‘A123, Chapter 10: Formulas for integrals: integrals, antiderivatives, and the Fundamental Theorem of Caleulus (pp. 207-233, Gootman) Chapter Goals ‘* Understand the statement of the Fundamental Theorem of Calenlus ‘+ Lear how to compute the antiderivative of some basic fametions, ‘* Leam how to use the substitution method to compute the antiderivative of more ‘complex funetions, ‘+ Learn how to solve area and distance traveled problems by means of antiderivatives. amen Assignaent 22 Assignnent 23 Assignnent 24 (Review) ae ‘So far we have learned about the ides of the integral, and what is meant by computing the definite integral of 4 fonction f(z) over the interval [a,6]. As in the case of derivatives, we now study procedures for computing ‘the definite integral of a function f(2) over the interval (a, 0} thet are easier than computing limits of Riemann sums. Aa with derivatives, however, the definition is important because it is only through the definition that, -ve can understand why the integral gives the answers to particular problems. » [Idea of the Fundamental Theorem of Caleuh The easiest procedure for computing definite integrals is not by computing a limit of a Riemann sum, but by relating integrals to (anti)derivatives. This relationship is so important in Calculus that the theorem that deseribes the relationships is called the Enndamental Theorem of Calculus, » [Computing some antiderivatives: Jn previous chapters we were given a fimction f(x) and we found the derivative f"(2). In this section, we will do the reverse, We will be given a function f() that is the derivative of another function F(x) and will compute F(x), In other words find a function F(e) such that F(x) = j(x). F(x) is called an antiderivative of f() For example (2 = 82? so an antiderivative of f(2) = 32” is F(a) = x3, Note that F(z) = +2 is also an antiderivative of /(2) = 82? because (2° +-2)/ = S22. In general, if F(z) is aan antiderivative of f(2), then so is F(z) + C where C’ is any constant. This leads to the following notation. Definition of the indefinite integral: ‘The indefinite integrat of f(x), denoted by freee ‘without limits of integration, is the generul antiderivative of (2), For example, itis omy to check thas [ 3 dh= 1 +o, where cis any constant Recall that the power rule for derivatives gives us (2)! = na", We multiply by n and subtract 1 from the ‘exponent. Since antiderivatives are the reverse of derivatives, to compute an the antiderivative we first increase the power by 1, then divide by the new power. 105‘The formulas below can be verified by differentiating the righthand side of each expression. Some basie indefinite integralse 1 feanoetto nga a fedaere ‘n= Lin formula 1 leeds to division by zo, but for this spesial caso wo may use (la(2)) = 2 [heeoulese A fettaene fre b furosatene(freree)+( fare) TET rotate tem med [4 46049) = Seite 25 fhe Seat 9 Stott £" GOS oo "at es : et ve t + Qt te +c l “Ve [Bramapie 25] valuate the ineinit integral 7s at = 06 & “até +l =6 St “tt = = (}Ea)t tC ~(12ve" toes i ‘Warning: We do not have simple derivative rules for products and quotients, so we should not expect simple integral rules for products and quotients. Example 8:] Evaluate the indefinite integral feorna = Se + Seta lee Le sy a. eh 9, a ee ett ae a ~ yay & "glBxomple 4] valuste the indefinite mtogral f= 8 an, = iS S tobe ¢ Saxe a = ot 7 Ca ) 7 : aera “ + eee a We now have some experience | a We well now see how antiderivatives give us an elegant. matbod for finding ars under curves Example] Find efonmula tr A(e) = ["(-+2)at, that evaluate tho definite integral of the function f(t) = 4¢-+2 over the interval {1, 1) inside [1,10] (Hint: think of this definite integral as au area.) Find the values 4(5), A(10), A(1). ‘What isthe derivative of A(e) with rospect to a? Seg) A= Area eel aes yer aa ce tose - hen of tnepenorl osc oS fo hat Algle |. a. 7 Ati) = pitgd-4 20 eal ‘Observations:} ‘There are two important things to notice about the fumetion A(z) anslyzed in Example 1: nally i Agy= f(ars2}ae=o a=4( [urna 1042 h aA ae) Notice what the last equality says: The instantaneous rate of change of the area under the curve y= 4t-+2 at is simply equal to the value of the curve evaluated at t= 2. Why? A(c) measures the area of some geometric figure. As x increases, the width of the figure increases, and 0 the area increases. A'(xr) measures the rate of increase of the figure. Now, as x increases, the right wall of the figure sweeps out additional area, so the rate at which the area increases should be equal to the height of the right wall ‘The following pages will make this idea more precise.Edea:| Suppose that for any function f(t) it were true that the area function A(x) = f° f(e)dt —satistes 4@= [samo ay £ [oe) 100 Moreover, suppose that F(x) is any andtiderivative of f(x) {ie., F’{x) = f(z} = A’{x).) By The Constant Function Theorem (Chapter 6), there exists 8 constant value ¢ such that F(x) = A(x} +e All thse facts put together lp ws easly evaluate ffledt. Ended [roe = AG) = A(j-0 AW = Ala) = [AG+4-[Al@) +4 ‘The above ‘speculations’ are actually true for any continuous function on the interval over which we are integrating, These results are stated in the following theorem, which is divided into two parts: ‘The Fundamental Theorem of Caleulust PARTE: Let f(é) be a continous function on the interval [a,b] ‘Then the function A(z), defined by the formule Ace) = [Hae forall zim the interval (0,5), is an antiderivative of f(a), tha a= £( [roe) Ste) for all @ in the interval [a,b PART UL Let F(z) be any antiderivative of f(x) on (a, so that F@)=f@ for all = in the interval fa, ]. ‘Then [ f(x) de = FO) ~ F(a). ‘Special notations:| The above theorem tells us thet cvahunting « definite integral is & two-step process: find any antiderivative F(a) of the function f(x) and then compute the difference (6) — F(a). A notation has stands for the difference F(b) — F(a). Thus boon devised to separate the two steps of this process: F(x) PO -FI» [Some properties of definite integrals: 1. ‘a fiz)dz =0 2 s . a fisterssarar~ (free) +( fae) ‘ : 4. [tories [rear f fle)ae 8. [tore fle)az 8H meses ated ten mos fdendes aio Geoinvirie Musivation of come of the above properties Property 3. says that if / and g are positive valued Property 4. says thal if /(2) is a positive valued functions with f goatee than g, Then function then the area” underneath the graph of f(z) ia between @ and b plus fie ate cee ives the area between the graph of f(z) be- ‘ephs of f an tween b and ¢ equals the graphs of f and the area underneath JL Fla) de — [ota the graph of f(z) 3 between a and c, Property 5. follows from Properties 4. and 4. by tetting =a, Alternatively, the Fundamental Theorem of Caleulus gives us f fla)de = Flv) = FW)—F(@) = F(a) - FO = -Feo) ~ [reer Property 6. is illistrated in the pétuze‘that accompanies the proof of the Fundamental Theorem af Calenlus > [An idea of the proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ¥ We already gave an explanation of why the sooond part ofthe Fundamental yy ‘Thoorem of Calculus follows from the frst one. ‘Tb prove the first part we need to use the definition of the derivative. More precisely, we must show = m one Ale+h) — AG) Ata) = fim AEM AC) 49), Por convenience, Jet us assume that f is positive valued function, Given that AQa) ie defined by ff) at, she numerator of the above dierence ‘quotient is q a aera ae)= [roa [ s@a wT : a oth Using properties 4. and 5. of definite integrals, the above difference equala [ Slt)dt. As the function f is continuous over the interval [2,x-+h}, the Extreme Value Theorem says that there are values ¢ and o in (e2-+h) where fabtins the minimum and maximum values, say m and M, respectively. Thus m < fit) [Examples illustrating the First Fandamental Theorem of Calculus: Example 6] Compute the derivative of F(x) if Fiz) = f wea ait vA Fade af ie Seer Font oe [Example 7:| Compute the derivative of g(s) if g(s) = ‘ie — = os = | aaa ofaue? a [Bxample 8] Suppose f(a) = f° Veer RDG ox whish roi ue ) oi > (yp Made fem raae =P J [ee 25 $6 xh Pe PIRATE _ 2 (--37) =O Example 9:] Find the value of x at which Fe) = f (844° +#4041}dé takes its minimum on the interval [2,100], ‘The valve of ¢ that gives a minimum of Fa) is FG) ts _mereoteg Myr ot anolysi 5 Oh pre FGd=O |. —— fi ee Es oe Fx) = ee Rca en ania a aid erica oe 7 g Hany reeds anlar, a = 3) whore (9 . i) C o 6 Mec All tee terms 2O cue te ie[sei -2)de takes its mast on the inter wig #2 ov Find the value of 2 at which G(x) = Example [-5,100]. The value of x that gives a maxima of G(x) is > Cl) nore Wax. occurs ab andprint, =-GF ov 100, OX | Oct S foe Gyln0 Balt rf pat anotper &=/0, Clie) = bebe, / bt EIZO so ojZ O j fo GC) inereaginy : [Examples illustrating the Second Fundamental Theorem of Galeulus: Evaluate the intemal fF Dat asf » * [Example 12:] Evaluate the integral [ (@) 7 yet] a he 7 2 Example 18:] valote the intel f I umeer ee facts: =a a j Mos concle as ao) | ALA Sanne rane ents 4 an aa eee “etch use ane teeters 2 apache? = afbaty Dia hOr PO sear Example 1] Evaluate the integral [ ela a Le 2 Q Eri = Area of 2 * L66+S \ 6 Eid Pata tnt (n+!) te (Bea Paton), > asa oc © Ala) — Gare ' 3 (suk otal) = j 947 lI 2, (2) = w(G2a Bxample 16: Example 17:] Suppose» [The substitution rule Tor fntegralsi] If u~g(¢) isa diferentiable fnetion whose range is @ subinteral Yana ff continuous on Z, then f slot) Ode = f fladen Ts ease of definite integrals the substisution rule becomes [100 lola a= re Flea) du an [Example 18] Evaluate the integral [oerora. xed 5 0 Ukh= fi us t+4 acs g “ Qote= Sy 4 lt fa ducdt | alt of ted “= / bese ue rnd & [Fxample 19:] Bveluate the integral iver eT M% Be 42 us 7t+? PSs * Rea? a= i Ca fol u se L) %! 3 olf j : al, a / ya) 7 2 * a) aur? = Bf by ye (Ht? “Je #(@ a 4 ue Fat? a B( G0)” Se Eeociear| Scag. aaa aS IE -yf ye Gerd ae fae (ICTY A, [Example 212] Evaluate the integral [ama kk pe 6 Uaeaoet = - ‘a “tol “ate oe U= atl dase gadt= ie reoaus] be fe all HM og \"‘Example 22: = Gel = gods fel. ‘Example 24 Compute the derivative of Fie) if F(x) = f meat, (Hint: Write F(2) = (f(z) where f(x) = 2? and g(a) v= ff 2tdt and use the chain rule to find F(x).) 4 to) = ax, va a tbo FAX , EM) = (3 a by chan Pde gli) —— y, Fret FIC. > oF L oO ie = a pe Ruth (fed) g (Foo tg) rule / He) a pie (General formar] If re [ H(Oat then rw-%f H(t) dé = H(f(2)) fe). 14speck Curve tor HATPZE » [Word problems: If the velocity o(@) of an object at timo ¢ is always positive, then the rea underneath the graph of the ve Jcity fmction and lying above the t-axis represents the total distance traveled by the object from t = a to f = b [Example 25:] A train tcavels along a track and its velocity (in miles per hour) is given by v(t) = 768 for the first half hour of travel. Tis welocity is constant and equal to v(t) = 76/2 after the fret holf hour. Here time t is mensured in hours. How far (in miles) does the train travel in the second hour of travel? Len aad how = OX alt= Crag oft = Diafece th 1 7 g et Example 26:| A train travels along a track and its velocity (in miles per hour) is given by v(¢) = 76t for the first Kali hour of travel. Its velocity is coustant and equal to o(!) = 76/2 after the first half hour. Here time ¢ js measured in hours. How far (in miles) does the train travel in the - hour of travel? Rud = SO rctltr SL o 76 ob; Prteece mv Pir hose = ay) i : yet 2) S= 7¢¢ ie bly, = ax (21" of) 4 Fe = ae HIT Bae Example 27:] A rock is dropped from a height of 21 fost. Its velocity in feet per second at time £ after i i dropped is given by o(t) = ~324 where time ¢ is measured in seconds. How far is the rock from the ground one five Y@)= 2] Fate piltl= VC = - FP Ss fh lt) = D- Patelt= —-16E4C Ce eee =a second after it is dropped? fo hl= Bre secud af zis Bi W(t)= 16-1” 115Example 28:] Suppose an object is dropped from a cliff and its velocity in ft/sec after ¢ eeconds is given by v(@) = 10E+5. Ifthe object lands after 7 seconds, how high (in ft) isthe cliff? (Hint: how far did the object travel?) ran Distacce Cra-alkd= $7 west a i Biramaple 295] A car is traveling dve east. Is welcity (in miles per hous) atime t hours is given by =~ u(t) = -2.5¢7 + 10¢ + 50, ~ Foow far did tho car travel during the first fve hours of the ip? : 2 ex ne DEC OC +FIAT Be Sa . . eg oz eee a ee i » [Average Values] The average of finitely many anubers 1a, 2.++4 8h 8 pre = AFB He Wat if we are dealing with infinitely many values? More generally, how can we compute the average of function f defined on an interval? ‘Average of a function:| ‘The average ofa function f on an interval [a, 5] ‘equals the Tategral of f over the interval divided by the length of the interval: oo Geometric meaning: If j is a positive valued function, fase is that ummiber stich that the rectangle with Dave [e,b] and boight faye has the same area as the region underneath the graph of f from a to b [Example $0:] What is the average of f(e) =? over the interval [0,6]? oy nb 4 ix] J bg = gla Site = rk) = ae Cod) Boneae) we, a £ fi2 /