Motivations

Chapter 8 Multidimensional
Thus far, you have used one-dimensional arrays to model linear
Arrays collections of elements. You can use a two-dimensional array to
represent a matrix or a table. For example, the following table that
describes the distances between the cities can be represented using a
two-dimensional array.
Distance Table (in miles)

Chicago Boston New York Atlanta Miami Dallas Houston

CS1: Java Programming Chicago 0 983 787 714 1375 967 1087

Colorado State University Boston 983 0 214 1102 1763 1723 1842
New York 787 214 0 888 1549 1548 1627
Atlanta 714 1102 888 0 661 781 810
Original slides by Daniel Liang Miami 1375 1763 1549 661 0 1426 1187
Modified slides by Chris Wilcox Dallas 967 1723 1548 781 1426 0 239

Houston 1087 1842 1627 810 1187 239 0

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Motivations Objectives
q To give examples of representing data using two-dimensional arrays
(§8.1).
q To declare variables for two-dimensional arrays, create arrays, and
access array elements in a two-dimensional array using row and column
indexes (§8.2).
q To program common operations for two-dimensional arrays (displaying
arrays, summing all elements, finding the minimum and maximum
elements, and random shuffling) (§8.3).
q To pass two-dimensional arrays to methods (§8.4).
q To write a program for grading multiple-choice questions using two-
dimensional arrays (§8.5).
q To solve the closest-pair problem using two-dimensional arrays (§8.6).
q To check a Sudoku solution using two-dimensional arrays (§8.7).
q To use multidimensional arrays (§8.8).
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 Declaring Variables of Two-
Declare/Create Two-dimensional Arrays dimensional Arrays and Creating
// Declare array ref var
dataType[][] refVar;
Two-dimensional Arrays
// Create array and assign its reference to variable int[][] matrix = new int[10][10];
refVar = new dataType[10][10]; or
int matrix[][] = new int[10][10];
// Combine declaration and creation in one statement matrix[0][0] = 3;
dataType[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10];
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++)
// Alternative syntax for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++)
dataType refVar[][] = new dataType[10][10]; matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random() * 1000);

double[][] x;
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Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using

Two-dimensional Array Illustration
Shorthand Notations
You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and
initialize a two-dimensional array. For example,

int[][] array = {
int[][] array = new int[4][3];
{1, 2, 3}, array[0][0] = 1; array[0][1] = 2; array[0][2] = 3;
{4, 5, 6}, Same as array[1][0] = 4; array[1][1] = 5; array[1][2] = 6;
{7, 8, 9}, array[2][0] = 7; array[2][1] = 8; array[2][2] = 9;
{10, 11, 12} array[3][0] = 10; array[3][1] = 11; array[3][2] = 12;
};
matrix.length? 5 array.length? 4
matrix[0].length? 5 array[0].length? 3

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 Lengths of Two-dimensional Lengths of Two-dimensional
Arrays Arrays, cont.
int[][] x = new int[3][4]; int[][] array = { array.length
{1, 2, 3}, array[0].length
{4, 5, 6}, array[1].length
{7, 8, 9}, array[2].length
{10, 11, 12} array[3].length
};

array[4].length ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

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Ragged Arrays Ragged Arrays, cont.

Each row in a two-dimensional array is itself an array. So,
the rows can have different lengths. Such an array is
known as a ragged array. For example,
int[][] matrix = {
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix.length is 5
{2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix[0].length is 5
matrix[1].length is 4
{3, 4, 5}, matrix[2].length is 3
{4, 5}, matrix[3].length is 2
{5} matrix[4].length is 1
};
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 Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays Initializing arrays with input values
See the examples in the text.
java.util.Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
1. (Initializing arrays with input values) System.out.println("Enter " + matrix.length + " rows and " +
matrix[0].length + " columns: ");
2. (Printing arrays)
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
3. (Summing all elements) for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = input.nextInt();
4. (Summing all elements by column)
}
5. (Which row has the largest sum) }
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)
7. (Random shuffling)

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Initializing arrays with random values Printing arrays

for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) { for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) { for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = (int)(Math.random() * 100); System.out.print(matrix[row][column] + " ");
} }
}
System.out.println();
}

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 Summing all elements Summing elements by column
int total = 0; for (int column = 0; column < matrix[0].length; column++) {
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) { int total = 0;
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) { for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++)
total += matrix[row][column]; total += matrix[row][column];
}
}
System.out.println("Sum for column " + column + " is "
+ total);
}

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Random shuffling Passing Tow-Dimensional Arrays to

for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) { Methods
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
int i1 = (int)(Math.random() * matrix.length);
int j1 = (int)(Math.random() * matrix[i].length);
// Swap matrix[i][j] with matrix[i1][j1]
int temp = matrix[i][j];
PassTwoDimensionalArray Run
matrix[i][j] = matrix[i1][j1];
matrix[i1][j1] = temp;
}
}
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 Problem: Finding Two Points
Problem: Grading Multiple- Nearest to Each Other
Choice Test http://www.cs.armstrong.ed
Students’ answer u/liang/animation/web/Clos
Objective: write a estPair.html
program that grades
multiple-choice test.

PassTwoDimensionalArray Run
PassTwoDimensionalArray Run
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What is Sudoku? Every row contains the numbers 1 to 9

5 3 7 http://www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang 5 3 7 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2
6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8
6 1 9 5
/animation/web/Sudoku.html 6 1 9 5
1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7
9 8 6 9 8 6
8 6 3 8 6 3 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3
4 8 3 1 4 8 3 1 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1
7 2 6 7 2 6 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6
6 6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4
4 1 9 5 4 1 9 5 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5
8 7 9 8 7 9 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9

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 Every column contains the numbers 1 to 9 Every 3×3 box contains the numbers 1 to 9

5 3 7 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2 5 3 7 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2
6 1 9 5 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8 6 1 9 5 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8
9 8 6 1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7 9 8 6 1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7
8 6 3 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3 8 6 3 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3
4 8 3 1 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1 4 8 3 1 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1
7 2 6 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6 7 2 6 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6
6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4 6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4
4 1 9 5 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5 4 1 9 5 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5
8 7 9 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9 8 7 9 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9

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Checking Whether a Solution Is Correct Multidimensional Arrays

5 3 7 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2
Occasionally, you will need to represent n-
6 1 9 5 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8 dimensional data structures. In Java, you can create
8
9 8
6
6
3
1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7
n-dimensional arrays for any integer n.
8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3
4 8 3 1 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1
7 2 6 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6
6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4 The way to declare two-dimensional array
4 1 9 5 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5 variables and create two-dimensional arrays can be
8 7 9 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9
generalized to declare n-dimensional array
variables and create n-dimensional arrays for n >=
PassTwoDimensionalArray Run 3.

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 Multidimensional Arrays Problem: Calculating Total Scores
double[][][] scores = {
{{7.5, 20.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 33.5}, {13, 21.5}, {15, 2.5}}, Objective: write a program that calculates the total score for students
{{4.5, 21.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 34.5}, {12, 20.5}, {14, 9.5}}, in a class. Suppose the scores are stored in a three-dimensional array
{{6.5, 30.5}, {9.4, 10.5}, {11, 33.5}, {11, 23.5}, {10, 2.5}}, named scores. The first index in scores refers to a student, the second
{{6.5, 23.5}, {9.4, 32.5}, {13, 34.5}, {11, 20.5}, {16, 7.5}}, refers to an exam, and the third refers to the part of the exam. Suppose
there are 7 students, 5 exams, and each exam has two parts--the
{{8.5, 26.5}, {9.4, 52.5}, {13, 36.5}, {13, 24.5}, {16, 2.5}},
multiple-choice part and the programming part. So, scores[i][j][0]
{{9.5, 20.5}, {9.4, 42.5}, {13, 31.5}, {12, 20.5}, {16, 6.5}}
represents the score on the multiple-choice part for the i’s student on
};
the j’s exam. Your program displays the total score for each student.
Which student Which exam Multiple-choice or essay

TotalScore Run

scores[ i ] [ j ] [ k ]

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Problem: Weather Information Problem: Guessing Birthday

Suppose a meteorology station records the temperature Listing 4.3, GuessBirthday.java, gives a
and humidity at each hour of every day and stores the
data for the past ten days in a text file named program that guesses a birthday. The program
weather.txt. Each line of the file consists of four can be simplified by storing the numbers in five
numbers that indicate the day, hour, temperature, and sets in a three-dimensional array, and it prompts
humidity. Your task is to write a program that calculates the user for the answers using a loop.
the average daily temperature and humidity for the 10
days.
1 1 76.4 0.92 10 24 98.7 0.74
1 2 77.7 0.93 1 2 77.7 0.93
... ... GuessBirthdayUsingArray Run
10 23 97.7 0.71 10 23 97.7 0.71
10 24 98.7 0.74 1 1 76.4 0.92

(b)
(a)
Weather Run

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