u v v
Further, , , and are all continuous functions.
x y x y
(As exponential function and Trigonometrical functions are continuous. Product of two continuous functions is also a
continuous function).
Hence f (z) ez is analytic.
(ii). Let f (z) sin z sin x iy sin x cos iy cos x sin iy
u iv sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 31
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Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u sin x cosh y , v cos x sinh y .
u v
Now cos x cosh y , sin x sinh y
x x
u v d d ex e x ex ex
sin x sinh y , cos x cosh y cosh x sinh x
y y dx dx 2 2
u v u v
, .
x y y x
u u v v
Also , , and are all continuous in R.
x y x y
Hence, f(z) is analytic.
(iii). Let f (z) cosh z cos iz cos i x iy cos ix y cos ix cos y sin ix sin y
u iv cosh x cos y i sinh x sin y
u cosh x cos y , v sinh x sin y
u v
Now sinh x cos y , cosh x sin y
x x
u v
cosh sin y , sinh x cos y
y y
u v u v
, CR equations are satisfied.
x y y x
Also, all the first order partial derivatives are continuous.
Hence, f(z) is analytic.
1 1 x iy x y
(iv). f (z) u iv . 2 i 2
z x iy x iy x y 2
x y2
x y
u , v 2 .
x y
2 2
x y2
Now
u
x 2 y2 x.2x
y2 x 2
,
u
2xy
,
x
y x 2 y 2 2
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
v
2xy
,
v
x 2 y2 y.2y
y2 x 2
.
y
2 2
x x 2 y2
2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 32
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u v u v
,
x y y x
CR equations are satisfied.
Also, all the first order partial derivatives are continuous except at z = 0.
1
Therefore, f (z) is analytic except at z = 0.
z
x iy x y
(v). f (z) 2 i 2 .
x y
2 2
x y 2
x y2
x y
Here u , v 2 .
x y22
x y2
u y2 x 2 u 2xy
Now , ,
x
y x 2 y 2 2
2
x 2 y2
v
2xy
,
v
x 2 y2 y.2y
y2 x 2
.
y
2 2
x x 2 y2
2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
u v
Here , i.e. CR equations are not satisfied.
x y
Therefore, f(z)is not analytic.
1 y
(vi). Here f (z) u iv
2
log x 2 y2 i tan 1 .
x
1 y
u log x 2 y2 , v i tan 1 .
2 x
u 1 2x x v 1 y y
Now 2 , . 2 2
x 2 x y
2 2
x y 2
x y 2
x x y2
1 2
x
u 1 2y y v 1 1 x
. 2 2 , . 2 .
y 2 x y 2
x y 2
y y x x y2
2
1 2
x
u v u v
Hence , .
x y y x
CR equations are satisfied.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 33
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u u v v
Also, the first order partial derivatives viz. , , and are all continuous. Hence,
x y x y
f(z) is analytic.
Q.No.24.: Show that each of the following functions is not analytic at any point:
2
(i) z , (ii) z .
Sol.: (i): Given f (z) z x iy x iy
Here u x and v y.
u v u v
Since 1, 0, 0, 1
x x y y
u v u v
and .
x y y x
One of the C-R equations is not satisfied and hence the given function is not analytic at
any point.
2
(ii) : Given f (z) z x 2 y 2
Here u x 2 y 2 and v 0.
u u v v
Since 2x , 2y , 0, 0
x y x y
u v u v
and ..
x y y x
C-R equations are not satisfied and hence the given function is not analytic at any point.
x iy
Q.No.25.: Show that u iv , where a 0 , is not an analytic function of
x iy a
z x iy , whereas u iv is such a function.
x iy x iy x iy a
Sol.: Given u iv
x iy a x iy a x iy a
x 2 y 2 xa i ya
, a 0.
x a y2 x a y
2 2
2
x 2 y 2 xa ya
u and v .
x a x a
2 2
y 2
y2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 34
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2 2 2 2
u x a y 2x a x y xa zx za
Now
x x a 2 y 2
2
x 2
a 2 2ax y 2 2x a x 2 y 2 xa 2x 2a
2
x a y 2
2
2x 3 2xa 2 4ax 2 2xy 2 x 2a a 3 2a 2 x y 2 a
2x 3 2xy 2 2x 2 a 2ax 2 2ay 2 2xa 2
2
x a 2 y 2
ax 2 a 3 2xa 2 y 2 a
2
.
x a 2 y 2
x a 2 y 2 1 y 2y
v ya
a
y y x a 2 y 2 x a 2 y 2
2
a x 2 a 2 2ax y 2 2y 2 ax 2 a 3 2xa 2 y 2 a
2
2
.
x a 2 y 2 x a 2 y 2
u v
x y
One of the C-R equations is not satisfied and hence the given function u iv is not
analytic function of z x iy .
(ii): To show: u iv is an analytic function.
x a iy x xa y i xy xy ay
2 2
x iy x iy
u iv
x iy a x iy a x a iy x a 2 y 2
x 2 xa y2
i ay
x a 2 y 2 x a 2 y 2
u ax 2 a 3 2xa 2 y2 a v ax 2 a 3 2xa 2 y2 a
Now , .
x x a 2 y 2
2
y x a 2 y 2
2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 35
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
u x 2 xa y 2 x a y 2y x xa y 2y
2 2 2 2
y y x a 2 y 2 x a 2 y 2
2
2x 2 y 2ya 2 4xya 2y3 2x 2 y 2xya 2y3
2
x a 2 y2
2ya 2 2axy 2ay a x
2
2
.
x a 2 y 2 x a 2 y 2
x a y .(0) ay 2x 2a 2ay a x
2 2
v ay
.
x x x a 2 y 2 x a 2 y 2
2
x a 2 y 2
2
u v u v
and .
x y y x
C-R equations are satisfied.
u u v v
Since , , , are continuous functions satisfying C-R equations.
x y x y
Hence, u iv is analytic function everywhere.
Q.No.26.: If f(z) is an analytic function with constant modulus, show that f(z) is constant.
or
Show that an analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
or
Show that an analytic function cannot have a constant absolute value without
reducing to a constant.
Sol.: Let f (z) u iv.
Since f (z) constant c , say, then we have
u 2 v2 c u 2 v2 c2
u v u v
2u 2v 0 and 2u 2v 0
x x y y
u u u u
u v 0 and u v 0. [by C-R equations]
x y y x
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 36
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Eliminating
u
y
, we get u 2
v2 ux 0 .
Thus provided w u iv 0 .
u v v
Similarly, 0, 0 and 0.
y x y
Since, the four partial derivatives of u and v are zero.
The functions u, v are constant.
w u iv is also constant.
This completes the proof.
Q.No.27.: Is the function u(x, y) 2xy 3xy 2 2y 2 harmonic (i.e., solution of Laplace
equation)?
Sol.: u x 2y 3y 2 , u xx 0 , u y 2x 6xy 6y 2 , u yy 6x 12y .
So u xx u yy 0 . Therefore u is not harmonic.
Q.No.11.: Show that v x, y sin x sinh y is harmonic. Find the conjugate harmonic of v
(or find an analytic function f u iv )
Sol.: Differentiating v partially w.r.t. x and y, we get
v x cos x sinh y , v xx sin x sinh y
v y sin x cosh y , v yy sin x sinh y
Then v xx v yy sin x sinh y sin x sinh y 0
Therefore v is harmonic.
To find conjugate harmonic u of v:
From C-R conditions u x v y and u y v x
So u x v y sin x.cosh y (i)
Integrating (i) partially w.r.t., x, we get
u(x, y) cos x.cosh y c(y) (ii)
Differentiating (ii) partially w.r.t. y and using second C-R condition, u y v x , we have
dc u
cos x.sinh y v x cos x.sinh y
dy y
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 37
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dc
So 0 c constant.
dy
Hence, the conjugate harmonic u and v is
u x, y cos x.cosh y c
The required analytic function is f z cos x cosh y c i sin x.sinh y .
Problems on evaluation of analytic function:
sin 2x
Q.No.28.: Find the analytic function, whose real part is .
cosh 2y cos 2x
sin 2x
Sol.: Let f z u iv be the analytic function, where u .
cosh 2y cos 2x
u v u u
f (z) i i [by C. R. equations]
x x x y
cosh 2y cos 2x 2 cos 2x sin 2x 2sin 2x sin 2x 2sinh 2y
i .
cosh 2y cos 2x
2
cosh 2y cos 2x 2
2 cos 2x cosh 2y 2 2sin 2x sinh 2y
i . (i)
cosh 2y cos 2x 2 cosh 2y cos 2x 2
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
2 cos 2z 2 2 2
f (z) i 0 cos ec2 z . (ii)
1 cos 2z 2 1 cos 2z 2sin z
2
Integrating w.r.t. z, we get
f z cot z ic , (iii)
which is the required analytic function.
Here we take the constant of integration as pure imaginary, since u does not contain any
constant.
Q.No.29.: Determine the analytic function, whose real part is ;
(i) x 3 3xy 2 3x 2 3y 2 1 , (ii) cos x cosh y , (iii) log x 2
y2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 38
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y
(iv) , (v) y e x cos y , (vi) e 2 x x cos 2y y sin 2y ,
x y2
2
(vii) x sin x cosh y y cos x sinh y , (viii) e x x 2 y 2 cos y 2xy sin y .
Sol.: (i): Let f z u iv be the analytic function.
where u x 3 3xy 2 3x 2 3y 2 1
u v u u
f (z) i i [by C. R. equations]
x x x y
3x 2 3y 2 6x i 6xy 6y . (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f (z) 3z 2 6z i 0 3z 2 6z . (ii)
Integrating w.r.t. z, we get.
f z z 3 3z 2 1 ic , (iii)
which is the required analytic function.
(ii): Let f z u iv be the analytic function.
where u cos x cosh y
u v u u
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x x y
sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y . (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) sin z i 0 f '(z) sin z. (ii)
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
f z cos z ic , (iii)
which is the required analytic function.
Here we take the constant of integration as imaginary because u does not contain any
constant.
(iii): Let f z u iv be the analytic function.
where u log x 2
y2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 39
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u v u u
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x x y
1 2x 1 2y x y
2 i i . (i)
2 x y2 2 x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x 2 y2
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
z 1
f '(z) 2 i 0 f '(z) (ii)
z z
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
f z log z ic (iii)
which is the required analytic function.
(iv): Let f z u iv be the analytic function.
y
where u
x 2 y2
u v u u
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x x y
x 2 y 2 0 y 2x x 2 y 2 y 2y
i
2 2
x y
2 2
x y
2 2
2
2xy i x y
2
. (i)
x 2 y2
x 2 y2
2 2
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
z2 1
f '(z) 0 i 4 f '(z) i 2 . (ii)
z z
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
i
f z ic , (iii)
z
which is the required analytic function.
(v): Let f z u iv be the analytic function.
where u y e x cos y
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 40
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u v u u
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x x y
e x cos y i 1 e x sin y . (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) e z i 1 0 f '(z) e z i . (ii)
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
f z e z iz ic , (iii)
which is the required analytic function.
(vi): Let f z u iv be the analytic function.
where u e 2x x cos 2y y sin 2y
u v u u
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x x y
2e 2x x cos 2y y sin 2y e 2x cos 2y i e 2x 2x sin 2y sin 2y y2y cos 2y (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) 2e 2z z e 2z i 0 f '(z) e 2z 2z 1 (ii)
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
e2z e2z e2z
f z 2 z ic f z ze 2z ic (iii)
2 4 2
which is the required analytic function.
(vii): Let f z u iv be the analytic function.
where u x sin x cosh y y cos x sinh y
u v u u
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x x y
x cos x cosh y sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y y cos x cosh y (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) z cos z sin z i 0 f '(z) z cos z sin z (ii)
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 41
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f z z sin z cos z cos z ic f z z sin z ic (iii)
which is the required analytic function.
(viii): Let f z u iv be the analytic function.
where u e x x 2 y 2 cos y 2xy sin y
u v u u
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x x y
e x x 2 y 2 cos y 2xy sin y e x 2x cos y 2y sin y
ie x 2y cos y y 2 sin y 2x sin y 2xy cos y . (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f (z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) e z z 2 0 e z 2z 0 i 0 z 2 e z 2e z z . (ii)
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
f (z) z 2 e z dz 2e z zdz ic z 2e z 2 ze z dz 2 e x zdz ic
z 2e z ic , (iii)
which is the required analytic function.
Q.No.30.: Determine the analytic function, whose real part is:
(i). e x x cos y y sin y (ii). cos x cosh y (iii). e x x sin y y cos y .
Sol.: (i). Let u e x x cos y y sin y
u
and e x cos y e x x cos y ysin y
x
u
e x x sin y y cos y sin y
y
u u u v
Now f (z) u iv f z i i
x x x y
e x cos y x cos y y sin y i e x x sin y y cos y sin y
Assuming this to be an identity and replacing x by z and y by 0, we have
f z e z 1 z 0 i e z 0 0 0 ze z e z .
Integrating, we get f (z) z e z dz e z dz a ib z.e z e z dz e z dz a ib
I II
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 42
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f (z) zez a ib .
As u is free from constant. a 0 .
Hence f (z) zez bi
(ii). u cos x cosh y
u u
sin x cosh y , cos x sinh y .
x y
u v u u
Let f (z) u iv f z i i .
x x x y
f z sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y .
Assuming this to be an identity and replacing x by z and y by 0, we have
f z sin z f (z) cos z a ib [Milne-Thomson Method]
As u is free constant a 0 .
Hence f (z) cos z ib
(iii). Let u e x x sin y y cos y
u u
and
x
e x sin y x sin y y cos y e x ,
y
e x x cos y y sin y cos y
u v u u
Now f (z) u iv f z i i
x x x y
e x sin y e x x sin y y cos y i e x x 1 cos y y sin y
Assuming this to be an identity and replacing x by z and y by 0, we have
f z ie z z 1 .
e z e z
Integrating, we get f (z) i e z z 1 dz a ib i z 1 1 a ib
II
I 1 1
ie z z 1 1 a ib ie z z a ib .
As u is free from constant. a 0 .
Hence f (z) ie z z bi i ze z b .
Q.No.31.: Find the analytic function f (z) u iv where
u e x x cos y y sin y 2 sin x.sinh y x 3 3xy 2 y
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 43
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Sol.: Differentiating partially w.r.t., x and y, we get
u x e x x cos y y sin y e x cos y 2 cos x sinh y 3x 2 3y 2
u y e x x sin y sin y y cos y 2sin x cosh y 6xy 1
We know that f z u x iv x u x iu y
Replace x by z and y = 0, then
f (z) e z z.1 0 e z 1 0 3z 2 0 2i sin z i .
Integrating w.r.t., ‘z’, we get
f (z) ze z
e z 3z 2 2isin z i dz
f (z) ze z e z ez z3 2i cos z iz ic .
Q.No.32.: Determine the analytic function f(z) such that Re f (z) 3x 2 4y 3y 2 and
f (1 i) 0 .
Sol.: f (z) is analytic since f is analytic. Let f U iV .
Then U Re f (z) 3x 2 4y 3y 2 , U x 6x , U y 4 6y .
Since U, V, satisfy C-R conditions, U x 6x Vy .
Integrating w.r.t. y, we get
V 6xy c1 (x) .
Differentiating V w.r.t. x and using second C-R condition Vx U y , wehave
dc1
6y Vx U y 4 6y
dx
c1 (x) 4x c2
Thus V x, y 6xy 4x c 2 , where c2 is an arbitrary constant.
Then f z U iV 3x 2 4y 3y 2 i 6xy 4x c 2 .
Applying Milne-Thompson method, replace x by z and y by 0, we have
f z 3z 2 4iz c 2 .
Integrating w.r.t. z, we get
f (z) z 3 2iz 2 c 2 z c3 , where c3 is an arbitrary constant.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 44
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Since f 1 i 0 , we get
0 f 1 i 1 i 2i 1 i c 2 1 i c3
3 2
c3 c 2 1 i 6 2i
Thus f (z) z 3 2iz 2 c 2 z c 2 1 i 6 2i .
Q.No.33.: Find the analytic function f (z) u iv , given
1
(i) u a 1 cos , (ii) v r sin , r 0 .
r
Sol.: (i): Let f (z) u iv be the required analytic function.
Given u a 1 cos .
u 1 v v 1 u
Using C-R equation in polar form i. e. and
r r r r
v u
r r 0 0 , (i)
r
v 1 u 1 a
and a sin sin . (ii)
r r r r
Integrating (i) w. r. t. , we get
v
v f (r) f '(r) . (iii)
r
From (ii) and (iii), we get
v a a
sin f '(r) f '(r) sin .
r r r
f (r) a sin log r c
Thus v a sin log r c
Hence f (z) u iv a 1 cos i a sin log r c a 1 cos i sin log r ic ,
which is the required analytic function.
(ii): Let f (z) u iv be the required analytic function.
1
Given v r sin , r 0 .
r
u 1 v v 1 u
Using C-R equation in polar form i.e. and
r r r r
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 45
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u v 1 u 1
r r r cos 1 cos (i)
r r r r 2
1 u v 1 u 1
and 1 2 sin r sin . (ii)
r r r r
Integrating (i) w. r. t. r, we get
1 u 1
u r cos f () r sin f '() . (iii)
r r
From (ii) and (iii), we get
u 1 1 2
r sin r sin f '() f '() sin .
r r r
2
f () cos c
r
1 2 1
Thus u r cos cos c r cos c
r r r
1 1
Hence f (z) u iv r cos i r sin c ,
r r
which is the required analytic function.
Q.No.34.: If w i represents the complex potential for an electric field and
x
x 2 y2 , determine the function .
x y2
2
Sol.: Let w i is the complex potential function
and must satisfy the C-R equations i. e. and .
x y y x
x
Given x 2 y 2 .
x y2
2
w
Now since w i i i
z x x y x
i 2x y x
2 2
dw 2xy .
2y
dz
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
dw
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express in terms of z, on replacing x by z and
dz
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 46
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y by 0.
dw 1
i 2z 2 .
dz z
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
1
w i z 2 c , where c is a complex constant.
z
1 2 x iy
w i x iy
2
c i x y 2ixy 2 c .
2
x iy x y 2
y
Hence Real part of w 2xy c,
x y2
2
which is the required velocity potential.
Q.No.35.: Find the regular function, whose imaginary part is
(i)
x y , (ii) sin x sinh y , (iii) e x sin y
x 2
y 2
(iv) e x x sin y y cos y , (v) e x x cos y y sin y .
(i): Let f (z) u iv be the regular (or analytic) function.
where v
x y
x 2
y2
u v v v
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x y x
x 2 y 2 1 x y 2y x 2 y 2 x y 2x
i . (i)
2 2
x 2
y 2
x 2
y 2
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f '(z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
z 2 0 z 2 2z 2 1 1 1 i
f 'z 4 i 4 2 i 2 2 . (ii)
z z z z z
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
1 i
f z c, (iii)
z
which is the required regular function (or analytic).
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 47
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(ii): Let f (z) u iv be the regular (or analytic) function.
where v sin x sinh y
u v v v
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x y x
sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y . (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f '(z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) sin z i 0 sin z . (ii)
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
f z cos z c , (iii)
which is the required regular function (or analytic).
(iii): Let f (z) u iv be the regular (or analytic) function.
where v e x sin y
u v v v
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x y x
e x cos y i e x sin y . (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f '(z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) e z i 0 e z . (ii)
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
f z ez c , (iii)
which is the required regular function (or analytic).
(iv): Let f (z) u iv be the regular (or analytic) function.
where v e x x sin y y cos y
u v v v
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x y x
e x x cos y cos y y sin y i e x x sin y y cos y e x sin y . (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f '(z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) e z z 1 i 0 e z z e z . (ii)
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 48
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Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
f z ze z e z dz e z dz ic ze z c , (iii)
which is the required regular function (or analytic).
(v): Let f (z) u iv be the regular (or analytic) function.
where v e x x cos y y sin y
u v v v
f '(z) i i [by C-R equations]
x x y x
e x x sin y sin y y cos y i e x x cos y y sin y e x cos y . (i)
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f '(z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) i e z z e z i e z e z . (ii)
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
f z i ze z dz e z dz c i ze z e z dz e z dz c
ize z c , (iii)
which is the required regular function (or analytic).
Q.No.36.: Find the regular function whose imaginary part is
xy
(i). (ii). cos x cosh y
x 2 y2
Also find the real parts.
Sol.: (i). Let f (z) u iv
u v v v
f (z) i i . (i)
x x y x
Now
v
x 2 y 2 x y 2x y2 x 2 2xy v x 2 y 2 2xy
, .
x
x 2 y2
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2 y 2
Therefore, from (i), we get
x 2 y 2 2xy y 2 x 2 2xy
f z i .
x x
2 2
2
y2 2
y2
Assuming this to be an identity and replacing x by z and y by 0, we have
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 49
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z 2 z 2 1 i 1 i
f z 4
i 4
2
f (z) a1 ib1 . [Milne-Thomson Method]
z z z z
Now v is free from constant.
1 i
b1 0 . Hence f (z) a1 .
z
(ii). v cosh y cos x .
v v
Here sin x cosh y , sin x cosh y.
x x
Let f (z) u iv
u v v v
f (z) i i (By CR equation)
x x y x
d d ex ex e x e x
f (z) sinh y cos x i sin x cosh y (cosh x) sinh x
dx dx e 2
Assuming this to be an identity and replacing x by z and y by 0, we have
f (z) i sin z f (z) i cos z a1 ib1 [Milne-Thomson Method]
As v is free from constant. b1 0 .
Hence, f (z) i cos z a1 .
f (z) i cos(x iy) a1 cos x cos iy sin x sin iy a1
i cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y a1 cos i cosh , sin i i sinh
Hence, real f (z) sin x sinh y a1
Q.No.37.: Find the analytic function f (z) u r, iv r, such that
v r, r 2 cos 2 r cos 2 .
Sol.: Let f (z) u iv be the required analytic function.
Given v r, r 2 cos 2 r cos 2 .
u 1 v v 1 u
Using C-R equation in polar form i. e. and
r r r r
u v u
r r 2r 2 sin 2 r sin 2r sin 2 sin (i)
r r
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 50
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1 u v u
and 2r cos 2 cos 2r 2 cos 2 r cos . (ii)
r r
Integrating (i) w. r. t. r, we get
u
u r 2 sin 2 r sin f () 2r 2 cos 2 r cos f '() . (iii)
From (ii) and (iii), we get
u
2r 2 cos 2 r cos 2r 2 cos 2 r cos f '() f '() 0 .
f () c
Thus u r 2 sin 2 r sin c
Hence f (z) u iv r 2 sin 2 r sin c i r 2 cos 2 r cos 2
r 2 sin 2 i cos 2 r sin i cos c 2i
i r 2 e 2i rei c 2i ,
which is the required analytic function.
1
Q.No.38.: If v r, r sin , r 0 , then find an analytic function f (z) u iv .
r
1
Sol.: C-R conditions in polar coordinates are u r v and u rv r .
r
Differentiating, we get
1 1
u rv r r. 1 2 sin 1 2 sin .
r r
Integrating w.r.t. , we get
1
u r, 1 2 cos c1 r .
r
1
Differentiating w.r.t. r and using u r v , we get
r
1 dc1 1 1 1
1 2 cos u r v 1 cos
r dr r r r
dc1
0 c1 = constant
dr
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 51
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1
Hence u(r, ) r cos c1
r
1 1
Thus f (z) u iv r cos i r sin c .
r r
cos x sin x e y
Q.No.39.: Determine the analytic function f (z) u iv, if u v
2 cos x cosh y
and f 0 .
2
cos x sin x e y
Sol.: We have given u v
2 cos x cosh y
Differential partially w. r. t. x, we get
u v sin x cos x cosh y 1 e sin x
y
. (i)
x x 2 cos x cosh y
2
Differential partially w. r. t. y, we get
y
u v cos x cosh y e cos x sin x e sinh y
y
y y 2 cos x cosh y
2
v u sin x cos x sinh y e cos x cosh y sinh y
y
. (ii)
x x 2 cos x cosh y
2
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
u sin x cos x cosh y sin x cos x sinh y 1 e sin x cos x cosh y sinh y
y
2
x 2 cos x cosh y
2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
v sin x cos x cosh y sin x cos x sinh y 1 e sin x cos x cosh y sinh y
y
2
x 2 cos x cosh y
2
u v 1 cos x
Thus f '(z) i .
x x 2 1 cos x 2
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f '(z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
1 1 1 z
f '(z) cos ec2 .
2 1 cos z 4sin 2 z 4 2
2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 52
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Integrating w. r. t. z, we get.
1 z
f (z) cot c.
2 2
1 1
Now since f 0 0 cot c c .
2 2 4 2
1 z
Hence f (z) 1 cot , Ans.
2 2
which is the required analytic function.
x
Q.No.40.: If f (z) u iv is an analytic function. Find f(z) if u v , f(1) = 1,
x y2
2
x
Sol.: Here u v , f(1) = 1.
x y2
2
Let f (z) u iv . Multiplying both sides by i , we get
if z iu v
On adding, 1 i f (z) u v i(v u)
F(z) U iV , where F(z) (1 i)f (z) , U u v ; V v u
U V U U
F(z) i i
x x x y
y2 x 2 2xy z i 0
2
i (Replacing x by z and y by 0)
x
x 2 y2
z4
2 2
2
y 2
1 1
F z 2
F z a ib [Take a = b. As U is free from constants]
z z
1
1 i f (z) (1 i)a F(z) 1 i f (z)
z
1 1 1 i
f (z) a. (i)
1 i z 1 i
1 1 i
Now f (1) a 1 (Given)
1 i 1 i
i
1 1 i a 1 i 1 i a i a .
1 i
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 53
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1 1 i 1 1
Hence, from (i), f (z) i .
1 i z 1 i 1 i z
Q.No.41.:Prove that u x 2 y 2 2xy 2x 3y is harmonic. Find v such that f (z) u iv
is analytic. Also express f(z) in terms of z.
Sol.: Here u x 2 y 2 2xy 2x 3y ,
u u
2x 2y 2 ; 2y 2x 3 .
x y
2u 2u
Further 2 , 2 .
x 2 y 2
Now u is harmonic if u satisfies Laplace equation
2u 2u
0.
x 2 y 2
2u 2u
Now 2 2 0 , which is true.
x 2 y 2
Hence the first part.
Further let f (z) u iv
u v u u
f (z) i i
x x x y
f z 2x 2y 2 i 2y 2x 3 .
Assuming this to be an identity and replacing x by z and y by 0, we have
[Milne-Thomson Method]
f z 2z 2 i 2z 3 2z 2 2iz 3i 2 1 i z 2 3i
f (z) 1 i z 2 2 3i z c , where c a1 ib1 .
As u is free from constant, a1 0 .
Hence, f (z) 1 i z 2 2 3i z ib1 1 i x 2 y 2 2xyi 2 3i x iy ib1 .
Equating imaginary part, we get
v 2xy x 2 y 2 2y 3x b1 .
Q.No.42.: If f (z) u iv is an analytic function of z, find f(z) if
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 54
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(i) u v x y x 2 4xy y 2 , (ii) 2u v e x cos y sin y .
Sol.: (i): We have given u v x y x 2 4xy y 2
Differential partially w. r. t. x, we get
u v
x x
x 2 4xy y 2 x y 2x 4y x 2 4xy y 2 2x 2 4xy 2xy 4y 2 (i)
Differential partially w. r. t. y, we get
u v
y y
1 x 2 4xy y 2 x y 4x 2y
v u
x 2 4xy y 2 4x 2 2xy 4xy 2y2 . (ii)
x x
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
u
2 x 2 4xy y 2 2x 2 4xy 2xy 4y2 x 2 4xy y 2 4x 2 2xy 4xy 2y2
x
u u
2 12xy 6xy
x x
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
v
2 x 2 4xy y 2 2x 2 4xy 2xy 4y2 x 2 4xy y2 4x 2 2xy 4xy 2y2
x
v v
2
x
6x 2 6y2
x
3 y2 x 2
u v
Thus f '(z) i
x x
6xy i 3 y 2 x 2
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f '(z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
f '(z) i 3z 2
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get.
f (z) iz3 c ,
which is the required analytic function.
(ii): We have given 2u v e x cos y sin y
Differential partially w. r. t. x, we get
u v
2 e x cos y e x sin y (i)
x x
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 55
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Differential partially w. r. t. y, we get
u v
2 e x sin y e x cos y
y y
v u
2 e x sin y e x cos y (ii)
x x
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
u v v u
2 4 2 e x cos y e x sin y 2e x sin y 2e x cos y
x x x x
v v 1 x
5
x
3e x cos y e x sin y
3e cos y e x sin y .
x 5
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
u v v u
4 2 2 2ex cos y 2ex sin y e x sin y e x cos y
x x x x
v v 1 x
5
x
e x cos y 3e x sin y
e cos y 3e x sin y .
x 5
u v 1 x 1
Thus f '(z) i
e cos y 3e x sin y i 3e x cos y e x sin y
x x 5 5
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express f '(z) in terms of z by putting x = z and y = 0.
u v 1 z 1
f '(z) i
e i 3e z
x x 5 5
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get.
1 z 1
f (z)
5
e i 3ez c ,
5
which is the required analytic function.
Q.No.43.: If f(z) is a regular function of z, prove that
2 2
2 2 f z 4 f z .
2 2
x y
2
Sol.: Let f (z) u(x, y) iv(x, y) so that f (z) u 2 v 2 (x, y) , (say)
u v 2 2 u u 2 2 v v
2
2u 2v and 2 u v
x x x x 2 x x
2
x 2 x
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 56
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2 2 u u 2 2 v v
2
Similarly, 2 u 2 v 2 .
y 2 y y y y
Adding, we get
2 v 2 v u u v v
2 2
2 2 2 u 2 u 2 2
2 u 2 2 v 2 2 2 (i)
x 2 y 2 x y x y x y x y
Since u, v have to satisfy to C-R equations and the Laplace’s equations.
2 2 2 2
u v u v 2u 2u 2v 2v
; and 0 .
x y y x x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
2 2 u 2 v 2
Thus (i) takes the form 4
x 2 y 2 x x
2 2 2 2
Hence f (z) 4 f '(z) . Hence this completes the proof.
x y
2 2
Another method:
Let f(z) is a regular function of z.
1 1
Now since z x iy , z x iy , we have x z z , y z z
2 2i
x y 1
so that i ,
z x z y z 2 x y
x y 1
i ,
z x z y z 2 x y
where x and y are treated as functions of two independent variables z and z .
1 2 2
i i 4 2 2 .
z z 4 x y x y z z x y
2 2
f z f (z)f (z) .
2
Now since 4 and
x y
2 2
z z
2 2
f (z)f (z) 4f '(z) f '(z) 4 f '(z) .
2 2
2 2 f (z) 4
x y z z
This complete the proof.
Q. No.44.: If f(z) be an analytic function of z, show that
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 57
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2 2 2 2
(i) 2 2 log f ' z 0 , (ii) 2 2 Rf z 2 f ' z .
2 2
x y x y
Sol.: (i): Let f(z) be an analytic function.
1 1 1 1
log f '(z) log f '(z) f '(z) log f '(z) log f '(z)
2
Now log f '(z)
2 2 2 2
1 1
Now since z x iy , z x iy , we have x z z , y z z
2 2i
x y 1
so that i
z x z y z 2 x y
x y 1
i
z x z y z 2 x y
where x and y are treated as functions of two independent variables z and z .
1 2 2
i i 4 2 2
z z 4 x y x y z z x y
2 2 1 1
Hence 2 2 log f ' z 4 log f '(z) log f '(z)
x y z z 2 2
2
2 log f '(z) log f '(z) 0 ,
z z
This completes the proof.
(ii): Let f(z) be an analytic function.
f z f (z)
2
1 1
Now Rf z f z f (z) f (z) f (z)f (z) f (z)
2 2
2 4 4
1 1
f (z) f (z) f (z) f (z) 2f (z)f (z) .
2 2 2
4 4
1 1
Now since z x iy , z x iy , we have x z z , y z z ,
2 2i
x y 1
so that i
z x z y z 2 x y
x y 1
i
z x z y z 2 x y
where x and y are treated as functions of two independent variables z and z .
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 58
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1 2 2
i i 4 2 2
z z 4 x y x y z z x y
2 2 2 1
2 2 Rf z 4 f (z) f (z) 2f (z)f (z)
2 2 2
x y z z 4
2f '(z)f '(z) 2 f z .
2
This completes the proof.
Q.No.45.: If f(z) is a holomorphic function of z, show that
2 2
f z f (z) f ' z .
2
x y
Sol.: Let f (z) u x, y iv x, y
then f z u 2 v 2
1 u v 1 u v
f z 2u 2v u v (i)
x 2 u 2
v 2
x x u 2
v 2
x x
1 u v
Similarly f z u v (ii)
y u 2
v 2
y y
2 2
Now L.H.S f z f (z)
x y
2 2
1 u v 1 u v
u v u v
x x
u 2
v 2
x
u 2
v2 x
u 2 2
u v 2 u
2 2
u v
1 2 v 2 v
2 u
2
v 2uv u v 2uv
u v2 x
x x x y
y y y
Since f(z) is a holomorphic function (or analytic function) of z, then u, v have to satisfy C-R
u v u v
equations i. e. and .
x y y x
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 59
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2 u 2 2 v
2
u v
u v 2uv
1 x x x x
Then L.H.S.
u v2
2
2 v
2
2 u
2
v u
u x v x 2uv x x
u 2 2 2
v 2
2
1
u v u v
2 2
u v2 x x
u 2 v 2
f ' z = R.H.S.
2
x x
This completes the proof.
Q.No.46.: An electrostatic field in the xy-plane is given by the potential function
3x 2 y y3 , find the stream function.
Sol.: Let w i , represents the complex potential function for an electrostatic field in
the xy-plane, where is the potential function and in the stream function.
and must satisfy the C-R equations
i. e. and
x y y x
Since given 3x 2 y y3 .
3x 2 3y 2 (i)
x y
and 6xy (ii)
y x
Integrating (i) w. r. t. x, treating y as constant, we get
x 3 3xy 2 f (y)
6xy f '(y) (iii)
y
From (ii) and (iii), we get
6xy f '(y) 6xy f '(y) 0 f (y) c .
Hence x 3 3xy 2 c ,
which is the required stream function.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 60
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Q.No.47.: An electrostatic field in the xy-plane is given by potential function x 2 y 2 ,
find the stream function.
Sol.: Let f (z) i
f z i i [ by CR equation]
x x x y
f z 2x i2y 2z .
Integrating, we get f (z) z 2 c , c a ib .
Now f (z) z 2 a ib x 2 y 2 2xyi a ib .
Equating imaginary part, we obtain x, y 2xy b .
Q.No.48.: If the potential function is log x 2 y 2 , find the flux function and the complex
potential function.
Sol.: Let w i is the complex potential function, where is the potential function and
is the flux function.
and must satisfy the C-R equation i. e. and
x y y x
Given log x 2 y 2 .
Now since w i i i
z x x x y
dw 2x 2x 2 y
i .
dz x 2 y2 x 2 y 2
dw
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express in terms of z, on replacing x by z and
dz
y by 0.
dw 2z 2
2 i 0 .
dz z z
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
w 2log z c , where c is a complex constant,
which is the required complex potential function.
Now w 2 log z c 2 log x iy c
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 61
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1 y y
w 2 log x 2 y 2 i tan 1 c log x 2 y 2 i 2 tan 1 c .
2 x x
y
Hence imaginary part of w 2 tan 1 c .
x
which is the required flux function.
Q.No.49.: In a two dimensional fluid flow, the stream function is given, find the
velocity potential :
y y
(i) , (ii) tan 1 .
x 2
y 2 2
x
Sol.: (i): Let w i is the complex potential function, where is the velocity potential
and is the stream function.
and must satisfy the C-R equation i.e. and
x y y x
y
Given
x y2
2
w
Now since w i i i
z x x y x
dw y 2 x 2 2xy
i
dz x 2 y 2
x 2 y2
2
dw
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express in terms of z, on replacing x by z and
dz
y by 0.
dw z 2 1
4 i 0 2 .
dz z z
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
1
w c , where c is a complex constant.
z
1 x iy x y
w c 2 c 2 i 2 c.
x iy x y 2
x y 2
x y2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 62
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x
Hence Real part of w ,
x y2
2
which is the required velocity potential.
(ii): Let w i is the complex potential function, where is the velocity potential and
is the stream function.
and must satisfy the C-R equation i. e. and
x y y x
y
Given tan 1
x
w
Now since w i i i
z x x y x
1
dw x x i x y
2
y
i
dz x 2 y 2 1 2 1 2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
x
y
dw
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express in terms of z, on replacing x by z and
dz
y by 0.
dw z 1
2 i 0 .
dz z z
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
w log z c , where c is a complex constant.
1 y
2
w log x iy log x 2 y 2 i tan 1
x
1
Hence Real part of w
2
log x 2 y2 ,
which is the required velocity potential.
y
Q.No.50.: In a two dimensional fluid flow, the stream function is tan 1 , find the
x
velocity potential.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 63
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
dw
Sol.: Here w i i i [by CR equation]
dz x x y x
dw x iy
2 2 .
dz x y 2
x y2
Assuming this to be an identity and replacing x by z and y by 0, we have
z 1
2
i 0 [Milne-Thomson Method]
z z
1 y
f (z) w log z a ib log x 2 y2 i tan 1 a ib
2 x
1 1 b
log a ib 2 log a b i tan a
2 2
1
Equating real part, we obtain
2
log x 2 y2 a .
x
Q.No.51.: Is the function u harmonic? If yes, find its conjugate function.
x y2
2
Sol.: We know that a function u = u(x, y) is harmonic iff it satisfies
2u 2u
0.
x 2 y 2
u u x x 2 y2 .1 x.2x
y2 x 2
Now . (i)
x x x 2 y 2
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
2 u u
2
2
y x2
x 2 y 2 2x y 2 x 2 .2 x 2 y 2 .2x
=
x x x x 2 y 2
x 2
2 2
x 2
y 2
x 2
y2 2x x 2 y2 4x y2 x 2 2x 3
2xy 2 4xy 2 4x 3
x x
4 3
2
y2 2
y2
2x 3 6xy 2
2x x 2 3y 2 . (ii)
x x
3 3
2
y2 2
y2
Further
u u x
2
1
x 2 x
1 .2y 2xy .
2 2
y y x y y x y
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 64
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2 u 2xy
2
2x . y
2x .
x 2 y 2 .1 y.2 x 2 y 2 .2y
x y x 2 y 2 y x 2 y 2
2 2 2 2
x 2 y2
2x .
x 2
y2 x 2 y 2 4y2 2x x 2 3y 2
.
(iii)
4 3
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
Adding (ii) and (iii), we get
2 u 2 u 2x x 3y
2 2
2x x 2 3y 2
0.
x 2 y2
3 3
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
x
Hence, u is harmonic.
x y2
2
Now to find its complex conjugate, we have
u 2xy v 2xy
and [By CR equations ux = uy, u y v x ]
y x
2 2
x y2
2
x y2
2
v 2xy
x
2
x 2 y2
x
x
2
Integrating, we get v 2y dx f (y) y 2
y2 .2xdx f (y)
x2 y
2 2
x
1
2
y2
y. f (y) .
1
y
v f (y). To find f(y) (iv)
x y2
2
Differentiating (iv) w.r.t. y, we get
v
x 2 y2 .1 y.2y
f (y)
y2 x 2
f y
y
2
2 2
x 2 y2 x 2
y
u y2 x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x 2
f (y) f (y) [Using (i)]
x
2 2 2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x 2 y2
f y 0 f (y) c
Hence, from (iv), we get
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 65
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y
v c.
x y2
2
Q.No.52.: Prove that log x 1 y 2 is harmonic in every region which does
2 2
not include the point (1, 2). Find a function such that i is an analytic
function of the complex variable z x iy . Express i as a function of z.
Sol.: 1st part: To show: log x 1 y 2 is harmonic except the point (1, 2).
2 2
2 2
i. e. To show: 0.
x 2 y 2
2 x 1
Now
x x
log x
1
2
y 2
2
1
x 1 y 2
2 2
. 2x 2
x 1 y 2
2 2
x 1 y 2 2 2 x 1 2x 2
2 2
2 2 x 1
x 2 x x 1 2 y 2 2 x 1 2 y 2 2
2
2 x 1 y 2 4 x 1
2 2 2
.
2
x 12 y 2 2
2 y 2
Again
y y
log x 1 y 2
2 2
1
x 1 y 2
2 2
. 2y 4
x 1 y 2
2 2
x 1 y 2 2 2 y 2 2y 4
2 2
2 2 y 2
y 2
y x 1 y 2
2 2
x 1 y 2 2
2 2
2 x 1 y 2 4 y 2
2 2 2
2
x 1 y 2 2
2
2 2 4 x 1 y 2 4 x 1 y 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 0.
x y x 1 2 y 2 2
2
is harmonic function in every region which does not include the point (1, 2).
2nd part: Let w i is the complex potential function.
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 66
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and must satisfy the C-R equation i. e. and
x y y x
Given log x 1 y 2
2 2
w
Now since w i i i
z x x y x
dw 2 y 1 2 x 1
i
dz x 1 y 2 x 1 y 2
2 2 2 2
dw
By Milne-Thomson’s method, we express in terms of z, on replacing x by z and
dz
y by 0.
2z 1 2i 2 z 1
2
dw 4
i i
dz z 12 4 z 12 4 z 12 2i 2 z 1 2 2i 2
Integrating w. r. t. z, we get
1 z 1 2i
w 2i i log z 1 2i
2 2 2
log
4i z 1 2i
i log z 1 2i i log z 1 2i i log z 1 2i i log z 1 2i
= 2i log z 1 2i
i 2i log z 1 2i
which is the required expression of i as a function of z.
3rd part:
Now = real part of 2i log z 1 2i
Now since 2i log z 1 2i 2i log x iy 1 2i 2i log x 1 i y 2
y 2
x 1 y 2
2 2
2i log i tan 1
x 1
y2
x 1 y 2
2 2
2 tan 1 2i log
x 1
y2
2 tan 1 . Ans.
x 1
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 67
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Q.No.53.: Two concentric circular cylinders of radii r1 , r2 r1 r2 are kept as potentials
1 and 2 respectively. Using complex function w a log z c , prove that
2
the capacitance per unit length of the capacitor formed by them is ,
r1
log
r2
where is the dielectric constant of the medium.
Sol.: We have given w a log z c i a log rei c a log r c i a ,
where z x iy rei .
a log r c , and a
so that 1 a log r1 c , 2 a log r2 c .
Thus the potential difference 2 1 a log r2 log r1 .
2 2
Also the total charge (or flux) d ad 2a .
0 0
The capacitance being the charge required to maintain a unit potential difference; the
charge 2a 2
capacitance without dielectric .
potential difference a log r2 log r1 log r2 / r1
A medium of dielectric constant increases the potential difference to times that
2
in vacuum for the same charge. Thus the capacitance with dielectric .
log r2 / r1
Q.No.54.: (a). Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves
x 4 y 4 6x 2 y 2 = constant.
(b). Show that the curves r n sec n and r n cos ecn cut orthogonally.
Ans.: (a). Take u(x, y) x 4 y 4 6x 2 y 2 . Then family of curves v(x, y) = constant will be
the required trajectories if f(z) = u +iv is analytic.
u u
Now 4x 3 12xy 2 , 4y3 12x 2 y .
x y
v u
4x 3 12xy 2 .
y x
Integrating, we get v 4x 3 y 4xy3 c(x).
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 68
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Differentiating partially w.r.t. x, we obtain
dc x v u
12x 2 y 4y3 4y3 12x 2 y
dx x y
dc(x)
0 c = constant.
dx
Thus the required orthogonal trajectories are v = constant or x 3 y xy3 constant .
(b). Writing u r, r n cos n and v r, r n sin n ,
n
We have u r, iv r, i r n cos n i sin n r n .ein rei zn .
This is an analytic function.
Thus f (z) u iv gives the curves u and v , which cut orthogonally.
Q.No.55.: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves
x 3 y xy3 c constant
Sol.: Take u(x, y) x 3 y xy3 . Then the v = constant family of curves will be the required
orthogonal trajectories if f z u iv is analytic.
So u x 3x 2 y y 3 , u y x 3 3xy 2 .
Then v y u x 3x 2 y y 3 .
3x 2 y 2 y 4
Integrating, we get v c(x) .
2 4
dc
Differentiating, we get 3xy2 0 v x u y x 3 3xy2
dx
x4
cx c ,where c is an arbitrary constant.
4
3x 2 y 2 y 4 y 4
Thus v x, y c.
2 4 4
The required orthogonal trajectories
v = constant x 4 y 4 6x 2 y 2 constant.
Q.No.56.: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves r 2 cos 2 c1 .
Sol.: Take u r, r 2 cos 2 , so u r 2r cos 2 , u 2r 2 sin 2 .
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 69
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From C-R conditions v ru r
v 2r 2 cos 2 v r, r 2 sin 2 c r
Differentiating w.r.t., r, we get
dc 1 1
2r sin 2
dr
vr u 2r 2 sin 2
r r
dc
0 c constant.
dr
Orthogonal trajectories : v r 2 sin 2 .
Home Assignments
Q.No.1.: Classify the following regions:
(a). 0 z 1 (b). 0 z 1 (c). 1 z 2 (d). z 1 and z 2
(e). Re z 2 (f). z 4 3 (g). z 1 3i 1 .
Ans.: (a). Open region (b). Region (c). Connected open region (d). Unconnected
(e). Open unbounded region (f). Open unbounded region (g). Closed bounded
region
Q.No.2.: Determine the domains of definition of f(z)
y i 1
(a). i (b). z 2 3z 2 iz (c). 2
z 1 y
z 4 z2 9
(d). y e xt dt i y n
0 n 0
Ans.: (a). Entire complex plane except x = 0, y = 1. (b). For all z.
(c). For all z except z 2i, 3 (d). x > 0 and 1 y 1.
Q.No.3.: Find real and imaginary parts u, v of f u iv where f(z) is
(a). z
1
(b).
1 z (c). z1/2 .
z 1 z
Ans.: (a). u x
x
, v y
y
(b).
1 x 2
y2 ,
2y
x 2 y2
x 2 y2 1 x y
2
2 1 x 2 y 2
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 70
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(c). u r cos , v 2 sin , where x r cos , x r sin
2 2
Q.No.4.: Determine whether the function f(z) is continuous at origin. Give reason:
x y
2
f (z) , z0
x 2
y2
= 0, z = 0.
1 m
2
Ans.: Not continuous. Lim f along y = mx has different values.
1 m
2
Q.No.5.: Determine whether the function f(z) is continuous at origin. Give reason:
z.Re z
f (z) , for z 0
z
= 2, for z = 0
Ans.: Discontinuous at origin. But by redefining f(0) = 0, the function can be made
continuous at origin.
Q.No.6.: Is the function f (z) x y 2 ixy continuous.
Ans.: Continuous everywhere.
Q.No.7.: Determine f(z) is continuous. Redefine if necessary to make it continuous:
z 2 iz 2, zi
f (z) .
i, z i
Ans.: f(z) is continuous everywhere except at z i , since Lim f 0 f (i) i . By redefining
z i
f (i) 0 , f becomes continuous everywhere.
Q.No.8.: Show that f (z) Pn z a 0 a1z a 2 z 2 ...... a n z n is continuous everywhere.
Q.No.9.: Prove that
z , z z0
3
f (z) where z 0 21/3
2, z z0
is discontinuous at z0.
3z 4 2z3 8z 2 2z 5
Q.No.10.: Is the function f (z) continuous at z i ?
z i
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 71
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Ans.: f (i) is undefined. Discontinuous at z i . Reduce f (i) Lim f (z) 4 4i . Then f
z i
becomes continuous at z i . It is known as removable discontinuity.
Q.No.11.: Determine for what values of z the given functions are continuous:
z 1
(a). f (z) (b). csc z .
z 1
2
sin z
Ans.: (a). Continuous everywhere except where the denominator z2 1 0 i.e. at z i .
(b). Continuous everywhere except where sin z 0 i.e., at z n, n 0, 1, 2, 3,.......
1 z
Q.No.12.: Find derivative of f (z) ;
1 z
(a). From definition (b). From differentiation rule at z = 2.
1 z z 1 z 1 2
Ans.: (a). f Lim
z 0 1 z z 1 z z 1 z 2
(b). By Quotient rule at z = 2, f 2 .
Q.No.13.: Show that the following functions are continuous but not differentiable:
2 1
(a). z (b). z (c). Im z (d). z (e). .
z
Hint: (a). Not differentiable anywhere
(b). Differentiable only at origin.
(c). Nowhere differentiable
(d). Nowhere differentiable
(e). Not differentiable at 0.
Q.No.14.: Find the derivative at indicated points:
2z i
(a). at z i (b). 3z 2 , z 1 i
z zi
3
Ans.: (a). 5i (b). 1 i .
2
Q.No.15.: Determine where C-R conditions are satisfied for the given function:
1 y
f z
2
In x 2 y2 i tan 1 .
x
Ans.: For all z, everywhere (Entire).
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 72
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Q.No.16.: Determine where C-R conditions are satisfied for the given function:
f (z) x ay i(bx cy) .
Ans.: a b , c = 1.
Q.No.17.: Determine where C-R conditions are satisfied for the given function:
f (z) xy iy .
Ans.: Nowhere (analytic).
Q.No.18.: Determine where C-R conditions are satisfied for the given function:
f (z) x 2 y 2 2i xy .
5
Ans.: (a). For f (z) z 2 , 0 ,
4 4
3 3 7
(b). For f (z) z 2 , , .
2 4 2 4
Q.No.19.: Determine where C-R conditions are satisfied for the given function:
f (z) zz .
Ans.: Only at origin.
Q.No.20.: Determine where C-R conditions are satisfied for the given function:
f (z) sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y .
Ans.: Everywhere.
Q.No.21.: Show that f x 2 iy3 is nowhere analytic.
Hint: C-R conditions satisfied only at origin.
Q.No.22.: If f (z) xy 2 ix 2 y , determine where:
(a). C-R conditions satisfied (b). f exist (c). f is analytic.
Ans.: (a). C-R satisfied only at origin (b). f exist only at origin
(c). f is nowhere analytic.
Q.No.23.: Show that the given function satisfies C-R conditions at origin but does not have a
derivative at origin:
z 2
z0
f (z) z ,
0, z 0
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 73
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.24.: Show that the given function satisfies C-R conditions at origin but does not have a
derivative at origin: f (z) xy .
Ans.:
Q.No.25.: Show that the given function satisfies C-R conditions at origin but does not have a
derivative at origin:
x 3 y3 i x 3 y3
, z0
f (z) x 2 y2
0, z 0
Q.No.26.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
u x 2 y2 y .
Ans.: v 2xy x c , f (z) z 2 iz c .
Q.No.27.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
x
v x 2 y2 .
x y2
2
y 1
Ans.: u 2xy c , w i z2 c .
x y
2 2
z
Q.No.28.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
sin 2x
u .
cosh 2y cos 2x
sinh 2y
Ans.: v , f cot z c .
cosh 2y cos 2x
Q.No.29.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
u 3xy 2 x 3 .
Ans.: v y3 3x 2 y c , f z3 ic .
Q.No.30.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 74
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
v y2 x 2 .
Ans.: u 2xy c , f iz 2 c .
Q.No.31.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
u e x x sin y y cos y .
Ans.: v e x y sin y y cos y c , f (z) ize z .
Q.No.32.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
x 2 y2
u .
x
2
2
y2
2xy 1
Ans.: v , f (z) c.
x 2
y 2 2
z2
Q.No.33.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
1
u
2
In x 2 y2 .
Ans.: v arg z c , f In z c .
Q.No.34.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
u 3x 3 y 2x 2 y3 2y 2 .
Ans.: Not harmonic.
Q.No.35.: Verify that the given function is harmonic and find its conjugate harmonic
function. Express u iv as an analytic function f(z):
u e2xy sin x 2 y 2 .
Ans.: v e 2xy cos x 2 y 2 c , f (z) ie iz ci .
2
Q.No.36.: If Im f z 6x 2y 1 and f (0) 3 2i , f (1) 6 5i find 1 i .
Ans.: 6 3i .
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 75
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Hint: f is analytic. Determine Re f . Use Milne-Thompson method.
cos x sin x e y
Q.No.37.: If u v and f 0 , determine
2 cos x cosh y 2
Ans.:
Q.No.38.: Determine constant ‘b’ such that u e bx cos 5y is harmonic. Find its conjugate
harmonic.
Ans.: b 5 , v e5x sin 5y c .
Q.No.39.: If f(z) is analytic in a domain D and f z k = constant in D, then show that f(z)
= constant D.
2 2
Q.No.40.: If f(z) is a regular function, show that 2 2 f z 4 f z .
2 2
x y
Q.No.41.: If f(z) = 0 then show that f(z) is constant.
Q.No.42.: If both f(z) and f (z) are analytic, show that f(z) is constant.
Q.No.43.: If f u iv is analytic show that g v iu is also analytic. Also show that u
and v are conjugate harmonic.
Hint: f analytic, u x u y , u y v x , so g satisfies C-R v x u y and v y u x , g analytic, ,
C. H. F.
Q.No.44.: If f(z) is analytic, prove that
2 2 n 2
2
f z n2 f z . f z .
n 2
2
x y
Q.No.45.: Show that (a). 2 In f (z) 0 (b). 2 arg f (z) 0 if f is analytic.
Q.No.46.: Show that U(x, y) eu cos v , V(x, y) eu sin v are conjugate harmonic of each
other if f u iv is analytic.
Q.No.47.: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves:
e x x sin y y cos y c1 .
Ans.: e x y sin y x cos y c 2 .
Q.No.48.: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves:
e x cos y xy c1 .
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 76
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Ans.: 2e x sin y x 2 y 2 c 2 .
Q.No.49.: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves:
x 4 6x 2 y 2 y 4 c1 .
Ans.: x 3 y xy 2 c 2 .
Q.No.50.: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves:
x 3 3xy 2 c1 .
Ans.: 3x 2 y y 3 c 2
Q.No.51.: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves:
r 2
1 cos c1r .
Ans.: r 2 1 sin c 2 r .
sin i cos f
Q.No.52.: If f(z) is analytic, show that f .
r
Q.No.53.: Show that u r, e cos In r is harmonic. Find its conjugate harmonic
function.
Ans.: v r, e sin In r c
Q.No.54.: Find the conjugate harmonic function of v r, r 2 cos 2 r cos 2 . Show that
v is harmonic.
Ans.: u r, r 2 sin 2 r sin c .
Q.No.55.: Find the conjugate harmonic function of u(r, ) r 3 sin 3 . Show that u is
harmonic.
Ans.: v r 3 cos3 c
xy 2 x iy x 2 y 4 , z 0
Q.No.56.: Show that f (z) .
0, z 0
1 px
Q.No.57.: Determine p such that the function f (z)
2
log x 2 y 2 i tan 1 be an
y
analytic function.
Ans.: p 1 .
Calculus of Complex Numbers: C.R. Equations, Analytical functions 77
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
2sin 2x
Q.No.58.: Find the analytic function z = u + iv, if u v .
e e 2y 2cos 2x
2y
Ans.:
Q.No.59.: For w = exp (z2), find u and v, and prove that curves u x, y c1 and v x, y c 2
, where c1 and c2 are constants, cut orthogonally.
Q.No.60.: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves.
(i). x 3 3xy 2 c (ii). r 2 cos 2 c .
Ans.: (i). 3x 2 y y3 c (ii). r 2 sin 2 c .
2sin x sin y
Q.No.61.: Find the regular function, whose imaginary part is .
cos 2x cosh 2y
Q.No.62.: Find the regular function, whose imaginary part is sinh x cos y .
*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
***
2nd Topic
Calculus of Complex Functions
Geometrical representations of w = f(z),
Conformal mapping, Translation, Magnification and
Rotation, Inversion and Reflection and Bilinear
Transformation
Theory
Prepared by:
Amit and Pranjali
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Last updated on 11-04-2011
Geometrical representations of w = f(z):
We know that the real function y f ( x ) can be represented graphically by a
curve in the xy-plane. Also the real function z f x, y can be represented by a surface
in the three dimensional space. However, this method of graphically representation fails
in the case of complex functions because a complex function w f (z), i.e.,
u iv f x iy involves four real variables, two independent variables x, y and two
dependent variables u, v. Hence, a four dimensional region is required to represent it
graphically in the cartesian fashion. As it is not possible to have 4-demensional graph
paper, we make use of two complex planes and call them z-plane and w-plane, i.e., one
of the variable z x iy and the other for the variable w u iv .
Since to each point (x, y), there corresponds a point (u, v), therefore, if the point z
describe some curve C in the z-plane, the point w will move along a corresponding curve
C ' in the w-plane. Thus, the function w f ( z ) defines a correspondence between
points of the two planes. We then, say that a curve C in the z-plane is mapped into the
corresponding curve C ' in the w-plane by the function w f ( z ) . Finally, we conclude
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 2
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
that the function w f ( z ) defines a mapping or transformation of the z-plane into the w-
plane.
y-axis Curve C v-axis Curve C '
Qz z Q' w w
z w
' '
P(z) P'(w )
x-axis u-axis
O z-plane O' w-plane
Introduction:
Suppose we are able to solve some problem for a simple domain such as a disk
of half plane D. And further suppose we map this domain D conformally to another
domain D* in which the solution is sought. Then using such a mapping, from solution of
D, we get a solution for D*.
Conformal mapping, which preserves angles in magnitude and sense, is useful in
solving boundary value problems in two-dimensional potential theory by transforming a
complicated region to a simpler region. i.e., conformal mapping preserves solutions of
two-dimensional Laplace equation. Bilinear transformation, mapping by zn, ez,
sin z , cosz are often used. Schwarz-Christoffel transformation maps polygons to upper
half –plane and consequently to a unit disk.
Critical Point: Critical Point of a function w = f(z) is a point z0, where f (z 0 ) 0 .
Conformal Mapping (Transformation):
Suppose two curves C, C1 in the z-plane intersect at the point P and the
corresponding curves C ' and C1' in the w-plane intersect at P ' . If the angle of
intersection of the curves at P is the same as the angle of intersection of the curves at P '
in magnitude and sense, then the transformation is said to be conformal at P.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 3
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A transformation, which preserves angles both in magnitude and sense between
every pair of curves through a point, is said to conformal at the point. But basically,
conformal mapping has two kinds:
1. Conformal mapping of the first kind:
If the conformal mapping preserves angles both in magnitude and sense, then
conformal mapping is known as conformal mapping of the first kind.
2. Conformal mapping of the second kind (Isogonal mapping):
If the conformal mapping preserve angles only in magnitude but not in sense,
which is reserved, like w z , where arg z arg z , then conformal mapping is known
as conformal mapping of the second kind.
Remarks: Given two mutually orthogonal one-parameter families of curves say
x, y c1 and x, y c 2 , then their image curves in the w-plane u , v c 3 and
u, v c 4 under a conformal mapping are also mutually orthogonal . Thus, conformal
mapping preserves the property of mutual orthogonality of system of curves in the plane.
Note: Conformal mapping is used to map complicated regions conformally onto simpler,
standard regions such as circular disks, half planes and strips for which the boundary
value problems are easier.
Condition under which the transformation w f (z) is conformal
Condition for Conformality:
Theorem:
A mapping w=f(z) is conformal at each point z0 where f(z) is analytic and
f z 0 0 .
or
The transformation effected by an analytic function w f ( z ) is conformal at
every point of the z-plane, where f ' (z) 0 .
or
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 4
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
If f(z) is analytic and f ' (z) 0 in a region R of the z-plane, then the mapping
w f ( z ) is conformal at all points of R.
Proof: Given
(i) f(z) is analytic, i.e. f(z) possesses a unique derivative w.r.t. z at all points of a region R
(ii) f ' (z) 0
Let P(z) be a point in the region R of the z-plane and P ' (w) the corresponding point in
the region R ' of the w-plane. Suppose P(z) moves on a curve C and P ' (w) moves on the
corresponding curve C ' . Let Q ( z z ) be a neighbouring point on C and Q ' (w w) be
the corresponding neighbouring point on C ' so that PQ z and P' Q' w .
y-axis Curve C v-axis Curve C'
Qz z Q' w w
z w
' '
P(z) P'(w )
x-axis u-axis
O z-plane O' w-plane
Then, z is a complex number whose modulus r is the length PQ and amplitude
is the angle which PQ makes with the x-axis.
z rei .
Similarly, if the modulus and amplitude of w be r ' and ' , then w r ' ei ' .
w r ' i '
Hence e .
z r
Let the tangent at P to the curve C makes an angle with the x-axis and the tangent at
P ' to C ' makes an angle ' with the u-axis, then as z 0, and ' ' .
dw w r
Lt .ei .
f (z) Lt [f(z) possesses a unique derivative] (i)
dz z 0 z z 0
r
Also given f ' (z) 0 , and let us consider f ' (z) e i , (ii)
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 5
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
then f ' ( z ) is the modulus and amplitudeof f ' z .
i r ' i '
From (i), we get e Lt e .
z 0
r
r'
From (i) and (ii), we have Lt . (iii)
z 0 r
and Lt ' ' . (iv)
z0
Now, let C ' be another curve through P in the z-plane and C1' the corresponding curve
through P ' in the w-plane. If the tangent at P to C ' makes an angle with the x-axis and
tangent at P ' to C1' makes an angle ' with the u-axis, then as in (iv), we get
' . (v)
Then, from (iv) and (v), we obtain ' ' ' ' .
Thus, the angle between the curves before and after the mapping is preserved in
magnitude and sense (direction). Hence, the mapping by the analytic function w f ( z ) is
conformal at each point where f ' (z) 0 .
Remarks:
(1). Relation (iv), i.e. ' shows that the tangent at P to the curve C is rotated
through an angle amp f ' (z) under the given transformation.
r'
(2). The relation (iii), i.e. Lt shows that in the conformal transformation, the
z 0 r
lengths of arcs passing through P any direction are magnified in the ratio : 1 , where
f ' (z) . Thus, an infinitesimal length in the z-plane is magnified by the factor f ' (z)
in the w-plane and consequently the infinitesimal areas are in the z-plane magnified by
2
the factor f ' (z) in the w-plane in a conformal transformation.
(3). Jacobian of a transformation:
If w f ( z ) , i.e., u iv f ( x iy ) is an analytic function which maps a closed
region D of the z-plane into a closed region D ' of w-plane, then u and v must satisfy C-R
equation.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 6
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
u u u v
2 2
u, v x y x u v u i v f ' (z) 2 .
J x
x, y v v v u x x x x
x y x x
Hence, in a conformal transformation, infinitesimal areas are magnified by the factor
u, v u, v
J . Also the condition of a conformal mapping is J 0 .
x, y x, y
(4). The angle preserving property of the conformal transformation has many important
physical applications.
For example, consider the flow of an incompressible fluid in a plane with velocity
potential ( x , y) and stream function ( x , y) . We know that and are real and
imaginary parts of some analytic function w f ( z ) . As constant and constant
represent a system of orthogonal curves; these are transformed by the function w f ( z )
into a set of orthogonal lines in the w-plane and vice-versa.
Thus, the conjugate function and , when subjected to conformal
transformation, remains conjugate functions, i.e., the solution of Laplace’s equation
remain solutions of the Laplace’s equation after the transformation. In other way, a
harmonic function remains harmonic under a conformal transformation. This is the main
reason for the great importance of the conformal transformation in applications.
Q.: What is reason for the great importance of the conformal transformation in applications?
Conformal Mapping by Elementary Functions:
General Linear Transformation or Linear Transformation
General Linear Transformation or simply linear transformation defined by the
function
w f ( z ) az b (i)
( a 0 , and b are arbitrary complex constants) maps conformally the extended complex
z-plane onto the extended w-plane, since this function is analytic and f z a 0 for
any z. If a = 0, (i) reduces to a constant function.
Special cases of linear transformation are:
i. Identity Transformation:
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 7
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
w=z
for a = 1, b = 0, which maps a point z onto itself.
ii. Translation:
w = z +b
for a = 1, which translates (shifts) z through a distance b in the direction b.
If z x iy , b b1 ib 2 and w u iv ,
then the transformation becomes u iv x iy b1 ib 2 u x b1 and v y b 2 ,
i.e., the point P(x, y) in the z-plane is mapped onto the point P '(x b1 , y b 2 ) in the w-
plane. Every point in the z-plane is mapped onto w-plane in the same way. Thus, if the w-
plane is superposed on the z-plane, figure is shifted through a distance given by the
vector b.
Accordingly, this transformation maps a figure in the z-plane into a figure in the
w-plane of the same shape and size. Thus, this transformation is a mere translation of the
axis and preserves the shape and size. In particular, this transformation changes circles
into circles.
iii. Magnification and Rotation:
w=eiθ .z
for a ei , b 0 which rotates (the radius vector of point) z through a scalar angle
(counter clockwise if 0 while clockwise if 0 )
Let w cz , where c is complex constant.
Let c ei , z rei and w Re i , then the transformation becomes
Re i ei .rei rei R r and .
Thus, the transformation maps a point P ( r , ) in the z-plane onto the point P ' ( r, )
in the w-plane. Hence this transformation consists of magnification (or contraction) of the
radius vector P by c and its rotation through an angle amp (c) .
Accordingly, it maps any figure in the z-plane into a geometrically similar figure
in the w-plane. In particular, this transformation maps circles into circles.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 8
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
iv. Stretching (scaling):
w = az
for ‘a’ real stretches if a > 1 (contracts if 0 < a < 1) the radius vector by factor ‘a’.
Thus, the linear transformation w f ( z ) az b consists of rotation through angle arg
a, scaling by factor a , followed by translation through vector b. This transformation is
used for constructing conformal mapping of ‘similar’ figures.
Result: Show that circles are invariant under translation, rotation and
stretching.
i.e., Linear transformation preserves circles i.e., a circle in the z-plane under
transformation maps to a circle in the w-plane.
Proof: Consider any circle in the z-plane
A x 2 y 2 Bx Cy D 0 (i)
From w f ( z ) az b , we get
u iv w az b a (x iy) (b1 ib 2 ) u ax b1 , v ay b 2
u b1 v b2
x , y , a0 (ii)
a a
Substituting (ii) in (i), we get
A * u 2 v 2 B * u c * v D* 0 (iii)
which is a circle in the w-plane.
Here
A B 2Ab1 C 2Ab 2
A* , B* , C*
a2 a a
b2 b2 Bb1 Cb 2
D* D A 1 2 2 .
a a a
Thus, circles are invariant under translation, rotation and stretching.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 9
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Some standard transformations:
1
Inversion and Reflection: w = .
z
Here, it is convenient to think the w-plane as superposed on z-plane.
y, v
P(z)
* P1 ,
1
r x, u
O
* P' w
1 i 1 i
Let z rei and w Re i , then the transformation w becomes Re e
z r
1
R and .
r
1
Thus, under the transformation w , a point P ( r , ) in z-plane is mapped into the point
z
1
P1 , .
r
1
Consider the w-plane superposed on the z-plane. If P is r, and P1 , , then
r
1 1
OP1 OP.OP1 1
r OP
P1 is the inverse of P w.r.t. the unit circle with centre O.
1
Then the reflection P ' of P1 in the real axis represents w .
z
Hence, this transformation is an inversion of z w.r.t. the unit circle z 1 followed by
reflection of the inverse into the real axis.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 10
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1
Clearly, the function w maps the interior of the unit circle z 1 onto the exterior of
z
the unit circle w 1 and the exterior of z 1 onto the interior of w 1 .
y v
D D*
1
1
x u
C A A*
C*
B B*
z-plane w-plane
However, the origin z = 0 is mapped to the point w , called the point at infinity.
1
Result: Prove that circles are invariant under w .
z
or
1
Show that the transformation w always maps circles into circles.
z
or
1
The transformation w maps a circle in z-plane onto a circle in w-plane or to a
z
straight line if the circle in z-plane passes through the origin.
Proof: Consider any circle in the z-plane
A x 2 y 2 Bx Cy D 0 (i)
1
In terms of Cartesian co-ordinates, w becomes
z
1 x iy x iy
u x, y iv x, y 2
x iy x iy x iy x y 2
x y
Thus u 2 2
, v .
x y x y2
2
u v
Similarly, x , y (ii)
2 2
u v u v2
2
Substituting (ii) in the equation of any circle in z-plane given by (i), we get
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 11
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
D u 2 v 2 Bu Cv A 0 (iii)
This is the equation of the circle in the w-plane.
Observations: From (ii) and (iii), note that
i. A 0 , D 0 circles not passing through origin in z-plane maps to circles not passing
through origin in w-plane.
ii. A = 0, D 0 , straight lines (considered as the limiting case of circles) in z-plane maps
to circles through origin in w-plane.
iii. A = 0, D = 0, straight lines maps to straight lines in w-plane and so on.
1
Thus, circles under w are preserved.
z
Special Conformal Transformations:
Transformation:
Transformation: w = zn, where n is integer greater that 1.
n
Rewriting Rei w z n rei
R r n and n (i)
y v
n
x u
O
z-plane w-plane
Thus, angular region sector with central angle , r > 0, 0 in the z-plane
n n
under w z n maps to the upper half plane v 0 in the w-plane (since 0 n ,
R > 0, i.e., v 0 )
The transformation w z n is conformal every except at z = 0 and since zn is entire and
since f z nz n 1 is non-zero and bounded everywhere except at z = 0 and . This
2
transformation maps the sector 0 arg z 0 onto the w-plane (cut along the
n
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 12
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
2
ray arg w n 0 ) since both the boundaries I and II of the sector say 0 of
n
the z-plane maps to the positive real axis of the w-plane)
y II
v
2 I
n I x u
z=0 w=0
II
z-plane w-plane
Note: The angles at the origin are multiplied by a factor n in this mapping and the
angular region is spread onto a half plane.
Mapping w = z2:
In polar coordinates
Re i w re i
2
r 2 e i 2 (i)
i.e., R r 2 , 2
Thus, the angles at the origin are doubled. For example, the first quadrant in z-plane
0 maps to the upper half plane in the w-plane 0 .
2
2 2 21
2
1
O r r1 r r2 R r12 R r22
z-plane w-plane
The circle r = r0 maps to circle R r02 .
The ray 0 maps to the ray 2 0 .
In cartesian co-ordinates
u x , y iv ( x , y) w z 2 x iy 2 x 2 y 2 i2xy
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 13
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
so u ( x , y) x 2 y 2 , v(x, y) 2xy (xiv)
Case 1: If u = u0 = constant and v = v0 = constant then x 2 y 2 u 0 and 2xy = v0
represent equilateral hyperbolas (with the lines y x and the coordinate axes x = 0, y =
0 as asymptotes respectively) which are orthogonal trajectories of each other.
y
v
u1 u2
v2
x
v1
u
O
w-plane
z-plane
Case 2: If x = c1 = constant and y = c2 = constant then eliminating x and y from (xiv) for
x = c 1.
v2
u c12 2
y , v 2c1 y so u c12
4c12
which is a parabola with focus at origin, v = 0 as axis and open to the left. Similarly,
v2
y c 2 , u x 2 c 22 , v 2c 2 x , so u c 22 parabola open to the right.
4c 22
y v
y = b2
x = c1 x = b1 y = c2
y = b2
u
y = c2
x
z-plane x = c1
x = b1
w-plane
These parabolas are orthogonal to each other w z 2 is conformal everywhere except at
z 0 where w 2z 0 .
or
w = z2
We have u iv x iy 2 x 2 y 2 2ixy .
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 14
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
u x 2 y2 and v 2 xy . (i)
If u is constant (say, a), then x 2 y 2 a ,
which is a rectangular hyperbola.
b
Similarly, if v is constant (say, b), then xy ,
2
which also represent a rectangular hyperbola.
Hence, a pair of lines u a , v b parallel to the axes in the w-plane, map into pair of
orthogonal rectangular hyperbolae in the z-plane.
v
Again, if x is constant (say, c), then y and y 2 c 2 u .
2c
Elimination of y from these equations gives v 2 4c 2 c 2 u ,
which represent a parabola.
Similarly, if y is a constant (say, d), then elimination of x from the equation (i) gives
v 2 4d 2 d 2 u ,
which is also a parabola.
Hence, the pair of lines x c and y d parallel to the axes in the z-plane map into
orthogonal parabolas in the w-plane.
dw
Also, since 2z 0 for z 0 , therefore, it is a critical point of the mapping.
dz
Taking z rei and w Rei then in polar form w z 2 becomes Rei r 2e 2i .
This shows that upper half of the z-plane 0 transform into the entire w-plane
0 2 . The same is true for the lower half.
Transformation w = ez:
Rewriting
Rei w ez ex iy ex .eiy
Therefore R e x and y (i)
i.e., modulus of w is ex and argument of w is y. The line x = c = constant maps onto the
circle R = ec.
v
y d
d
D C * c
R eb C
R ea *
c * B
D *
A B x A u
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 15
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
The line y = c maps on to the ray c . Thus, the region a x b , c y d in the z-
plane is mapped to the region A*B*C*D* in the w-plane bounded by the concentric
circles R = eb and R = ea and by the rays c and d .
Note 1: Since e z 0 , w = 0 is not mapped . Thus, the origin in w-plane is excluded.
Note 2: This mapping is one to one if d c 2 .
Particular case: c = 0, d .
Consider the rectangular region in z-plane
a x b , 0 y (see figure)
y
i E D
F C
x
A B
z-plane
By (i), e a R e x e b and 0 y .
Thus, the rectangular region maps onto the upper half of the annulus ring e a R e b ,
0 . (see figure) v
C*
R eb
R ea
F*
u
* *
D E *
A B
*
Infinite Rectangular Strip: w-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 16
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
To find the image of the infinite rectangular strip in the z-plane given by x ,
0 y under the transformation w = ez:
Case 1: Consider the left semi-infinite strip
x 0, 0 y .
By (i), x = 0, R e 0 1 and as x , r e x 0 . Also 0
AB: x 0 , y = 0 then 0 < R < 1 and 0
BCD: x = 0, 0 y then R = 1 and 0
DE: x 0 , y then 0 < R < 1 and .
Thus, the left semi-infinite strip ABCDE maps on to the semi circle 0 R 1 , 0
given by A*B*C*D*E* in the w-plane. (see figure)
y v
E D i G C
*
C
x u
*
A B F G* D E
*
A
* B* F*
z-plane w-plane
Case 2: Right semi-infinite strip 0 x , 0 y . By (i), 1 R and 0 .
Thus, the right semi-infinite strip maps onto the exterior of the semi-circle w 1 in the
upper half of the w-plane.
Conformality: w e z is conformal everywhere since ez is analytic everywhere and has
no critical points w e z 0 for any z).
Mapping of Logarithmic Function:
Since logarithm is the inverse of exponential function, the mapping logarithm can
be easily obtained from those of the exponential function by interchanging the roles of z
(z-plane) and w (w-plane).
Transformation w = sin z:
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 17
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
We know that
u iv w f z sin z
sin x. cosh y i cos x sinh y (i)
u x , y sin x. cosh y (ii)
vx , y cos x. sinh y (iii)
If x , then the mapping in one-to-one.
2 2
If x = c = constant then from (ii) and (iii)
u sin c cosh y , v cos c. sinh y ,
2 2
u v
so I cosh 2 y sinh 2 y
sin c sin c
Thus, the images of the vertical lines x = constant are hyperbolas given by
u2 v2
1 (iv)
sin 2 x cos 2 x
If y = c then from (ii) and (iii), we get
u sin x. cosh c , v cos x. sinh c ,
2 2
u v
so 1 sin 2 x cos 2 x .
cosh c sinh c
Thus, the images of the horizontal lines y = c are ellipses given by
u2 v2
1 (v)
cosh 2 y sinh 2 y
y v
B* C*
A B C D
x A* D* u
2 2 H* –1 O 1 E*
H G F E
G* F*
z-plane
The foci for the ellipses (v) and hyperbolas (iv) are same given by w 1 (independent
w-plane
of the constant c (Fig.)
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 18
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Here w = sin z transforms x = c and y = c lines into confocal hyperbolas (iv) and confocal
ellipse (v) respectively. The families of hyperbolas and ellipses are orthogonal to each
other.
Semi-infinite strip: x , y 0.
2 2
y
v
E A
F
F*
D B x –1 1 u
C E * D* C* B*
*
A
2 2
z-plane w-plane
From (ii) and (iii), u sin x. cosh y , v cos x. sinh y
x
AB: x , y 0 , so v = 0, u cosh y 1
2
BC: y = 0, 0 x , so v = 0, u sin x , thus 0 u 1
2
CD: y = 0, x 0 , so v = 0, u sin x , thus 1 u 1
2
DE: x , y 0 , so v = 0, u cosh y 1
2
CF: x = 0, y 0 so u = 0, v sinh y 0 .
Thus, the upper semi-infinite strip in the z-plane under w sin z transforms to the upper
half plane in the w-plane.
Similarly, the lower semi-infinite strip x , y 0 maps to the lower half of the
2 2
w-plane.
Cut:
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 19
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
To find the image of the rectangle in the z-plane x , 1 y 1 under
2 2
w sin z (Fig.)
y v
C 1 B
* * *
C D A B
*
u
D O A x *
E
* –1 1 F
2 2
E –1 F
z-plane w-plane
Line by line correspondence:
CB: y = 1, x , upper portion of the ellipse
2 2
u2 v2
1
cosh 2 1 sinh 2 1
since v cos x.sinh1 0 for x
2 2
EF: y = 1, x , lower portion of the ellipse since v cos x. sinh1 0 for
2 2
, .
2 2
BA: x , y > 0, so v = 0, u cosh y 1 .
2
AF: x , y > 0, so v = 0, u cosh y cosh y 1 .
2
Thus, BA and AF both get mapped onto the same line segment v = 0, u 1 in the w-
plane. B*A*F* is known as cut along the real axis.
CD: x , y > 0, so v = 0, u cosh y 1
2
DE: x , y < 0, so v = 0, u cosh y 1 .
2
Thus CD and DE both map to the cut C*D*E*.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 20
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Hence, the upper and lower sides of the rectangle are mapped onto semi-ellipse while the
vertical sides onto cosh1 u 1 and 1 u cosh1 (v = 0).
Mapping w sin z is conformal everywhere except at z 1 where it is not one-to-one.
In general, w sin z is conformal everywhere since w sin z is analytic everywhere
except at the critical points z 2n 1 , where w cos z 0.n 0, 1, 2,...... .
2
Successive Transformations:
Successive Transformations from one plane to another are equivalent to a single
transformation.
1. w cos z sin z with z* z , w cos z sin z * .
2 2
Thus, the cosine transformation is the same mapping as sin preceded by a translation to
the right through units.
2
2. w sinh z i sin iz , with w 1 iz , w 2 sin w 1 , w iw 2
Hyperbolic sine consists of counter clockwise rotation through , followed by sine
2
transformation followed by clockwise rotation through .
2
3. w cosh z cos iz with w1 = iz, w cos( w 1 ) .
Hyperbolic cosine consists of counterclockwise rotation through followed by cosine
2
transformation.
Bilinear Transformation or Mobius Transformation:
az b
The transformation w , (i)
cz d
where a, b, c and d are complex constants and ad bc 0 is called as Bilinear
transformation or Mobius transformation or linear fractional transformation.
In other words, Bilinear transformation is the function w of a complex variable z of the
az b
form w f (z) .
cz d
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 21
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Why this transformation is known as bilinear transformation?
When (i) is cleared of fractions, it takes the form
cwz wd az b 0 ,
which is linear both in w and z and hence the name bilinear transformation.
Bilinear transformation is conformal for all z:
Differentiating (i) w.r.t., z, we get
dw ad bc
dz cz d 2
dw
If ad bc 0 , then 0 for any z and therefore Bilinear transformation is conformal
dz
for all z, i.e., it maps z-plane conformally onto the w-plane,
dw
Thus, the condition ad bc 0 ensures that 0, i.e., the transformation is conformal.
dz
dw
If ad bc 0 , then 0 for any z. Then every point of the z-plane is critical point
dz
and the function is not conformal.
Special cases of Bilinear transformation:
For a choice of constants a, b, c, d, we get special cases of Bilinear transformation as
w z b Translation
w = az Rotation
w az b Linear transformation
1
w inversion in the unit circle.
z
Thus B.T. can be considered as combination of these transformations.
az b
Inverse of bilinear transformation w :
cz d
Solving (i) for z, we find that inverse of the Bilinear transformation is
dw b
z (ii)
cw a
which is also a bilinear transformation.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 22
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Remarks:
d
(1). From (i), we see that each point in the z-plane except z , maps into a unique
c
a
point in the w-plane. Similarly, (ii) shows that each point in the w-plane except w ,
c
maps into a unique point in the z-plane. Considering the two exceptional points as points
at infinity in the two planes, we can say that there is one to one correspondence between
all points in the two planes.
d
From (i), observe that the point z corresponds to w , point at infinity in the w-
c
a
plane. Similarly from (ii), the point w corresponds to z , point at infinity in the
c
z-plane.
(2). Invariant points of bilinear transformation:
If z maps into itself in the w-plane
az b az b
(i.e. w = z), then z z cz 2 d a z b 0 .
cz d cw d
The roots of this equation (say: z1, z 2 ) are defined as the invariant or fixed points of the
az b
bilinear transformation z .
cz d
In other words, fixed (or invariant) points of function w = f(z) are points which are
mapped onto themselves i.e., w = f(z) = z.
Example:
wz has every point a fixed point
wz infinitely many
1
w has two
z
w z b has no fixed point
az b
To obtain the fixed points of w , solve
cz d
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 23
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
az b
z , which is a quadratic in z given by
cz d
cz 2 a d z b 0 . (i)
az b
Thus, the roots, say , of (i) are fixed points of w ,.
cz d
If two roots of (i) are equal then bilinear transformation is said to be parabolic.
The quadratic with , as roots is z 2 z 0.
For any complex constant ,
z 2 z z z 0
zz z
z
z .
z
Thus, the bilinear transformations, whose fixed points , are given by
z
w . (ii)
z
For various values , (ii) gives B.T. with fixed points , .
az b
(3). In the linear transformation w , ad bc 0 , dividing the numerator and
cz d
denominator of the right side by one of the four constants, we observe that there are only
three independent constants. Hence, three conditions are required to determine a bilinear
transformation. For instance, three distinct points z1, z 2 , z3 can be mapped into any three
specified points w1, w 2 , w 3 .
Two important properties:
(1) Show that a bilinear transformation maps circles into circles.
az b
Proof: Since we know that every bilinear transformation w , ad bc 0 is the
cz d
combination of basic transformation
(i) translation: w z c ,
(ii) rotation and magnification: w cz ,
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 24
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1
(iii) inversion: w .
z
az b caz b acz bc ad ad a cz d bc ad
By actual division, w
cz d ccz d ccz d ccz d
a bc ad a bc ad c
.
c cz d c c 2 cz d
a bc ad 1 a
w . w2 ,
c c 2 d c
z
c
bc ad 1 d
where w 3 w2 , w2 , w1 z .
c2 w1 c
(rotation and magnification) (inversion) (translation)
Thus, by these transformations, we successively pass from z-plane to w1-plane,
from w1-plane to w2-plane, from w2-plane to w3-plane and finally from w3-plane to w-
plane. Now each of these transformations is one or other of the standard transformations
1
w z c, w zc, w and under each of these a circle maps onto a circle, i.e. all
z
these transformations preserve circles..
Hence, the bilinear transformation also maps circles into circles.
Cross-ratio or anharmonic ratio of four numbers:
The cross-ratio or anharmonic ratio of four numbers z1, z2, z3, z4 is the linear fraction
given by
z1 z 2 z 3 z 4
.
z1 z 4 z 3 z 2
Theorem: A bilinear transformation preserves cross-ratio of four points.
or
The cross ratio is invariant under a bilinear transformation.
Let the points z1, z 2 , z3 , z 4 of the z-plane map onto the points w1, w 2 , w 3 , w 4 of
az b
the w-plane respectively under the bilinear transformation w .
cz d
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 25
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
This means that w1, w2, w3, w4 are respectively the images of z1, z2, z3, z4 under the
az b
bilinear transformation w .
cz d
az b
If these points are finite, then from w , we have
cz d
az j b
w j wk
cz j d
az k b
cz k d
ad bc
cz j d cz k d
z j zk
Using this relation for j, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, we get
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4 z1 z 2 z3 z 4
w1 w 4 w 3 w 2 z1 z 4 z3 z 2
Thus the cross-ratio of four points is invariant under bilinear transformation.
This property is very useful in finding a bilinear transformation.
Determination of Bilinear Transformation:
A bilinear transformation can be uniquely determined by three given conditions.
Although four constants a, b, c, d appear in (i), essentially they are three ratio of three of
these constants to the fourth one.
To find the unique bilinear transformation which maps three given points z1, z2,
z3 onto three distinct images w1, w2, w3, consider w which is the image of a general point
z under this transformation. Now as we know the cross-ratio is preserved under bilinear
transformation, so the cross-ratio of the four points w1, w2, w3, w must be equal to the
cross-ratio of z1, z2, z3, z .
Hence, the unique bilinear transformation that maps three given points z1, z2, z3 onto
three given images w1, w2, w3 is given by
w1 w 2 w 3 w z1 z 2 z 3 z
w1 w w 3 w 2 z1 zz 3 z 2
Note 1: If one of the points, say: z1 , the quotient of those two differences which
contain z1 , is replaced by 1 i.e.,
z1 z 2 z3 z 4 z3 z 4 .
z1 z 4 z3 z 2 z3 z 2
z z0
Note 2: The B.T. w e i maps the half plane y 0 onto the unit disk w 1
z z0
for any arbitrary real and Imz 0 0 .
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 26
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
************************************
Schwartz-Christoffel Transformation:
The transformation which maps the interior of a polygon in the w-plane into the
upper half of the z-plane and the boundary of the polygon into the real axis is called
Schwartz-Christoffel Transformation.
The above transformation can be obtained from
dw 1 2 3 n
A z x 1 1 z x 2 1 z x 3 1 .......... .z x n 1 ,
dz
1 2 3 n
where w A z x1 z x 2 1 z x 3 1........z x n 1 dz
1
Here 1 , 2 ,......, n are interior angles of the polygon having vertices w1 , w 2 ,......, w n ,
which map into the points x1 , x 2 ,......x n , on the real axis of the z-plane. A, B are
complex constants which determine the size and position of the polygon.
*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
***
2nd Topic
Calculus of Complex Functions
Geometrical representations of w = f(z),
Conformal mapping, Translation, Magnification and
Rotation, Inversion and Reflection and Bilinear
Transformation
Problems
Prepared by:
Amit and Pranjali
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Last updated on 11-04-2011
Problems on various Transformations:
Mapping: Streching (scaling): w = az, a is real
Q.No.1.: Consider the transformation w = 2z and determine the region D of the w-plane
into which the triangular region D enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1
in the z-plane is mapped under this transformation.
Sol.: Given w = 2z u iv 2x iy
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u 2 x , v 2y .
When x = 0, we have, u = 0
When y = 0, we have, v = 0
When x y 1 , we have u v 2 .
Thus, the region in the z-plane is mapped into the region in w-plane as shown in Fig.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 2
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
y v
(0, 1) (0, 2)
u + v=2
x + y=1
x u
O (1, 0) O (2, 0)
z-plane w-plane
************************************
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 3
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Mapping: Rotation and Magnification w = cz, c is complex
i
Q.No.1.: Consider the transformation w e 4z and determine the region in the w-plane
corresponding to triangular region bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and
x y 1 in the z-plane.
Sol.: The given transformation is
1
w u iv cos i sin x iy 1 i x iy 1 x y ix y
4 4 2 2
1 1
u x y and v x y
2 2
x v
v 1/ 2
x= 0 x+y =1
v u vu
y
u
O y=0
O
z-plane w-plane
1 1
The line x = 0 maps into u y, v y or into v u
2 2
1 1
The line y = 0 maps into u x, v x or into v = u.
2 2
1
The line x + y = 1maps into v .
2
The two regions are shown shaded in the Fig.
Q.No.2.: Determine the region in w-plane in which the rectangular region bounded by the
lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 2 and y = 3, is mapped under the transformation
w 2e i / 4 z .
1 1
Sol.: Given w 2 cos i sin ( x iy) 2 i ( x iy)
4 4 2 2
u iv 1 i x iy .
y
y=3
v
x=2 v = –u v=u
x=0
v -u = –6
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 4
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u x y and v x y .
When x = 0, we have u = –y, v = y v u
When y = 0, we have u = x, v = y v u
When x = 2, we have u 2 y , v 2 y u v 4
When y = 3, we have u x 3 , v x 3 , u v 6 u v 6 0 v u 6 .
Thus, the region in z-plane bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 3 is mapped into
a rectangle bounded by v u , v = u, u v 4 , v u 6 , as shown in Figures.
************************************
Mapping: w = z
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 5
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.2.: Show that the transformation w z maps the domain in the z-plane to the
right of the line x = a into the interior of a hyperbola in the w-plane.
Sol.: Given transformation is w z u iv 2 z u 2 v 2 2uvi x iy
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u 2 v 2 x , 2uv = y.
Now u 2 v 2 x .
The region in z-plane is given by x > a
u 2 v 2 a v 2 u 2 a .
Thus, the region in w-plane is the interior of the hyperbola.
************************************
Mapping: Translation w = z + c
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 6
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.1.:What is the region of the w-plane into which the rectangular region in the z-
plane bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 2, is mapped under the
transformation w z ( 2 i ) ?
Sol.: Given w z ( 2 i ) u iv ( x 2 ) i ( y 1) u x 2 , v y 1
On equating real and imaginary parts, we get
When x = 0; u = 2, When x = 1; u = 3,
When y = 0; v 1, When y = 2; v = 1.
Draw the region in z-plane and the corresponding region in w-plane as in the Fig.
y v
y=2
u=2 u=3
x=1 v=1
x=0
u
O
y=0 x v = -1
O z-plane
w-plane
Q.No.2.: Find the image of the circle z 2 under the transformation w z 3 2i .
Sol.: Given w z 3 2i u iv x iy 3 2i .
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u x 3 and v y 2 .
The region z 2 gives x 2 y 2 4
u 32 v 22 4 , which is a circle with centre (3, 2) and radius 2.
v
y
2
C
x
O (3, 2)
u
O
z-plane
w-plane
************************************
Mapping: w = az + c
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 7
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.1.: Find the image of the semi-infinite strip x > 0, 0 < y < 2, under the
transformation w iz 1 . Show the region graphically.
Sol.: Given w iz 1 u iv ix iy 1
v
y
y= 2
u = –1 u=1
x u
O O
z-plane w-plane
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u 1 y, v x .
When x > 0; we have v > 0
When 0 < y < 2; we have 0 1 u 2 1 u 1 1 u 1 .
Thus, the region in z-plane is mapped into the region in w-plane as shown in Figures.
Q.No.2.: Find the plot the image of triangular region with vertices at (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)
under the transformation w 1 i z 3 .
Sol.: u iv w 1 i x iy 3
So u x, y x y 3 , v x, y y x
AB: y = 0, u = x + 3, v x u v 3 v 3 u : A*B*
AC: x = 0, u = y + 3, v = y u v 3 v u 3 : A*C*
BC: x + y =1, or substituting u x y 3
= 1 + 3 = 4, i.e., u = 4 : B*C*
So, the image is the triangular region with vertices at A*(3, 0), B * 4,1 , C*(4, 1).
Let D , be any interior point of ABC. Its image is D*(7/2, 0), which is also an
1 1
4 4
interior point of A*B*C*.
y v
u =4
3
C*
C(0,1)
A* u
x
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 8
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Some more information regarding this problem:
Note 1: The angles , , at A, B, C are preserved as , , at vertices A*, B*, C*
2 4 4 2 4 4
since given function is conformal (everywhere).
7
Note 2: Since z1 1 i , r 2 , or
4 4
Thus 1 i 2 e i 7 / 4 .
Rewriting
w 1 i z 3 2e i7 / 4 .z 3
the above transformation first rotates the triangle ABC in the z-plane clockwise by (or
4
7
anticlockwise and stretches the triangle by a scaling factor 2 and then finally
4
translates the triangle to distance 3 units to the right, resulting in the triangle A*, B*, C*
in the w-plane AB 1, AC 1, BC 2 while A * B* 2 , A * C* 2 , BC 2
************************************
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 9
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1
Mapping: Inversion: w =
z
1
Q.No.1.: Under the transformation w , find the image of z 2i 2 .
z
1 1 1 u iv
Sol.: The given transformation is w z x iy 2
z w u iv u v 2
u v
so that x and y (i)
u v2 2 u v2
2
The given curve is z 2i 2 x iy 2 2
x 2 y 2 4 x 2 y 2 4y 0
2
(ii)
which is a circle in the z-plane with centre (0, 2) and radius 2.
Substituting the values of x and y from (i) in (ii), we get
u2 v2 4v u2 v2 4v
0 0
u 2
v u
2 2 2
v
2 2 2
u v 2
u 2
v
2 2 u v2
2
1 4v 0 , a straight line which is the required image of the given curve.
1 1 1
Q.No.2.: Find the image of the infinite strip y under the transformation w
4 2 z
Also show the regions graphically.
Sol.: The given transformation is
1 1 1 u iv
w z x iy 2
z w u iv u v 2
u v
so that x and y
2 2
u v u v2
2
1 v 1
u v 4v 0 u v 2 4
2 2 2 2
If y , then
4 2 2 4
u v
1 v 1
u v 2v 0 u v 1 1
2 2 2 2
If y , then
2 2 2 2
u v v
y
y = 1/2
O u
y = 1/4
x
O
z-plane
w-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 10
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 1
Hence, the infinite strip y is transformed into the region between the two circles
4 2
u 2 v 22 4 , centre 0, 2 , radius 2
and u 2 v 22 1 , centre 0, 1 , radius 1.
1
Q.No.3.: Find the image of the following curves under the mapping w ;
z
(i). in the line y x 1 0 (ii). z 3 5 . v
1 1 1 u iv u iv
Sol.: (i). w z x iy . 2 . C
z w u iv u iv u v 2 (1/2, 1/2)
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u
O
u v
x , y
u 2 v2 u 2 v2 w-plane
v u
Now y x 1 0 gives
2 2
2 2
1 0 u2 v2 u v 0 ,
u v u v
which is a circle with centre , and radius
1 1 1
in w-plane.
2 2 2
1
(ii). Given circle is z 3 5 3 5 1 3w 5 w
w
1 3u iv 5 u 2 v 2
1 3u 3iv 5 u 2 v 2
1 3u 2 9v 2 5 u 2 v2 p iy x 2 y 2
1 9u 2 9v 2 6u 25 u 2 v 2 16 u 2 16 v 2 6 u 1 0
6u 1
u 2 v2 0,
16 16
[The centre of x 2 y 2 2gx 8fy c 0 is g, f and its radius g 2 f 2 c ]
which represents a circle with centre , 0
3
16
9 1 9 16 25 5
and radius 0 .
256 16 256 256 16
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 11
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Hence, the region in w-plane is given by
3 5
w .
16 16
1
Q.No.4.: Show that the image of hyperbola x 2 y 2 1 , under the transformation w
z
is the lemniscrate 2 cos 2 , where w ei .
Sol.: Given x 2 y 2 1 .
Take x r cos , y r sin , we get
r 2 cos 2 sin 2 1 r 2 cos 2 1 (i)
1 1
Now w z
z w
1 i 1
rei e 1 r , .
1
Therefore, (i) gives cos 2 1 cos 2 2 .
2
1
Q.No.5.: Find the graph the strip 1 < x < 2 under the mapping w .
z
1 x iy
Sol.: u iv w 2
z x y2
u v
so x , y
2 2
u v u v2
2
u
Since 1 < x < 2 so 1 2
u v2
2
u 2 v 2 u 0 and 2 u 2 v 2 u 0
2 2
1 1 1 1
Rewriting u v 2 and u v 2
2 4 4 16
1 1 1 1
w and w
2 2 4 4
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 12
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 1
i.e., interior of the circle with centre at ,0 and radius and exterior of the circle
2 2
1 1
with centre at ,0 and radius .
4 4
y v
1 2 x 1/2 u
O(0,0) 1/4
z-plane w-plane
Thus, the infinite strip maps to the region shaded in the w-plane.
************************************
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 13
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Mapping: w = z 2 and z n
1
Q.No.1.: Determine the region of the w-plane into which the region x 1 and
2
1
y 1 is mapped by the transformation w z 2 .
2
Sol.: The given transformation is w z 2 u iv x iy x 2 y 2 2ixy,
2
so that u x 2 y 2 and v 2xy.
1 1
, we have u y 2 and v = y so that v 2 u
1
When x
2 4 4
[A left-handed parabola with vertex (1, 0) and latus-rectum 4]
When x 1 , we have u 1 y 2 and v = 2y so that v2 4 u 1
[A left-handed parabola with vertex , 0 and latus-rectum 1]
1
4
1 1 1
When y , we have u x 2 and v = y so that v 2 u
2 4 4
[A right-handed parabola with vertex ,0 and latus-rectum 1]
1
4
When y 1 , we have u x 2 1 and v = 2x so that v 2 4u 1
[A right-handed parabola with vertex 1,0 and latus-rectum 4]
v
y
x = 1/2 x=1
y=1
u
y = 1/2 (–1,0) (–1/4,0) O (1/4,0) (1,0)
x
O
z-plane
w-plane
1 1
Thus, the rectangular region bounded by the lines x , x = 1, and y , y = 1 maps
2 2
into the region bounded by the parabolas
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 14
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 1
v 2 u , v 4u 1 and v u , v 4u 1 .
2 2 2
4 4
Q.No.2.: Show that the transformation w z 2 maps the circle z 1 1 into the
cardioide 2 1 cos , where w ei in the w-plane.
Sol.: Let z r e i , then w z 2 e i r 2 e 2i
so that r 2 and 2 (i)
Now the equation of the circle in the z-plane is
z 1 1 x iy 1 1 x 1 iy 1 x 12 y 2 1
x 2 y 2 2x 0 r 2 2r cos 0
z x iy re i
r cos i sin
r 2 cos r 2 4 cos 2 r 2 2 1 cos 2 2 1 cos [Using (i)]
The circle z 1 1 in z-plane transforms into the cardiode 2 1 cos .
Q.No.3.: Under the transformation w z 2 , obtain the map in the w-plane of the square
with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 2), (0, 2) in the z-plane.
Sol.: Given transformation is w z 2 x iy 2 x 2 y 2 2xyi .
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u x 2 y 2 , v 2 xy
When x = 0, y = 0, we have u = 0, v = 0
When x = 2, y = 0, we have u = 4, v = 0
When x = 2, y = 2, we have u = 0, v = 8
When x = 0, y = 2, we have u 4, v 0 .
The regions R of the z-plane and R the w-plane are shown in the figures.
v
y (0, 8) v=8
(0, 2) (2, 2)
u = –4 u=4
x u
(0,0) (2, 0) (–4, 0) O (4, 0)
z-plane w-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 15
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.4.: Find the images of the straight line x = 0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 1 under the
transformation w z 2 .
Sol.: Given transformation is w z 2 x iy 2 x 2 y 2 2xyi .
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u x 2 y 2 , v 2 xy
When x = 0, we have u = 0.
When y = 0, we have, v = 0
v2
When x = 1, u 1 y 2 and v =2y or u 1 , v 2 4 1 u v2 4 u 1
4
v2
When y = 1, u x 2 1 and v = 2x or u 1 v 2 4u 1 v 2 4u 1
4
Now v 2 4u 1 represents a left handed parabola with vertex (1, 0) and v 2 4u 1
also represents a right handed parabola with vertex 1, 0 .
Thus, the regions of the z-plane and the w-plane are shown in Figures.
v
y
y=1
x=0 x=1
x u
O y=0 (–1,0) O v=0 (1,0)
z-plane
w-plane
Q.No.5.: Determine the region of the w-plane into which the triangle formed by x = 1,
y 1 , x + y = 1 is mapped under the transformation w z 2 .
Sol.: Given transformation is w z 2 x iy 2 x 2 y 2 2xyi .
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 16
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
u x 2 y 2 , v 2 xy
When x =1, we have u 1 y 2 , v = 2y v 2 41 u v 2 4u 1 ,
which is a left handed parabola with vertex (1, 0) and latus-rectum 4.
When y = 1, we have u x 2 1, v 2x v 2 4u 1 ,
which is a right handed parabola with vertex 1, 0 and latus-rectum 4.
When x + y = 1, we have u x 2 1 x 2 , v 2x 1 x
u 1
u 1 2x , v u 11
2 2 1
2 v 1 u u 2 v ,
2 2
which is a downward parabola with vertex 0, and latus-rectum = 2.
1
2
The two regions R of the z-plane and R of w-plane are shown in figures.
v
y
x=0 x + y= 1 R
R
u
x (–1,0) O v=0 (1,0)
y=0
z-plane
w-plane
Q.No.6.: Describe the region onto which the sector r < a, 0 is mapped by
4
i
(a). w z 2 (b). w z 3 (c). w z 4 (d). w iz 2 (e). w
z2
Sol.: Re i w z 2 r 2 e i 2 so R r 2 , 2 .
(a). R r 2 a 2 , 0 v
2
y
4
x u
a a2
z-plane
w-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 17
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
3
(b). w z 3 , R r 3 , 3 , R r 3 a 3 , 0
4
v
3
4 u
3
a
w-plane
4 4 4
(c). w z , R r a , 0 .
v
u
a4
w-plane
(d). w iz 2 , rotation of by in counter clockwise.
2
v
u
2
a
w-plane
1 1 1 1 1
(e). Re i w 1 e i 2 so R and 2, i.e., 0
z2 r 2 e i 2 r2 r2 a2 2
Sector in z-plane is inverted in w1-plane and then rotated through in counter clockwise
2
direction.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 18
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
v1
y
1
w1
z2 1/a2 u1
4
x
a
2
z-plane
v
w-plane
u
1/a2
2
i
w iw1
z2
w-plane
Q.No.7.: Find an analytic function w u iv f (z) .: such that the angular region
0 arg z maps onto the region u 1 .
3
Sol.:z3 maps the given region onto upper half plane in w1-plane, which rotated through
2
in w2-plane and translated to the right by 1 in the w-plane.
v1
y
3 x u1
a
z-plane
w1-plane
v2 v
u2 1 u
w2-plane w-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 19
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.8.: Plot the image of the region 2 z 3 and arg z under w z 2 .
4
Sol.: R r 2 so for 2 < r < 3, 4 < R < 9, since
4 4
Therefore
2 2
v
y
/4
4
x u
2 3 4 9
z-plane
w-plane
Q.No.9.: Determine and graph the image of z a a under w z 2 .
Sol.:
y v
*
D
D
a
2a x 4a2 u
*
A (a,0) C A C
*
B B
*
za a
R 2a 2 (1 cos ) Cardioid
The given region is a circle in the z-plane with centre at (a, 0) and radius a, i.e.,
z a aei z a ae i a 1 e i
So w z 2 a 2 1 e i
2
a 2 1 cos i sin 2
2a 2 cos 2 cos i sin cos i sin
Rei w 2a 2 1 cos cos i sin 2a 2 1 cos e i
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 20
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Thus R 2a 2 1 cos 2a 2 1 cos since .
************************************
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 21
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1
Mapping: w = z +
z
1
Q.No.1.: Show that the transformation w z maps the circle z c into the ellipse
z
1 1
u c cos , v c sin . Discuss the case when c = 1.
c c
Sol.: A point on the circle z c can be written as z ce i .
1 1
w z becomes u iv ce i e i
z c
u iv ccos i sin
1
cos i sin c 1 cos i c 1 sin
c c c
1 1
u c cos and v c sin ,
c c
which are the parametric equations of an ellipse.
When c = 1, we have u 2 cos and v = 0
Since cos 1 , we get 2 u 2 and v = 0
The transformation gives a segment of the u-axis of length 4.
1
Q.No.2.: Show that the map of the circle z 2 under the transformation w 2i z ,
z
is an ellipse. Find the axis and centre.
Sol.: Given circle is z 2 z 2e i .
Given transformation is w 2i z
1
z
e i
1
1 i 1 1
u v 2 i 2e i e 2 cos cos i 2 sin sin
2 2 2
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
5 3
u cos , v 2 sin
2 2
2 2
u v2
1,
5/ 2 3/ 2
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 22
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
which is an ellipse in w-plane with the centre 0, 2 and length of semi-major axis and
5 3
semi-minor axis are and respectively.
2 2
1
Q.No.3.: Show that the transformation w z , converts the straight line
z
arg z into a branch of hyperbola of eccentricity sec .
2
y y
Sol.: Here arg z tan 1 tan
x x
1 y
If z x iy r cos isin , then tan x arg z
y
Let z x iy , where x r cos , y r sin , then tan tan .
x
1 1 i
Hence z re i , e
z r
1 1
Now given transformation is w z u iv re i e i .
z r
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
1 1
u r cos , v r sin
r r
u 1
r (i)
cos r
v 1
r (ii)
sin r
Squaring (i) and (ii) and subtracting, we get
u2 v2 u2 v2
4 1,
cos 2 sin 2 4 cos 2 4 sin 2
which is the equation of hyperbola, whose eccentricity is given by b 2 a 2 e 2 1 ,
i.e., 4 sin 2 4 cos 2 e 2 1 tan 2 1 e 2 e sec .
************************************
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 23
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
a2
Joukvowski’s (Zzhukovsky’s) Transformation: w = z +
z
a2
Q.No.1.: If w z , prove that, when z describes the circle x 2 y 2 a 2 , w
z
describes a straight line and find its length . Also prove that, if z describes the
circle, x 2 y 2 b 2 , b < a, w describes an ellipse.
Sol.: Given x 2 y 2 a 2 z a , where z = x + iy z ae i e i
1
a2
Now given transformation is w z
z
e i
u iv ae i a 2 a cos i sin a cos i sin 2a cos
a
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u 2a cos , v = 0.
Now u 2a cos , v = 0 describes a straight line in w-plane.
2nd Part:
Further x 2 y 2 b z b z be i . z x iy
a2 a 2 i
Therefore w z u iv be i e .
z b
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
a2 a2
u b cos , v b sin
b b
u2 v2
2
2
1,
2 2
b a b a
b b
which represents an ellipse in w-plane.
a 2 b2
Q.No.2.: Show that the transformation w z transform the circle
4z
1
z a b in the z-plane into an ellipse of semi-axis a, b in w-plane.
2
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 24
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Sol.: Given circle is z
1
2
a b z 1 a b e i
2
e i
1
a 2 b2
and transformation is w z
4z
1 a 2 b 2 2 i 1 1
e a b e a b e .
i i
u iv a b e i .
2 4 ab 2 2
1
u iv a bcos i sin 1 a bcos i sin
2 2
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
1 1 1
u a b a b cos , v a b
a b sin
2 2 2 2
u2 v2
u a cos , v b sin 1,
a2 b2
which represents an ellipse of semi-axis of length a and b in w-plane.
************************************
Mapping: w = e z
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 25
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.1.: Find and draw the image of the rectangular region 1 x 3 , y in
the z-plane under the transformation w e z .
Sol.: By transformation R e x , y , we get for 1 x 3 , e 1 R e 3 and for
y , .
y v
R e3
R e 1
u
x
-1 3
z-plane w-plane
Thus, the image is the annulus region bounded by the circles of radii e 1 and e3.
Q.No.2.: Discuss the transformation w e z and show that it transforms the region
between the real axis and a line parallel to real axis at y into the half of
the w-plane.
Sol.: Let w Re i , then the given transformation becomes
Re i e x iy e x .e iy so that R e x and y .
The real axis, i.e., y = 0 maps into the positive u-axis 0 in the w-plane.
The line y maps into the negative u-axis in the w-plane.
Thus the region between the lines y = 0 and maps into the upper half of w-plane.
Note: The region between the lines y = 0 and y maps into the lower half of w-plane.
The region between the lines y = c and y c 2 maps into the whole of the w-plane,
since e z is periodic with period 2i .
The imaginary axis x = 0 maps into a unit circle R e 0 1 in the w-plane.
Q.No.3.: Find an analytic function which maps the region R bounded by the positive x
and y-axis and the hyperbola xy in the first quadrant onto the upper half.
2
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 26
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Sol.: The transformation w 1 z 2 maps the given region onto the semi-infinite strip
u 1 , 0 v1 in the w1- plane.
[ u1 x 2 y 2 , v1 2xy so OA: x = 0, v1 = 0,
y v1
B C
D*(0, π ) C*
*
E
xy / 2
F* (0,2)
E u1
x B* O* A*
O F(1,1) A
z-plane w1-plane
v
w-plane
OB: y = 0, v1 = 0 so BOA maps v1 = 0, i.e., to B*O*A*,
CDE: xy , so v1 = 2xy = 2. , so CDE onto C*D*E*: v1
2 2
2
Now the transformation w e w1 e z transforms the semi-infinite strip onto the upper
half plane in the w-plane.
************************************
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 27
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Mapping: w = sinz
Q.No.1.: Discuss the transformation w sin z in the w-plane.
Sol.: The given transformation is
w u iv sinx iy u iv sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y
so that u sin x cosh y and v cos x sinh y (i)
Eliminating y from equation (i), we get
u2
2
sin x
v2
cos x 2
1 cosh 2
y sinh 2 y 1
Thus, the straight lines x = c in the z-plane are mapped into confocal hyperbolas in the w-
plane.
Eliminating x from equation (i), we get
u2 v2
1
cosh 2 y sinh 2 y
Thus, the straight lines y =c in the z-plane are mapped into confocal ellipses.
The lines x = 0 and y = 0 map into the lines u = 0 and v = 0 respectively in the w-plane.
Q.No.2.: Find the image of the triangle with vertices i, 1 i, 1 i in the z-plane under
transformation w 3z 4 2i .
Sol.: Given w 3z 4 2i u iv 3x iy 4 2i
On equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u 3x 4, v 3y 2 .
The given vertices are (0,1), (1,1), (1,–1) in the z-plane.
When x = 0, y = 1, we have u = 4, v = 1.
When x = 1, y = 1, we have u = 7, v = 1.
When x = 1, y 1 , u = 7 v 5 .
Hence, the triangle with vertices (0, 1) (1, 1) 1, 1 in z-plane is transformed into a
triangle with vertices (4, 1) (7, 1) 7, 5 into w-plane. The region of z-plane and w-
plane are shown in Figures.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 28
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
y v
(0, 1) (1, 1)
(4, 1) (7, 1)
u
O
x
O
(7, -5)
w-plane
z-plane (1, -1)
Q.No.3.: Find and graph the image of the region 0 x 2 , 1 y 2 in the z-plane
under the mapping w sin z .
Sol.: u sin x. cosh y v cos x. sinh y .
The line AGEKB in the z-plane given by y = 1 and 0 x 2 maps to the (inner) ellipse
(Fig.)
y v
H F L * *
2 D C C D
*
B A*
1
A G E K B u
O x L
* *
K G
*
H
*
3 2 *
2 E
2
*
F
z-plane w-plane
Similarly, the line CLFHD in the z-plane given by y = 2 and 0 x 2 maps to the
(outer ellipse)
u2 v2
1.
cosh 2 2 sinh 2 2
The shaded rectangular a trip in the z-plane maps to the elliptical annulus bounded the
above two ellipses with a cut along the positive imaginary axis.
Line AD: x = 0, 1 < y < 2 so u = 0, v sinh y 0
For 1 < y < 2, sinh 1 v sinh 2
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 29
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Line BC: x 2 , 1 < y < 2 so u = 0, v sinh y 0 for 1 < y < 2, sinh 1 v sinh 2 .
Thus, both the line segments AD and BC of z-plane gets mapped onto the same line
segment u = 0, sinh 1 v sinh 2 . Thus there exists a cut along the positive imaginary
axis.
GH: x , 1 < y < 2, so v = 0, u cosh y , thus cosh 1 u cosh 2
2
EF: x , 1 < y < 2, so u = 0, u sinh y , thus sinh 1 v sinh 2
3
KL: x , 1 < y < 2, so v = 0, u cosh y , thus cosh 1 u cosh 2 .
2
Q.No.4.: Find the graph the image of the region 0 x in the z-plane under the
2
z
mapping w tan 2 .
2
z
sin 2
z
Sol.: w tan 2 2 1 cos z
2 z 1 cos z
cos 2
y 2
v
A E
A B D u
O x
–1 F 1
4 2
B D
C
F G
w-plane
z-plane
We know that cos z cos x. cosh y i sin x sinh y
ED: x , y 0 , cos z i sinh y
2
1 cos z 1 i sinh y
w
1 cos z 1 i sinh y
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 30
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 i sinh y 1 sinh 2 y
w 1 for any y.
1 i sinh y 1 sinh 2 y
Thus, the line x is mapped onto the unit circle w 1 in the w-plane.
2
1 cosh y
The y-axis: x = 0 is mapped on to w , w is purely real.
1 cosh y
At y = 0, w = u = 0, y > 0 as y , u 1.
Similarly, as y , u 1 .
Thus, both AB and BF maps onto the same interval (a cut) 1 u 0 .
Any line x , where 0
2
1 cos iy 1 cos cosh y sin sinh y
2 2
w 1
1 cos iy 1 cos cosh y sin sinh y
2 2
Since 2 cos cosh y 2 cos cosh y 4 cos cosh y 1 ,
Which is true for cos with 0 and y 0 .
2
Hence, any line x gets mapped to interior of w 1 .
************************************
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 31
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Successive Transformations: w = coshz = cos iz
Q.No.1.: Show that the transformation w cosh z , maps the lines parallel to x-axis and
lines parallel to y-axis into confocal central conics. What physical problems
can we study with the help of this transformation.
Sol.: Given transformation w cosh z coshx iy cosix y cosi cosh
u iv cos ix cos y sinix sin y cosA B cos A cos B sin A sin B
u cosh x cos y , v sinh x sin y sinix i sinh x
u2 v2
2
2
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1 (i)
cos y sin y
u2 v2
Also 2
2
cos 2 y sin 2 y 1 (ii)
cosh x sinh x
(i). The lines parallel to y-axis in z-plane are x = constant = a, say, then using (ii), we get
u2 v2
1 , which is the equation of ellipse.
cosh 2 a sinh 2 a
(ii). The lines parallel to x-axis are y = constant = b, say, then using (i), we get
u2 v2
1 , which is the equation of ellipse.
cos 2 b sin 2 b
(iii). When a x b , c y d . The region in w-plane is shown into shaded region of
the given Fig.
y v
y=d
R u
y=c O
x
0 x=a x=b
z-plane
w-plane
Physical applications:
(iv). (a). To obtain circulation of liquid along elliptic cylinder.
(b). To find the electrostatic field due to charged cylinder.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 32
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(c). To find the potential between two hyperbolic or elliptic cylinder.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 33
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Bilinear Transformation
Q.No.1.: Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z 1, i, 1 onto the
points w i, 0, i . Hence find
(a) the image of z 1 ,
(b) the invariant points of this transformation.
Sol.: Let the points z1 1, z 2 i, z 3 1 and z4 z map onto the points
w1 i, w 2 0, z 3 i and w 4 w .
Since the cross-ratio remains unchanged under a bilinear transformation.
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4 z1 z 2 z 3 z 4
w1 w 4 w 3 w 2 z1 z 4 z 3 z 2
1 i 1 z i 0 i w
w i z 11 i
1 z 1 i i w i 0 w i z 11 i
By componendo and dividendo, we get
2 w z 11 i z 11 i 1 iz
w (i)
2i z 11 i z 11 i 1 iz
which is the required bilinear transformation.
1 w
(a). Rewriting (i) as z i
1 w
i1 w
z 1 i 1 w 1 w 1 u iv 1 u iv i 1
1 w
1 u 2 v 2 1 u 2 v 2 , which reduces to u 0 .
Hence, the interior of the circle x 2 y 2 1 in the z-plane is mapped onto the entire half
of the w-plane to the right of the imaginary axis.
(b). To find the invariant points of the transformation, we put w z in (i).
1 iz
z iz 2 i 1z 1 0
1 iz
z
1 i 1 12
4i 1 1 i 6i , which are the required invariant points.
2
Q.No.2.: Find the transformation which maps the points 1, i, 1 of the z-plane onto
1, i, 1 of the w-plane respectively.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 34
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Sol.: Let the points z1 1, z 2 i, z 3 1 and z4 z map onto the points
w 1 1, w 2 i, w 3 1 and w 4 w .
Since the cross-ratio of four points is invariant (unchanged) under a bilinear
transformation.
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4 z1 z 2 z 3 z 4
w1 w 4 w 3 w 2 z1 z 4 z 3 z 2
1 i 1 w 1 i 1 z
1 i 1 w 1 i 1 z
1 w 1 i 1 z 1 i 1 i 1 w 1 i 1 z
1 i 2 1 w 1 z 2i 1 w 1 z
1 i 2 1 w 1 z 2i 1 w 1 z
w 1 1 z
w 1 1 z
By componendo and dividendo, we get
w 1 w 1 1 z 1 z
2w
2 1
w ,
w 1 w 1 1 z 1 z 2 2z z
which is the required bilinear transformation.
Q.No.3.: Find the bilinear transformation which maps 1, i, 1 to 2, i, 2 respectively.
Find the fixed and critical points of the transformation.
Sol.: Let the points z1 1, z 2 i, z 3 1 and z4 z map onto the points
w 1 2, w 2 i, w 3 2 and w 4 w .
Since the cross-ratio of four points is invariant under a bilinear transformation.
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4 z1 z 2 z 3 z 4
w1 w 4 w 3 w 2 z1 z 4 z 3 z 2
2 i 2 w 1 i 1 z
2 i 2 w 1 i 1 z
2 w 2 i 1 z 1 i 2 w 2 i 1 z 1 i
w 2 1 i 2 i 1 z w 2 2 i 2i 1 1 z 3 i . 1 z
. .
w 2 1 i i 2 1 z w 2 i 2 1 2i 1 z 3 i 1 z
w2
3 3z i iz
w 2 3 3z i iz
By componendo and dividendo, we get
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 35
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
w 2 w 2 3 3z i iz 3 3z i iz
w 2 w 2 3 3z i iz 3 3z i iz
2w 6z 2i i 3z 2i 6z
w , (i)
4 6 2iz iz 3 iz 3
which is the required bilinear transformation.
IInd part: To find the fixed (or invariant) points of the transformation.
Put w z in (i), we get
2i 6z
z iz 2 3z 2i 6 z iz 2 3z 2i 0
iz 3
3 9 4i 2i 3 1 2 4
z ,
2i 2i 2i 2i
1 2
z , z i, 2i , which are the required fixed points.
i i
IIIrd part: To find the critical points of the transformation:
az b
Since we know that if w is a bilinear transformation and if ad bc 0 ,
cz d
then every point of z-plane is a critical point.
2i 6 z 6 z 2i
Here w .
iz 3 i z 3
Then ad bc 6 3 2i i 18 2 20 0 .
There is no critical point.
Q.No.4.: Determine the bilinear transformation that maps the points 1 2i, 2 i, 2 3i
respectively into 2 2i, 1 3i, 4 .
Sol.: Let the points z1 1 2i, z 2 2 i, z 3 2 3i and z 4 z map onto the points
w1 2 2i, w 2 1 3, w 3 4 and w 4 w .
Since the cross-ratio of four points is invariant under a bilinear transformation.
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4 z1 z 2 z 3 z 4
w1 w 4 w 3 w 2 z1 z 4 z 3 z 2
2 2i 1 3i 4 w 1 2i 2 i 2 3i z
2 2i w 4 1 3i 1 2i z 2 3i 2 i
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 36
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 i 4 w 1 3i 2 3i z
2 2i w 3 3i 1 2i z 2i
4 w 1 3i 3 3i 2 3i z
2 2i w 1 2i z 2i 1 i
w 4 3 3i 9i 9 2 3i z 12 6i 2 3i z
w 2 2i 2i 2 1 2i z 2i 2 1 2i z
w 4 24 36i 12z 12i 18 6iz 6 48i 12 z 6iz .
w 2 2i 2i 4 2iz 2 4i 2z 6 2i 2z 2iz
By componendo and dividendo, we get
w 4 w 2 2i 6 48i 12z 6iz 6 2i 2z 6iz
w 4 w 2 2i 6 48i 12z 6iz 6 2i 2z 6iz
2w 6 2i 50i 10z
2 2i 12 46i 14z 12iz
2w 6 2i
2 2i 50i 10z
100i 20z 100 20iz
12 46i 14z 12iz 12 46i 14z 12iz
25i 5z 25 5iz
w 3i
6 23i 7z 6iz
25i 5z 25 5iz
w 3 i
6 23i 7z 6iz
w
25i 5z 25 5iz 18 69i 21z 18iz 6i 23 7iz 6z
6 23i 7z 6iz
w
30 50i 10 30i z ,
6 23i 7 6i z
which is the required bilinear transformation.
Q.No.5.: Find the bilinear transformation which maps
(i) the points z 1, i, 1 into the points w 0, 1, .
(ii) the points z 0, 1, into the points w 1, 2 i, i .
(iii) R z 0 into interior of unit circle so that z , i, 0 map into
w 1, i, 1 .
Sol.: (i): Let the points z1 1, z 2 i, z 3 1 and z4 z map into the points
w 1 0, w 2 1, w 3 and w 4 w .
Since the cross-ratio of four points is invariant under a bilinear transformation.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 37
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4 z1 z 2 z 3 z 4
w1 w 4 w 3 w 2 z1 z 4 z 3 z 2
0 1 w 1 i 1 z
0 w 1 1 z 1 i
1 1 z 1 i 1 z 1 i 1 z 1 i 1 i
w
w 1 z 1 i 1 z 1 i 1 z 1 i 1 i
w
1 z 1 1 2i i1 z ,
1 z 1 1 1 z
which is the required bilinear transformation.
(ii): Let the points z1 0, z 2 1, z 3 and z 4 z map into the points
w 1 1, w 2 2 i, w 3 i and w 4 w .
Since the cross-ratio of four points is invariant under a bilinear transformation.
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4 z1 z 2 z 3 z 4
w1 w 4 w 3 w 2 z1 z 4 z 3 z 2
1 2 i i w 0 1 z
i 1w i 1
1 w i 2 i 0 z 1 2i 2 w 1 z
w 1 2i 2
w 1 iz z
By componendo and dividendo, we get
w 1 w 1 2i 2 iz z
2 w 2 z i2 z 2 z 1 i 2 z
w 1 w 1 2i 2 iz z 2 2 z i2 z 2 z 1 i 2 z
z2
w ,
z2
which is the required bilinear transformation.
(iii): Let the points z1 , z 2 i, z 3 0 and z 4 z map into the points
w1 1, w 2 i, w 3 1 and w 4 w .
Since the cross-ratio of four points is invariant under a bilinear transformation.
w1 w 2 w 3 w 4 z1 z 2 z 3 z 4
w1 w 4 w 3 w 2 z1 z 4 z 3 z 2
1 i 1 w 10 z
w 1 1 i z
1 w 1 i z 0 i w 11 i i
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 38
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
w 1 z1 i z iz
w 1 i 1 i i 1
By componendo and dividendo, we get
w 1 w 1 z iz i 1
w 1 w 1 z iz i 1
2 w z 1 iz 1 z 11 i z 1
2 z 1 iz 1 z 11 i z 1
1 z
w ,
1 z
which is the required bilinear transformation.
Q.No.6.: Find the Bilinear Transformation which maps the points
(i). z = 1, i, 1 into the points w i, 0, i
(ii). z = 1, i, 1 into the points w 0, 1, .
Sol.: (i). The required Bilinear Transformation is given by
z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 w 1 , w 2 , w 3 , w 4 (i)
Here z1 1, z 2 i, z 3 1, z 4 z , say
w 1 i, w 2 0, z 3 i, z 4 w , say
z1 z 2 z 3 z 4 w1 w 2 w 3 w 4
(i) gives
z1 z 4 z 3 z 2 w1 w 4 w 3 w 2
1 i 1 z i i w i w
1 z 1 i i w i i w
z 11 i i w
z 1 1 i w i
By componendo and dividendo, we get
z 11 i z 1 1 i w i w i 2 w
w
z 11 i z 1 1 i w i w i 2i i
z iz 1 i z iz 1 i w
z iz 1 i z iz 1 1 i
2iz 2 w iz 1 w
2z 2i i zi i
iz
w , is the required Bilinear Transformation.
zi
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 39
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(ii). Here z1 1, z 2 i, z 3 1, z 4 z, say
w 1 0, w 2 1, w 3 , w 4 w , say
By cross-ratio method, we have
1 i 1 z 1w 3 w 1
1 z 1 z ww 3 1 w
[In Cross-ratio if one of w 1 , w 2 , w 3 , w 4 is , then we take the factor containing
1]
i1 z
w (after simplification).
1 z
Q.No.7.: Find bilinear transformation that maps the points 0, 1, i in z-plane onto the
points 1 i , i , 2 i in the w-plane.
Sol.: The required bilinear transformation is
w1 w 2 w 3 w z1 z 2 z 3 z
w1 w w 3 w 2 z1 z z 3 z 2
1 i i 2 i w 0 1i z
1 i w 2 i i 0 z i z
1 2i 2 i w i 1 i z
2 1 i w z
2 i w 23i 1 i z
1 i w 5 z
Solving for w,
5z2 i w 23i 11 i w i z
w
6i 21 i i z 2 i 5z
5z 6i 2 i z
z 6 3i 8 4i
w .
z 7 6i 6 2i
Q.No.8.: (a). Determine the linear fractional transformation that sends the points z = 0,
i
i, 2i into the points w 5i, , respectively.
3
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 40
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(b). What are the invariant points of this transformation. Find the image of
z 1 (interior of a unit circle) under this transformation.
5i w 2 i w
Sol.: (a).
0 i 2i z 3
0 z 2i i 5i w i w
2
3
5i i i
1 w
z 2i w2 3 3w
where w2 . So Lim .
3z w 2 i w 5i
5i w 1
3w 2
Note: If one of points, in this case w 2 , then the quotient of the two differences
5i w
which contain w2 i.e., 2 is replaced by 1 (which gives the above result).
i
w2
3
2i 2 w 6i
Solving for w, we get
z 5i w
3iz 5 3z 5i
w
zi iz 1
(b). Invariant points are given by
3z 5i
wz
iz 1
z 2 4iz 5 0 , which has two roots.
4i 6i
z i , 5i are the invariant points.
2
w 5i
(c).Rewriting the bilinear transformation z
iw 3
The image of z 1 is given by
1 x
z-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 41
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
w 5i
z 1 w 5i iw 3
iw 3
u i v 5 3 v iu u 2 v 52 3 v 2 u 2
1 < v.
v
v=1
u
O
w-plane
Thus, the interior of the unit circle z 1 in the z-plane is mapped to the upper half plane
above the line v = 1.
Q.No.9.: Determine the Möbius transformation having 1 and i as a fixed (invariant)
points and maps 0 to 1.
Sol.: The Mobius transformation having and as fixed points is given by
z
w
z
for various values of . For 1 , i , we have
z i
w
z 1 i
Since z = 0 is mapped to w 1 , we have
0i
1 2i 1
0 1 i
Thus the required transformation is
w
2i 1z i .
zi
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 42
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.10.: Find a Bilinear transformation which maps the upper half of the z-plane into
the interior of a unit circle in the w-plane. Verify the transformation (Fig.)
Sol.: Suppose any three points in the upper half of z-plane say A: 1, B: 0, C = 1 gets
mapped to any three points in the interior of the circle w 1 in the w-plane, say A* : i ,
B* : 1, C* : i .
y v
C* i
–1 0 1 x 1 u
A B C B*
A* –i
z-plane w-plane
Thus, the required bilinear transformation is the one which maps 1, 0, 1 from z-plane
to i, 1, i in the w-plane.
This is
1 0 1 z i 1i w 1 z 1 iw
1 z 1 0 i w i 1 1 z i w
iz
Solving w
iz
iz
Verification: w 1
iz
iz iz
x 2 1 y 2 x 2 1 y 2
4y 0
iz
Thus, the bilinear transformation w transforms interior of unit circle in w-plane
iz
onto the upper half in z-plane.
iz x 2 1 y 2
Also w
iz x 2 1 y 2
x2 1
For y = 0, w 1.
x2 1
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 43
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Thus the real axis (y – 0), gets mapped to the unit circle w 1.
Q.No.11.: Find the Bilinear Transformation which maps the points z = 0, i, 1 into
the points w = i, 1, 0.
Sol.: Here z1 1, z 2 i, z 3 1, z 4 z,
w 1 i, w 2 1, w 3 0, w 4 w ,
ii z
we get w .
1 z
Q.No.12.: Show that the condition for transformation w
az b to make the circle
cz d
w 1 correspond to a straight line in the z-plane is a c .
Sol.: Given w
az b be the bilinear transformation in which a straight line in the z-
cz d
plane map onto the circle w 1
So w 1
az b 1
2
az b cz d
2
cz d
az b a z b cz d c z d
a a c c z z a b c d z b a d c z d d b b (i)
Now (i) will become a straight line in the z-plane if the coefficient of z z is zero.
2 2
i. e. a a c c 0 aa cc a c a c.
This completes the proof.
Q.No.13.: If z 0 is the upper half of the z-plane, show that the bilinear transformation
z z0
w ei maps the upper half of the z-plane into the interior of the unit
z z0
circle at the origin in the w-plane.
Or
To find all the bilinear transformations, which maps the half-plane I( z ) 0
onto the unit circular disk w 1 .
az b
Sol.: Let w , ad bc 0 (i)
cz d
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 44
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
be the required bilinear transformation.
We first note that c 0 , otherwise the points at infinity will corresponds. The points
w 0 and w , which are the inverse points w. r. t. the unit circle w 1,
b d
correspond to the points z and z in the z-plane.
a c
Since these points must be the inverse points (conjugate points in this case) w. r. t. the
real axis I( z ) 0 , we may write
b d
z0 and z0 .
a c
b
a z
a a z z 0
Then (i) may be written as w .
d c z z0
c z
c
Since the real axis I( z ) 0 is to be transformed into the unit circle w 1 , the point
z 0 (which is a point on I( z ) 0 ) must correspond to a point w 1 , so that
a 0 z0 a
w 1 1.
c 0 z0 c
a
Hence we may write ei , where is real.
c
According the required transformation is
z z0
w ei . (ii)
z z 0
Note that since z z 0 corresponds to w 0 , which is an interior point (the centre) of the
circle w 1 , the point z z 0 must be a point of the upper half-plane i. e. I( z 0 ) 0 .
With this restriction, (2) is the desired transformation.
Verification:
It is easy to see that the transformation (ii) maps the upper half-plane I( z ) 0
onto the unit circular disk w 1 provided I( z 0 ) 0.
z z 0 i z z0
For we have w w 1 ei e 1
z z0 z z0
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 45
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
z z zz 0 zz 0 z 0 z 0 zz z z 0 zz 0 z 0 z 0
z z 0 z z 0
z z z 0 z 0 2iIz .2iIz0
z z 0 z z 0 z z0
2
I( z ) I( z 0 )
Thus ww 1 4 2
(iii)
z z0
Since I( z 0 ) 0 , (iii) shows that I( z ) 0 is mapped onto ww 1 0 i. e. onto w 1
and I( z ) 0 is mapped onto ww 1 0 i. e. onto w 1 .
Hence I( z ) 0 is transformed onto w 1 .
Q.No.14.: Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 1, i, 1 into the
points w i, 0, 1 . Hence, find the image of z 1 .
az b
Sol.: Let the required bilinear transformation be w (i)
cz d
Substituting the corresponding values of w and z in (i), we get
ab ai b a b
i , 0 , i
cd ci d cd
These equations can be written as
a b ic d 0 (ii)
b ia 0 (iii)
and a b i c d 0 (iv)
From (iii), b ia
b
Adding (ii) and (iv), 2b 2ic 0 c a [Using (iii)]
i
a
Subtracting (iv) from (ii), 2a 2id 0 d ia
i
az ia iz
Substituting for b, c, d in (i), we get w w (v)
az ia iz
which is the required bilinear transformation.
1 w
Now from (v), z i
1 w
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 46
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
z 1 is mapped into the region
1 w i 1 w
i
1 w
1
1 w
1 1 w 1 w i 1
1 u iv 1 u iv 1 u 2 v 2 1 u 2 v 2
u0
Hence, the interior of the circle x 2 y 2 1 in the z-plane is mapped into the entire half
of the w-plane to the right of the imaginary axis.
2z 3
Q.No.15.: Show that the transformation w maps the circle x 2 y 2 4x 0 on
z4
to the straight line 4u 3 0 .
2z 3
Sol.: The given transformation is w
z4
4w 3
The inverse transformation is z . (i)
w2
Now the equation x 2 y 2 4x 0 can be written as zz 2z z 0
Substituting for z and z from (i), we get
4w 3 4w 3 4w 3 4w 3
. 2 0
w2 w2 w2 w2
16ww 12w 12w 9 24ww 3w 8w 6 4ww 3w 8w 6 0
22 w w 33 0 22 2u 33 0 4u 3 0.
2z 3
Thus, the transformation w maps the circle x 2 y 2 4x 0 on to the straight
z4
line 4u 3 0 .
zi
Q.No.16.: Under the transformation w , show that the real axis in the z-plane is
zi
mapped into the circle w 1 . What portion of the z-plane corresponds to the
interior of the circle?.
z i x y 1i x y 1i
Sol.: Given w
z i x y 1i x y 1i
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 47
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
x 2 y 2 1 2xi
u iv .
x 2 y 12
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
x 2 y2 1
u (i)
x 2 y 12
2x
and v (ii)
x 2 y 12
Now real axis in z-plane is y = 0. Using this (i) and (ii), we get
x2 1
u (iii)
x2 1
2x
and v . (iv)
x2 1
u 1
From (iii), ux 2 u x 2 1 x .
1 u
2x
Also from (iv), we get v (v)
x2 1
u 1
2
1 u 2 u 11 u
v [Using (v)]
u 1 2
1
1 u
v2 u2 1 u2 v2 1 w 1 w u iv
Thus, the real axis of z-plane is mapped into a circle w 1 of w-plane.
z 1
Further w 1 1 z i z i
z 1
x y 1i x y 1i x 2 y 12 x 2 y 12
4 y 0 y 0 , which is required.
1 z
Q.No.17.: Show that the transformation w i transforms the circle z 1 into the
1 z
real axis of w-plane and interior of the circle z 1 into the upper half of the
w-plane.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 48
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 z i iz iw
Sol.: Given w i w wz i iz w i z i w z .
1 z 1 z w i
iw
Now z 1 1 i1 v u u i1 v
w i
1 v 2 u 2 u 2 1 v 2 , If z x iy, then z x 2 y 2
1 v u 2 u 2 1 v 1 v 2 2v 1 v 2 2v
2 2
Squaring, we get
v 0 , real axis of w-plane.
Similarly, when z 1 v 0 , i.e., upper half of w-plane.
Thus, the boundary of the circle z 1 is transformed into the real axis of the w-
plane, i.e., v = 0 and the interior of the circle, i.e. z 1 is transformed into v 0 , i.e.
into the upper half plane as required.
Also, it is evident that the exterior z 1 is transformed into the lower half plane
defined by v 0 .
Q.No.18.: Show that the map of real axis of the z-plane on the w-plane by the
1
transformation w is a circle and find its centre and radius.
zi
1 1 x y 1i x y 1i
Sol.: Given w u iv . u iv
zi x y 1i x y 1i x 2 y 12
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
x
u (i)
x 2 y 12
y 1
and v (ii)
x y 12
2
Now the real axis is y = 0. Putting y = 0 in (i) and (ii), we get
x
u 2
(iii)
x 1
1
v 2
vx 2 v 1
x 1
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 49
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 v
vx 2 1 v x (iv)
v
v
Hence, from (iii) and (iv), we have
1 v
v u
v1 v
C
u O (0, 1/2)
1 v u 2 v2 v 0
v
w-plane
u 2 v 1 v u 2 v2 v 0,
1
which is the equation of circle with centre 0, and radius .
1
2 2
[The centre of x 2 y 2 2gx 8fy c 0 is g, f and its radius g 2 f 2 c ].
z
Q.No.19.: Prove that w maps the upper half of the z-plane into the upper half of
iz
the w-plane .
z wi
Sol.: Given w wi wz z wi w 1 z z
iz w 1
z
u ivi1 u iv iu v 1 u iv
1 u iv 1 u iv 1 u 2 v 2
iu 1 u uv v1 u iv 2
v i u 2 v2 u . z x iy
1 u
2
v 2
1 u 2
v 2
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
v u 2 v2 u
x , y .
1 u 2 v 2 1 u 2 v 2
Now y > 0 (The upper half)
u 2 v 2 u 0 u 0 , which is the upper half of w-plane.
zi
Q.No.20.: Under the transformation w , find the map of the circle z 1 , in the
1 iz
w-plane.
zi
Sol.: Given w w wiz z i w i z wzi w i z1 wi
1 iz
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 50
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
w i
z
1 wi
wi w u iv,
Now z 1 1 w u 2 v2
1 wi
u v 1 i
1 u 2 v 1 u 2 1 v
2 2
4v 0 v 0 .
iu 1 v
Schwartz-Christoffel Transformation:
Q.No.1.: Find the transformation which maps the semi-infinite strip in the w-plane
shown below into the upper half of the z-plane. y
v
B A
u –1 1 x
C D A B O C D
w-plane z-plane
Sol.: Consider ABCD as the limiting case of a triangle with two vertices B and C and the
third vertex A or D at infinity. Let the vertices B and C map into the points B 1 and
C 1 of the z-plane. Since the interior angles at B and C are , we have by the
2
Schwartz-Christoffel transformation.
/2 /2
dw A
A z (1) z 1
1 1
dz z 2
1
dz
Integrating, we get w A B A cosh 1 z B .
z 2
1
Now when z 1 , w 0 0 A.0 B B 0 .
When z 1 , w ib ib A cosh 1 1 cosh 1
ib
A
b b
cos 1 cos . Thus b A A .
A
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 51
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
b w
Hence w cosh 1 z z cosh .
b
Q.No.2.: Find the transformation which maps the semi-infinite strip between the lines
u in the w-plane for which v 0 into the upper half of the z-plane.
2 y
v
B A
u –1 1 x
C D A B O C D
w-plane z-plane
Sol.: Assume that the given strip ABCD can be treated as limiting case of the triangle
with vertices A and B and the third vertex C or D at .
Let the vertices A and B map into points A 1 and B (1) in z-plane.
By Schwarz-Christoffel transformation, we get
dw / 2 / 2 A k
Az 1 1 z 1 1 A k
dz z2 1 1 z2
1
Integrating, we get w k dz B k sin 1 z B
2
1 z
Now when w , z = 1 k sin 1 1 B B k 1 (i)
2 2 2
When w , z 1
2
k
k sin 1 1 B B B k 1 (ii)
2 2 2 2
From (i) and (ii), we get B B 2B 0 B 0
From (ii), we get k 1
Hence w sin 1 z z sin w .
Q.No.3.: Find the transformation which maps the semi-infinite strip between the lines
u b in the w-plane for which v 0 , into the upper half of the z-plane.
y
v
B A
u –1 1 x
C D A B O C D
w-plane z-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 52
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Sol.: The given strip ABCD can be treated as a limiting case of the triangle with vertices
A and B and the third vertex C and D at . By Schwarz-Christoffel transformation,
dw / 2 / 2 A k
Az 1 1 z 1 1 A k
dz z2 1 1 z2
1
Integrating, we get w k dz B w k sin 1 z B
2
z 1
When w = b, z = 1 b k B (i)
2
When w b , z 1 b k B (ii)
2
2b
Adding and subtracting (i) and (ii), we get B 0 , k
2b 1 w
w sin z z sin .
2b
Q.No.4.: Determine the integral which maps the rectangle in the w-plane shown in Fig.
on to the upper half of z-plane.
Sol.: Let the vertices of the rectangle PQRS be
P u 0 ,0 , Q u 0 , v 0 , R u 0 , v 0 , S u 0 ,0 .
y
v
R v0 Q
u0 u –1/k –1 1 1/k x
S O P R* S* O P* Q*
w-plane z-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 53
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
The corresponding interior angles in the rectangle PQRS are each ,
2
i.e., 1 2 3 4 .
2
Suppose the vertices P, Q, R, S maps to P*(1, 0), Q * ,0 , S * ( 1,0 ) , R * ,0
1 1
k k
1 1
respectively. Then k i i 1 1 , for i, 1, 2, 3, 4 .
2 2
Then the required Schwarz-Christiffel transformation is
z 1 / 2 1 / 2
1
w (z) c z 11/ 2 z z 11/ 2 z 1 dz
0 k k
z
dt
c , where t is the dummy variable.
0
1
t2 1 t2 2
k
z
dt
w z kc
0 1 t 1 k t
2 2 2
Since P u 0 ,0 , maps to P * 1,0 , we have w u 0 when z =1.
1
dt
Then u 0 kc .
0 1 t 1 k t
2 2 2
z 1
u dt dt
Then w z 0 , where I .
I 0 1 t 1 k t
2 2 2
0 1 t 1 k t
2 2 2
This integral w(z) is known as ellipse integral of the first kind, which cannot be expressed
in terms of elementary functions.
Q.No.5.: Determine the transformation that will map the region in the w-plane shown in
Fig. on to upper half plane of the z-plane. Obtain the transformation for
(a) 0 (b) .
2 y
v
α2 α
B(0,b)
1 x
b A*(0,0) B*(1,0)
α1 u
A(0,0)
w-plane z-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 54
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1
Sol.: From the Fig, the interior angles of the polygon at the points A(0, 0) is 1
2 2
and at the points B(0, b) is 2 .
The point A maps to A*(0, 0) and B maps to B*(1, 0) in the z-plane.
Therefore, the Schwarz-Chritoffels transformation takes the form
w z c z 0 k1 z 1k 2 dz c1
1 1
Here k1 1 1 1 , k 2 2 1 1 .
2 2
z
Thus w (z) c t 1 / 2 t 1 / dt , where t is the new dummy variable.
0
Since B maps to B * , w ib when z = 1.
1 1
t 1 dt c ib / I , where I t t 1
1 / 2 / /
So ib c t
1/2
dt.
0 0
Thus, the required Schwarz-Christoffel transformation is
z 1
ib
w c t 1 / 2
t 1 /
dt , where c with I t 1 / 2 t 1 / dt .
0
I 0
1
1 ib
Case I. For 0 , we get I t 1/ 2 dt 2 t 2 , so c .
0
0 2
z z
ib ib
Then w
20 t 1/2dt 2 t ib z.
2 0
1
Case II. For , we get I t t 1 dt
1/2 1/2
2 0
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 55
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1 3
1 1
3
1 1 3 2 2
I i t2 1 t 1
2 dt i ,
2 2 4
0
2
1
.
2 ib 2b
Ii i . Then c .
1 2
i
2
z z
Now t 1 / 2 t 11 / 2 dt i t 1/ 2 t 11/ 2 dt
0 0
1 1
Put t x, dt dx so
2 t
z
z
dt
z 1 x 1 x2
i 1 t 1 / 2 2i 12 x 2 dx 2i sin 1 x
0 t 0 2 2
x 0
1 z 1 z
2i sin 1 z
2 2
Thus, the transformation is w z
2b
i sin 1 z z1 z .
*** *** *** *** ***
Home Assignments
General Linear Transformation: w = f(z) = az + b
1
Inversion and Reflection: w = .
z
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 56
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.1.: Show that w = iz is a rotation of the z-plane through an angle in the counter
2
clockwise direction. Find and plot the image of the regions
(a). 0 < x < 1 (b). x > 2 (c). 2 < x < 3 (d) 1 < x < 2 and 2 < y < 3.
Ans.: w iz e i / 2 .re i re i / 2 , so , u y , v = x.
2
(a). 0 < v < 2 (b). v > 2 (c). 2 < v < 3 (d). 2 u 3 , 1 < v < 2.
Q.No.2.: Find and plot the rectangular region 0 x 2 , 0 y 1 under the
transformations:
(a). w z 1 2i (b). w 2e i / 4 z (c). w 2e i / 4 z 1 2i
Ans.: (a). u x 1 , v y 2 , 1 u 3 , 1 v 2 , translation.
(b). u x y , v x y , u v , u = v, v + u = 4, v u 2 , rotation through and
4
stretching by 2
(c). u x y 1 , v x y 2 , u v 1, u + v = 3, u v 1 , u v 3 , rotation,
stretching followed by translation.
Q.No.3.: Find and plot the image of the circle z c1 under the transformation
w 1 i z 3 2i .
Ans.: w 3 2i 2c1 , circle with centre at 3 +2i and radius 2 c1 .
1
Q.No.4.: Determine the image of the regions under w .
z
1
(a). x > 1, y > 0 (b). 0 y .
2c
1 1
Ans.: (a). w (b). u 2 v c 2 c 2 .
2 2
1
Q.No.5.: Determine the sketch the image of z 3 5 under w .
z
3 5
Ans.: w .
16 16
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 57
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1
Q.No.6.: Prove that the image of the hyperbola x 2 y 2 1 under w is the
z
lemniscate r 2 cos 2 .
1
Hint: R , , r cos , y r sin . Substitute in x 2 y 2 1 .
r
1
Q.No.7.: Find and draw the image of the infinite horizontal strip 2 < y < 4 under w .
z
1 1 1 1 1
Ans.: w and w regions between two circles with centre at , radius
4 4 8 8 4
1 1 1
and with centre at and radius .
4 8 8
Q.No.8.: Find the critical points of the mapping
2
(a). w z 4 (b). w e z (c). w e z (d). w sin z (e). w z 2 az b
1 1
(f). w z (g). w z 4 z 2 (h). w z 2 .
z z2
n a
Ans.: (a). z = 0 (b). z = 0 (c). none (d). z , n odd (e). z (f). z 1
2 2
1
(g). z 0, (h). w 1, i .
2
Q.No.9.: Find an analytic function w u iv f ( z ) which maps the half plane x 0
onto the region u 2 such that z = 0 corresponds to w 2 i .
Ans.: w z 2 i .
Hint: w1 z , w 2 w 1 2 , w w 2 i .
*** *** *** *** ***
Home Assignments
Mapping: w = z 2 and z n
Q.No.1.: Determine and plot the image of the region under the transformation w z 2 :
z 2.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 58
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Ans.: w 4
Q.No.2.: Determine and plot the image of the region under the transformation w z 2 :
arg z .
2
Ans.: arg w
Q.No.3.: Determine and plot the image of the region under the transformation w z 2 :
1
z 2 , Re z 0 .
2
1
Ans.: w 4 , .
4
z4 i
Q.No.4.: Show that w 4
maps 0 arg z onto w 1 .
z i 4
w1 i
Hint: w 1 z 4 onto upper half plane w onto unit circle w 1 .
w1 i
Q.No.5.: Find a transformation which will map an infinite sector of angle onto the
3
interior of a unit circle.
Hint: w 1 z 3 spreads to upper half plane, bilinear transformation (B.T.) maps to unit
circle.
Ans.: w
z i .
3
z 1
3
Q.No.6.: Determine the region of the w-plane into which the region bounded by x = 1,
y 1 , x y 1 is mapped by w z 2 . Show that angles are preserved.
y v
C*
/2 v2
y=1 u 1
C 4
A /4 /2
x+y=1 x=1
/4
x /4 /4
1
v (1 u 2 )
O B 2 u
*
A O B *
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 59
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Ans.: u
v2
4
1, u 1
v2
4
1
, v 1 u2 .
2
Q.No.7.: Find the region in z-plane whose image under w z 2 is the rectangular domain
in w-plane bounded by the lines u = 1, u = 2, v = 1, v = 2.
1
Ans.: 1 x 2 y 2 2 , xy 1 , rectangular hyperbolas.
2
Q.No.8.: Determine the image of the rectangle a x b , c y d under w z .
Hint: Consider w 2 z
Ans.: a u 2 v 2 b and c 2uv d , rectangular hyperbolas.
Q.No.9.: Show that the image of the unit circle z 1 under w 2z z 2 is a cardioid
R 21 cos .
*** *** *** *** ***
Home Assignments
Mapping: w = e z
Q.No.1.: Find and graph the images of the region under the mapping w e z :
1 x 1, y .
2 2
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 60
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Ans.: e 1 R e , .
2 2
Q.No.2.: Find and graph the images of the region under the mapping w e z :
2 x 2, y .
2
Ans.: e 2 R e 2 , .
2
Q.No.3.: Find the transformation which conformally maps the horizontal strip 0 y
on to the disk w 1 .
Ans.: w f z
e z
i . Put Z = ez which transforms horizontal strip onto upper half
e z
i
plane, the B. T. w
z 1 maps upper half plane onto disk w 1 .
z 1
Q.No.4.: Find the transformation which maps the infinite strip 0 < y < a in the z-plane
into the upper half plane of w-plane.
Ans.: w e z / a .
Q.No.5.: Find the transformation which maps the annulus region a < R < b in z-plane
onto a rectangle in the w-plane.
Ans.: w ln z .
Hint: e w z transform rectangles in w-plane onto annulus region in z-plane.
Q.No.6.: Show that the transformation w tan z transforms x onto unit disk
4
w 1.
1 e iz e iz 1ie 2iz i
Hint: w tan z 2iz .
i e iz e iz e 1
iZ i
Put Z e i 2 z , w . Vertical strip to right half plane to unit circle.
Z 1
*** *** *** *** ***
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 61
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Home Assignments
Transformation w = sin z
Q.No.1.: Find and graph the images of the region under w sin z :
x , 1 < y < 2.
2 3
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 62
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
u2 v2
Ans.: y = c, 1 , where c = 1, 2 bounded by inner and outer ellipses in
cosh 2 c sinh 2 c
the upper half plane.
Q.No.2.: Find and graph the images of the region under w sin z :
Rectangle region x , 0 y 0 .
2 3
Ans.: Semi elliptic region in the upper half plane
Q.No.3.: Find and graph the images of the region under w sin z :
x , 1 y 2 .
Ans.: Region bounded by confocal ellipses with a cut along the negative imaginary axis.
Home Assignments
Bilinear Transformation:
zi
Q.No.1.: Represent w as a composite of mappings.
9z 4
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 63
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
1
Ans.: w w 4 i , w 4 5iw 3 , w 3 , w 2 w 1 4 , w 1 iz , w4, w, are rotations,
w2
w2 is translation, w3 is inversion.
Q.No.2.: Determine the cross-ration (C.R) of (a). the fourth roots of 1 (b). Four
complex sixth roots of 1.
1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i
Ans.: (a). z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 , CR 1 .
2 2 2 2
1 3 1
(b). z1, 2,3, 4 i , CR .
2 2 3
Q.No.3.: Find the invariant (fixed) points of the transformation:
(a). w
z 1
(b). w
6z 9
(c). w z i 2 (d). w z 2 (e). w
2z 5
z 1 z z4
Ans.: (a). z i (b). 3 (c). z
1 2i 1 4i
(d). 0, 1 (e). z 1 2i .
2
Q.No.4.: Determine the bilinear transformations whose fixed points are
(a). 1, 1 , (b). i, i (c). 1, 1.
z 1 1 z 1
Ans.: (a). w , for various , i.e., 0 , w , 1 , w , 2,
z z z 1
2z 1
w .
z2
z 1
(b). w .
z
z 1
(c). w .
z2
Q.No.5.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
respectively: z 1, 0, 1 on to w = 0, i, 3i.
3i z 1
Ans.: w .
z3
Q.No.6.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
respectively : z 0, i, 1 onto w = i, 1, 0.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 64
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
z 1
Ans.: w i .
z 1
Q.No.7.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
respectively: z = 1, i, 1 on to 2, i, 2 .
6z 2i
Ans.: w .
iz 3
Q.No.8.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
respectively: z , i, 0 onto w 0, i, .
1
Ans.: w
2
Q.No.9.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
respectively: z 1, 0, 1 onto w i, 1, .
Ans.: w
1 2i z 1 .
z 1
Q.No.10.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
respectively: z 0, 1, onto w 1, i, 1 .
zi
Ans.: w .
zi
Q.No.11.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
1
respectively: z 0, i, onto w 0, , .
2
iz
Ans.: w .
2
Q.No.12.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
respectively: z 1, i, 1 i onto w 0, 2i , 1 i .
2i z 1
Ans.: w .
4 z 1 5i
Q.No.13.: Find the bilinear transformation that maps z 1 , z 2 , z 3 on to w 1 , w 2 , w 3
respectively: z 1, , i onto w , i, 1 .
iz 2 i
Ans.: w .
z 1
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 65
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.14.: Find the bilinear transformation whose fixed points are
1
and maps
5 3i
2 4
into .
z 1 4i 21 i
Ans.: w .
2 z 1 i 4 i
Q.No.15.: Find the bilinear transformation having is as double fixed point and 1 goes to
.
Ans.: w
z3 i 1 i .
1 i 1 z
Q.No.16.: Find the bilinear transformation which maps 1, 0, 1 into 1, i, 1 .
Determine the image of the upper half plane.
Ans.: w
z i , unit circle.
iz 1
Q.No.17.: Find the bilinear transformation which maps 1, i , 1 on to w i, 0, i . Find
the image of z 1 . Determine fixed points.
Ans.: w
1 iz , u > 0, entire right half plane, fixed points are
1 i 6i .
1 iz 2
*** *** *** *** ***
Home Assignments
Schwartz-Christoffel Transformation:
Q.No.1.: Show how you will use Schwarz-Christoffel transformation to map the semi-
infinite strip enclosed by the real axis and the lines u 1 of the w-plane into
the upper half of the z-plane.
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 66
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.2.: Find the mapping function which maps semi-infinite strip in the z-plane
x , y 0 into half w-plane for which v 0 , such that the points
2 2
, in the z-plane are mapped into the points 1, 0 , 1, 0
, 0 , 0
2 2
respectively in w-plane
Ans.: z cosh w
Q.No.3.: Find the transformation which will map the interior of the infinite strip bounded
by the lines v = 0, v on to the upper half of the z-plane.
Ans.: w log z
Q.No.4.: Find the transformation which maps the semi-infinite strip bounded by v b ,
u = 0 and v = b into the upper half of the z-plane.
Q.No.5.: Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which conformally maps the
region in the w-plane to the upper half in the z-plane as shown in the Fig.
v
y
P 1 / 2
2 / 2 u 1 1 x
O
P* O*
w-plane z-plane
Semi-unifinite (right-open) strip 0 v .
Ans.: w cosh 1 z (or z cosh w )
z
1 dt
Hint: k1 k 2 , w k , k = 1,
2 0
t 1t 1
since P 0, i maps to P * ( 1,0 ) , i.e., w i when z 1 .
Q.No.6.: Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which conformally maps the
region in the w-plane to the upper half in the z-plane as shown in the Fig.
v y
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 67
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
z
1
Ans.: w z t k1 1 t k 2 dt , where k1 1 , k 2 1 , c1 ,
c1 0
Hint: Here interior angles at , k1 1, k 2 1 ,
z
w z c t 0 t 1
k1 k2
dt .
0
Q.No.7.:
v Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which conformally maps the
region in the w-plane to the upper half in the z-plane as shown in the Fig.
v y
/2 / 2 u 1 1 x
/ 2 / 2
O B* A*
B A
w-plane z-plane
Ans.: w sin 1 z z sin w
1 1
Hint: Interior angles at A and B are each. So k 1 k 2 1 1 . 1 .
2 2 2
z
dt
Then w (z) c zz 1 z 11/ 2 dz c
1/ 2
, w ( z) ci sin 1 z , c = 0
0 0 t 1
2
since B maps to B*, u i when x 1 .
2
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 68
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
Q.No.8.: Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which conformally maps the
region in the w-plane to the upper half in the z-plane as shown in the Fig.
v y
u 1 1 x
B B* A*
w-plane z-plane
Open region above (and to the left the) polygonal boundary in the w-plane.
z
t 1
Ans.: w (z) c dt
0
t 1
3
Hint: Here interior angles at B, 1 , at A 2
2 2
1 1 1 3 1 1
so k 1 1 1 , k2 2 1 1 .
2 2 2 2
Q.No.9.: Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which conformally maps the
region in the w-plane to the upper half in the z-plane as shown in the Fig.
v y
*B(w )
*B(w )
1 x
A u
O A* O
w-plane z-plane
Sector: 0 arg w , 0 2 .
c
Ans.: w (z) z .
Hint: Sector is polygon with vertices at A(w = 0) and Bw ,
mapped to A*(z = 0) and B * z .
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 69
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
z
Then w (z) c ( t 0) k1 dt where k1 1 1,
0
z z
1 t c
so that w (z) c t dt c z .
0
0
Q.No.10.: Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which conformally maps the
region in the w-plane to the upper half in the z-plane as shown in the Fig.
v y
Q v
u 1 1 x
P Q* P*
w-plane z-plane
Ans.: w ln z .
Hint: Interior angles at P(0, 0) and Q (0, ) are each
1
so k 1 1 1 0 , k2 0 .
3 0
The interior angle for point R w is 0 so k 3 1 1 1 .
z z
dt
Then w (z) t 10 t 0 1 t 10 dt , w In z .
0 0
t
Q.No.11.: Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which conformally maps the
region in the w-plane to the upper half in the z-plane as shown in the Fig.
y
v
v
1Q u
PO
O 1 R* x
P* Q*
R R
w-plane z-plane
Calculus of Complex Functions: Standard, Conformal & Bilinear Transformation 70
Prepared by: Amit and Pranjali, NIT Hamirpur (HP)
2 1
Ans.: w (z) sin z 1 2z z z 2 .
Q.No.12.: Find the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation which conformally maps the
region in the w-plane to the upper half in the z-plane as shown in the Fig.
v y
R Q
h 1
Q u
PO
O x
P* Q* R*
R
w-plane z-plane
Ans.: w (z)
h 1 z
In
2z
2 z
1 z
tanh 1 z z .
*** *** *** *** ***
*** *** ***
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