Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027.

Subject content

2 Pure Mathematics 2 (for Paper 2)

Knowledge of the content for Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1 is assumed, and candidates may be required to
demonstrate such knowledge in answering questions.

2.1 Algebra

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the meaning of |x|, sketch the
Graphs of y = |f(x)| and y = f(|x|) for non-linear
graph of y = |ax + b| and use relations such as
functions f are not included.
|a| = |b| ⇔ a2 = b2 and
|x – a| < b ⇔ a – b < x < a + b when solving e.g. |3x – 2| = |2x + 7|, 2x + 5 < |x + 1|
equations and inequalities

• divide a polynomial, of degree not exceeding 4,

by a linear or quadratic polynomial, and identify
the quotient and remainder (which may be zero)

• use the factor theorem and the remainder e.g. to find factors and remainders, solve
theorem. polynomial equations or evaluate unknown
coefficients.
Including factors of the form (ax + b) in which the
coefficient of x is not unity, and including calculation
of remainders.

2.2 Logarithmic and exponential functions

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the relationship between logarithms
and indices, and use the laws of logarithms
(excluding change of base)

• understand the definition and properties of ex Including knowledge of the graph of y = ekx for both
and ln x, including their relationship as inverse positive and negative values of k.
functions and their graphs

−1 −1
• use logarithms to solve equations and e.g. 2 x 1 5 , 3 # 23x 1 5, 3 x + 1 = 4 2x .
inequalities in which the unknown appears in
indices

• use logarithms to transform a given relationship e.g.

to linear form, and hence determine unknown y = kxn gives ln y = ln k + n ln x which is linear in
constants by considering the gradient and/or ln x and ln y
intercept.
y = k (ax) gives ln y = ln k + x ln a which is linear in
x and ln y.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

2 Pure Mathematics 2

2.3 Trigonometry

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the relationship of the secant,
cosecant and cotangent functions to cosine,
sine and tangent, and use properties and
graphs of all six trigonometric functions for
angles of any magnitude

• use trigonometrical identities for the e.g. simplifying cos ^x − 30ch − 3 sin ^x − 60ch .
simplification and exact evaluation of e.g. solving tan i + cot i = 4 , 2 sec 2 i - tan i = 5 ,
expressions, and in the course of solving 3 cos i + 2 sin i = 1.
equations, and select an identity or identities
appropriate to the context, showing familiarity in
particular with the use of
– sec 2 i /1 + tan 2 i and cosec 2 i /1 + cot 2 i
– the expansions of sin(A ± B), cos(A ± B)
and tan(A ± B)
– the formulae for sin 2A, cos 2A and tan 2A
– the expression of a sin i + b cos i in the
forms R sin ^i ! ah and R cos ^i ! ah .

2.4 Differentiation

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

x
• use the derivatives of e , ln x, sin x, cos x,
tan x, together with constant multiples, sums,
differences and composites

2x − 4 2 2
• differentiate products and quotients e.g. , x ln x, xel – x .
3x + 2
• find and use the first derivative of a function e.g. x = t – e2t, y = t + e2t.
which is defined parametrically or implicitly. e.g. x2 + y2 = xy + 7.
Including use in problems involving tangents and
normals.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

2.5 Integration

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• extend the idea of ‘reverse differentiation’ to Knowledge of the general method of integration by
ax + b 1 substitution is not required.
include the integration of e , ,
ax + b
sin(ax + b), cos(ax + b) and sec2(ax + b)

• use trigonometrical relationships in carrying out e.g. use of double-angle formulae to integrate sin2 x
integration or cos2(2x).

• understand and use the trapezium rule to Including use of sketch graphs in simple cases
estimate the value of a definite integral. to determine whether the trapezium rule gives an
over-estimate or an under-estimate.

2 Pure Mathematics 2

2.6 Numerical solution of equations

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• locate approximately a root of an equation, e.g. finding a pair of consecutive integers between
by means of graphical considerations and/or which a root lies.
searching for a sign change

• understand the idea of, and use the notation

for, a sequence of approximations which
converges to a root of an equation

• understand how a given simple iterative formula Knowledge of the condition for convergence is not
of the form xn + 1 = F(xn) relates to the equation included, but an understanding that an iteration
being solved, and use a given iteration, or an may fail to converge is expected.
iteration based on a given rearrangement of an
equation, to determine a root to a prescribed
degree of accuracy.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3 (for Paper 3)

Knowledge of the content of Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1 is assumed, and candidates may be required to
demonstrate such knowledge in answering questions.

3.1 Algebra

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the meaning of |x|, sketch the Graphs of y = |f(x)| and y = f(|x|) for non-linear
graph of y = |ax + b| and use relations such as functions f are not included.
|a| = |b| ⇔ a2 = b2 and

|x – a| < b ⇔ a – b < x < a + b when solving e.g. |3x – 2| = |2x + 7|, 2x + 5 < |x + 1|.
equations and inequalities

• divide a polynomial, of degree not exceeding 4,

by a linear or quadratic polynomial, and identify
the quotient and remainder (which may be zero)

• use the factor theorem and the remainder e.g. to find factors and remainders, solve
theorem polynomial equations or evaluate unknown
coefficients.
Including factors of the form (ax + b) in which the
coefficient of x is not unity, and including calculation
of remainders.

• recall an appropriate form for expressing Excluding cases where the degree of the numerator
rational functions in partial fractions, and carry exceeds that of the denominator
out the decomposition, in cases where the
denominator is no more complicated than
– (ax + b)(cx + d)(ex + f )
– (ax + b)(cx + d)2
– (ax + b)(cx2 + d)

• use the expansion of (1 + x)n, where n is a Finding the general term in an expansion is not
rational number and x 1 1. included.
Adapting the standard series to expand
e.g. `2 − 2 xj
1 −1
is included, and determining the set
of values of x for which the expansion is valid in
such cases is also included.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3

3.2 Logarithmic and exponential functions

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the relationship between logarithms
and indices, and use the laws of logarithms
(excluding change of base)

• understand the definition and properties of ex Including knowledge of the graph of y = ekx for both
and ln x, including their relationship as inverse positive and negative values of k.
functions and their graphs

−1 −1
• use logarithms to solve equations and e.g. 2 x 1 5 , 3 # 23x < 5 , 3 x + 1 = 4 2x .
inequalities in which the unknown appears in
indices

• use logarithms to transform a given relationship e.g.

to linear form, and hence determine unknown y = kxn gives ln y = ln k + n ln x which is linear in
constants by considering the gradient and/or ln x and ln y.
intercept.
y = k (ax) gives ln y = ln k + x ln a which is linear in
x and ln y.

3.3 Trigonometry

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the relationship of the secant,
cosecant and cotangent functions to cosine,
sine and tangent, and use properties and
graphs of all six trigonometric functions for
angles of any magnitude

• use trigonometrical identities for the e.g. simplifying cos(x – 30˚) – 3 sin(x – 60˚).
simplification and exact evaluation of
expressions, and in the course of solving
e.g. solving tan i + cot i = 4 , 2 sec 2 i − tan i = 5 ,
equations, and select an identity or identities
3 cos i + 2 sin i = 1.
appropriate to the context, showing familiarity in
particular with the use of
– sec 2 i /1 + tan 2 i and cosec 2 i /1 + cot 2 i
– the expansions of sin(A ± B), cos(A ± B)
and tan(A ± B)
– the formulae for sin 2A, cos 2A and tan 2A
– the expression of a sin i + b cos i in the
forms R sin ^i ! ah and R cos ^i ! ah .

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3

3.4 Differentiation

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• use the derivatives of ex, ln x, sin x, cos x, tan x, Derivatives of sin–1 x and cos–1 x are not required.
tan–1 x, together with constant multiples, sums,
differences and composites

2x − 4 2 2
• differentiate products and quotients e.g. , x ln x, xe1 – x .
3x + 2
• find and use the first derivative of a function e.g. x = t – e2t, y = t + e2t.
which is defined parametrically or implicitly. e.g. x2 + y2 = xy + 7.
Including use in problems involving tangents and
normals.

3.5 Integration

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• extend the idea of ‘reverse differentiation’ to
1
Including examples such as .
1 2 + 3x 2
include the integration of eax + b, ,
ax + b
2
sin(ax + b), cos(ax + b), sec (ax + b)
1
and 2
x + a2
• use trigonometrical relationships in carrying out e.g. use of double-angle formulae to integrate sin2 x
integration or cos2(2x).

• integrate rational functions by means of Restricted to types of partial fractions as specified

decomposition into partial fractions in topic 3.1 above.

kf l^xh x
• , tan x.
f ^xh
recognise an integrand of the form , and e.g. integration of
x +1
2

integrate such functions

• recognise when an integrand can usefully be e.g. integration of x sin 2x, x2e –x, ln x, x tan–1 x.
regarded as a product, and use integration by
parts

• use a given substitution to simplify and evaluate e.g. to integrate sin2 2x cos x using the substitution
either a definite or an indefinite integral. u = sin x.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3

3.6 Numerical solution of equations

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• locate approximately a root of an equation, e.g. finding a pair of consecutive integers between
by means of graphical considerations and/or which a root lies.
searching for a sign change

• understand the idea of, and use the notation

for, a sequence of approximations which
converges to a root of an equation

• understand how a given simple iterative formula Knowledge of the condition for convergence is not
of the form xn + 1 = F(xn) relates to the equation included, but an understanding that an iteration
being solved, and use a given iteration, or an may fail to converge is expected.
iteration based on a given rearrangement of an
equation, to determine a root to a prescribed
degree of accuracy.

3.7 Vectors

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• use standard notations for vectors, i.e.

f p , xi + yj, f yp , xi + yj + zk, AB , a
x
x
y
z

• carry out addition and subtraction of vectors e.g. ‘OABC is a parallelogram’ is equivalent to
and multiplication of a vector by a scalar, and
OB = OA + OC .
interpret these operations in geometrical terms
The general form of the ratio theorem is not
included, but understanding that the midpoint of
AB has position vector 2 _OA + OB i is expected.
1

• calculate the magnitude of a vector, and use In 2 or 3 dimensions.

unit vectors, displacement vectors and position
vectors

• understand the significance of all the symbols e.g. finding the equation of a line given the position
used when the equation of a straight line is vector of a point on the line and a direction vector,
expressed in the form r = a + tb, and find the or the position vectors of two points on the line.
equation of a line, given sufficient information

• determine whether two lines are parallel, Calculation of the shortest distance between two
intersect or are skew, and find the point of skew lines is not required. Finding the equation of
intersection of two lines when it exists the common perpendicular to two skew lines is
also not required.

• use formulae to calculate the scalar product e.g. finding the angle between two lines, and finding
of two vectors, and use scalar products in the foot of the perpendicular from a point to a line;
problems involving lines and points. questions may involve 3D objects such as cuboids,
tetrahedra (pyramids), etc.
Knowledge of the vector product is not required.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

3 Pure Mathematics 3

3.8 Differential equations

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• formulate a simple statement involving a rate of The introduction and evaluation of a constant of
change as a differential equation proportionality, where necessary, is included.

• find by integration a general form of solution for Including any of the integration techniques from
a first order differential equation in which the topic 3.5 above.
variables are separable

• use an initial condition to find a particular

solution

• interpret the solution of a differential equation in Where a differential equation is used to model a
the context of a problem being modelled by the ‘real-life’ situation, no specialised knowledge of the
equation. context will be required.

3.9 Complex numbers

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the idea of a complex number, Notations Re z, Im z, |z|, arg z, z* should be known.
recall the meaning of the terms real part, The argument of a complex number will usually
imaginary part, modulus, argument, conjugate, refer to an angle i such that − r 1 i G r , but in
and use the fact that two complex numbers some cases the interval 0 G i 1 2r may be more
are equal if and only if both real and imaginary convenient. Answers may use either interval unless
parts are equal the question specifies otherwise.

• carry out operations of addition, subtraction, For calculations involving multiplication or division,
multiplication and division of two complex full details of the working should be shown.
numbers expressed in Cartesian form x + iy

• use the result that, for a polynomial equation e.g. in solving a cubic or quartic equation where
with real coefficients, any non-real roots occur one complex root is given.
in conjugate pairs

• represent complex numbers geometrically by

means of an Argand diagram

• carry out operations of multiplication and Including the results |z1z2| = |z1||z2| and
division of two complex numbers expressed in arg _z1 z2i = arg _z1i + arg _z2i , and corresponding
polar form r ^cos i + i sin ih / re ii
results for division.

• find the two square roots of a complex number e.g. the square roots of 5 + 12i in exact Cartesian
form. Full details of the working should be shown.

• understand in simple terms the geometrical

effects of conjugating a complex number and
of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing
two complex numbers

• illustrate simple equations and inequalities e.g. |z – a| < k, |z – a| = |z – b|, arg(z – a) = α.

involving complex numbers by means of loci in
an Argand diagram

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

5 Probability & Statistics 1 (for Paper 5)

Questions set will be mainly numerical, and will test principles in probability and statistics without involving
knowledge of algebraic methods beyond the content for Paper 1: Pure Mathematics 1.

Knowledge of the following probability notation is also assumed: P(A), P ^A , Bh , P ^A + Bh , P(A|B) and the
use of A′ to denote the complement of A.

5.1 Representation of data

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• select a suitable way of presenting raw
statistical data, and discuss advantages and/
or disadvantages that particular representations
may have

• draw and interpret stem-and-leaf diagrams, Including back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagrams.

box-and-whisker plots, histograms and
cumulative frequency graphs

• understand and use different measures of e.g. in comparing and contrasting sets of data.
central tendency (mean, median, mode) and
variation (range, interquartile range, standard
deviation)

• use a cumulative frequency graph e.g. to estimate medians, quartiles, percentiles, the
proportion of a distribution above (or below) a given
value, or between two values.

• calculate and use the mean and standard

deviation of a set of data (including grouped
data) either from the data itself or from given
totals / x and / x 2 , or coded totals /^x − ah
and /^x − ah , and use such totals in solving
2

problems which may involve up to two data

sets.

5.2 Permutations and combinations

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the terms permutation and
combination, and solve simple problems
involving selections

• solve problems about arrangements of objects Questions may include cases such as people
in a line, including those involving sitting in two (or more) rows.
– repetition (e.g. the number of ways Questions about objects arranged in a circle will not
of arranging the letters of the word be included.
‘NEEDLESS’)
– restriction (e.g. the number of ways several
people can stand in a line if two particular
people must, or must not, stand next to
each other).

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

5 Probability & Statistics 1

5.3 Probability

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• evaluate probabilities in simple cases by means e.g. the total score when two fair dice are thrown.
of enumeration of equiprobable elementary e.g. drawing balls at random from a bag containing
events, or by calculation using permutations or balls of different colours.
combinations

• use addition and multiplication of probabilities, Explicit use of the general formula
as appropriate, in simple cases P ^A , Bh = P ^Ah + P ^Bh − P ^A + Bh is not required.

• understand the meaning of exclusive and

independent events, including determination
of whether events A and B are independent
by comparing the values of P ^A + Bh and
P ^Ah # P ^Bh

• calculate and use conditional probabilities in e.g. situations that can be represented by a sample
simple cases. space of equiprobable elementary events, or a tree
P ^A + Bh
diagram. The use of P ^A Bh =
P ^Bh
may be
required in simple cases.

5.4 Discrete random variables

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• draw up a probability distribution table relating
to a given situation involving a discrete random
variable X, and calculate E(X) and Var(X)

• use formulae for probabilities for the binomial Including the notations B(n, p) and Geo(p). Geo(p)
and geometric distributions, and recognise denotes the distribution in which pr = p(1 – p)r – 1 for
practical situations where these distributions r = 1, 2, 3, … .
are suitable models

• use formulae for the expectation and variance Proofs of formulae are not required.
of the binomial distribution and for the
expectation of the geometric distribution.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

5 Probability & Statistics 1

5.5 The normal distribution

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the use of a normal distribution to Sketches of normal curves to illustrate distributions
model a continuous random variable, and use or probabilities may be required.
normal distribution tables

• solve problems concerning a variable X, where For calculations involving standardisation, full
X + N _n, v 2i , including details of the working should be shown.

– finding the value of P _X > x1i , or a related _X - ni

e.g. Z =
probability, given the values of x1, n, v. v
– finding a relationship between x1, n and v
given the value of P _X > x1i or a related
probability

• recall conditions under which the normal n sufficiently large to ensure that both np > 5 and
distribution can be used as an approximation nq > 5.
to the binomial distribution, and use this
approximation, with a continuity correction, in
solving problems.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

6 Probability & Statistics 2 (for Paper 6)

Knowledge of the content of Paper 5: Probability & Statistics 1 is assumed, and candidates may be required
to demonstrate such knowledge in answering questions. Knowledge of calculus within the content for
Paper 3: Pure Mathematics 3 will also be assumed.

6.1 The Poisson distribution

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• use formulae to calculate probabilities for the
distribution Po ^mh

• use the fact that if X + Po ^mh then the mean Proofs are not required.
and variance of X are each equal to m

• understand the relevance of the Poisson

distribution to the distribution of random events,
and use the Poisson distribution as a model

• use the Poisson distribution as an The conditions that n is large and p is small should
approximation to the binomial distribution be known; n > 50 and np < 5, approximately.
where appropriate

• use the normal distribution, with continuity The condition that m is large should be known;
correction, as an approximation to the Poisson m 2 15 , approximately.
distribution where appropriate.

6.2 Linear combinations of random variables

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• use, when solving problems, the results that Proofs of these results are not required.
– E(aX + b) = aE(X) + b and
Var(aX + b) = a2 Var(X)
– E(aX + bY) = aE(X) + bE(Y)
– Var(aX + bY) = a2 Var(X) + b2 Var(Y) for
independent X and Y
– if X has a normal distribution then so does
aX + b
– if X and Y have independent normal
distributions then aX + bY has a normal
distribution
– if X and Y have independent Poisson
distributions then X + Y has a Poisson
distribution.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

6 Probability & Statistics 2

6.3 Continuous random variables

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the concept of a continuous For density functions defined over a single interval
random variable, and recall and use properties only; the domain may be infinite,
of a probability density function 3
e.g. for x H 1.
x4
• use a probability density function to solve Including location of the median or other percentiles
problems involving probabilities, and to of a distribution by direct consideration of an area
calculate the mean and variance of a using the density function.
distribution. Explicit knowledge of the cumulative distribution
function is not included.

6.4 Sampling and estimation

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the distinction between a sample
and a population, and appreciate the necessity
for randomness in choosing samples

• explain in simple terms why a given sampling Including an elementary understanding of the use
method may be unsatisfactory of random numbers in producing random samples.
Knowledge of particular sampling methods, such
as quota or stratified sampling, is not required.

• recognise that a sample mean can be regarded

as a random variable, and use the facts that

E _X i = n and that Var _X i = n

v2

• use the fact that _X i has a normal distribution

if X has a normal distribution

• use the Central Limit Theorem where Only an informal understanding of the Central Limit
appropriate Theorem (CLT) is required; for large sample sizes,
the distribution of a sample mean is approximately
normal.

• calculate unbiased estimates of the population Only a simple understanding of the term ‘unbiased’
mean and variance from a sample, using either is required, e.g. that although individual estimates
raw or summarised data will vary the process gives an accurate result ‘on
average’.

• determine and interpret a confidence interval

for a population mean in cases where the
population is normally distributed with known
variance or where a large sample is used

• determine, from a large sample, an approximate

confidence interval for a population proportion.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. Subject content

6 Probability & Statistics 2

6.5 Hypothesis tests

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

• understand the nature of a hypothesis test, the Outcomes of hypothesis tests are expected to
difference between one-tailed and two-tailed be interpreted in terms of the contexts in which
tests, and the terms null hypothesis, alternative questions are set.
hypothesis, significance level, rejection region
(or critical region), acceptance region and test
statistic

• formulate hypotheses and carry out a

hypothesis test in the context of a single
observation from a population which has a
binomial or Poisson distribution, using
– direct evaluation of probabilities
– a normal approximation to the binomial or
the Poisson distribution, where appropriate

• formulate hypotheses and carry out a

hypothesis test concerning the population
mean in cases where the population is normally
distributed with known variance or where a
large sample is used

• understand the terms Type I error and Type II

error in relation to hypothesis tests

• calculate the probabilities of making Type I and

Type II errors in specific situations involving
tests based on a normal distribution or direct
evaluation of binomial or Poisson probabilities.

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027.

5 List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

PURE MATHEMATICS

Mensuration
Volume of sphere = 4
3
πr 3

Surface area of sphere = 4πr 2

Volume of cone or pyramid = 13 × base area × height

Area of curved surface of cone = πr × slant height

Arc length of circle = rθ ( θ in radians)

Area of sector of circle = 12 r 2θ ( θ in radians)

Algebra
For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c =0:

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
For an arithmetic series:
un= a + (n − 1)d , S=
n
1
2
n( a + l=
) 1
2
n{2a + (n − 1) d }

For a geometric series:

a(1 − r n ) a
un = ar n −1 , Sn =
1− r
(r ≠ 1) , S∞ =
1− r
( r <1 )

Binomial series:
n  n  n
(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2b 2 +   a n −3b3 + K + b n , where n is a positive integer
1  2  3
n n!
and   =
 r  r!(n − r )!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x) n =+
1 nx + x + x + K , where n is rational and x < 1
2! 3!

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Trigonometry
sin θ
tan θ ≡
cos θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ≡ 1 , 1 + tan 2 θ ≡ sec 2 θ , cot 2 θ + 1 ≡ cosec 2 θ
sin( A ± B) ≡ sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos( A ± B) ≡ cos A cos B m sin A sin B

tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B ) ≡
1 m tan A tan B
sin 2 A ≡ 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A ≡ cos 2 A − sin 2 A ≡ 2cos 2 A − 1 ≡ 1 − 2sin 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A ≡
1 − tan 2 A
Principal values:
− 12 π ⩽ sin −1 x ⩽ 12 π , 0 ⩽ cos −1 x ⩽ π , − 12 π < tan −1 x < 12 π

Differentiation
f( x ) f ′( x )

xn nx n −1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x cos x
cos x − sin x
tan x sec 2 x
sec x sec x tan x
cosec x − cosec x cot x
cot x − cosec 2 x
1
tan −1 x
1 + x2
du dv
uv v +u
dx dx
du dv
v −u
u dx dx
2
v v
dy dy dx
If x = f(t ) and y = g(t ) then = ÷
dx dt dt

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
x n +1
xn (n ≠ −1)
n +1
1
ln x
x
ex ex
sin x − cos x
cos x sin x
sec 2 x tan x
1 1 x
tan −1  
x + a2
2
a a
1 1 x−a
ln ( x > a)
x − a2
2
2a x + a

1 1 a+x
a − x2
2
ln
2a a − x
( x < a)

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv −∫ v dx dx
f ′( x)
∫ f ( x) dx = ln f ( x)

Vectors
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3k then

a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = a b cos θ

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS

Algebra
Summations:
n n n

∑
=r
r =1
1
2
n(n + 1) , ∑
r =1
r 2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) , ∑r
r =1
3
= 14 n 2 (n + 1) 2

Maclaurin’s series:
x2 xr
f( x) = f(0) + x f ′(0) + f ′′(0) + K + f ( r ) (0) + K
2! r!
x2 xr
e x =exp( x) =1 + x + +K + +K (all x)
2! r!
x 2 x3 xr
ln(1 + x) =
x− + − K + (−1) r +1 + K (–1 < x ⩽ 1)
2 3 r
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sin x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cos x = 1 − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tan −1 x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (–1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1)
3 5 2r + 1
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sinh x =x + + +K + +K (all x)
3! 5! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x2r
cosh x =1 + + +K+ +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!

x3 x5 x 2 r +1
tanh −1 x =x + + +K + +K (–1 < x < 1)
3 5 2r + 1

Trigonometry
If t = tan 12 x then:

2t 1− t2
sin x = and cos x =
1+ t2 1+ t2

Hyperbolic functions
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x ≡ 1 , sinh 2 x ≡ 2sinh x cosh x , cosh 2 x ≡ cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

sinh −1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)

−1
cosh = x ln( x + x 2 − 1) (x ⩾ 1)

1+ x 
tanh −1 x = 12 ln   (| x | < 1)
1− x 

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

Differentiation
f( x ) f ′( x )
1
sin −1 x
1 − x2
1
cos −1 x −
1 − x2
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
1
sinh −1 x
1 + x2
1
cosh −1 x
x2 − 1
1
tanh −1 x
1 − x2

Integration
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)

f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
sec x + tan x | ln| tan( 12 x + 14 π) |
ln| sec x= ( x < 12 π )

cosec x ln| tan( 12 x) |

− ln| cosec x + cot x | = (0 < x < π)
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
sech 2 x tanh x
1 x
sin −1   ( x < a)
2
a −x 2 a

1  x
cosh −1   ( x > a)
2
x −a 2 a

1  x
sinh −1  
2
a +x 2 a

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

v= u + at , =s 1
2
(u + v)t , s ut + 12 at 2 ,
= 2
v= u 2 + 2as

FURTHER MECHANICS
Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is:
gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2V 2 cos 2 θ

Elastic strings and springs

λx λ x2
T= , E=
l 2l

Motion in a circle
For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed towards the centre and has magnitude
v2
ω 2r or
r

Centres of mass of uniform bodies

Triangular lamina: 23 along median from vertex

Solid hemisphere of radius r: 83 r from centre

Hemispherical shell of radius r: 1

2
r from centre

r sin α
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
α
2r sin α
Circular sector of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
3α
Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 3
4
h from vertex

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Summary statistics
For ungrouped data:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 Σx 2
x= , standard=
deviation = − x2
n n n
For grouped data:

Σxf Σ( x − x ) 2 f Σx 2 f
x= , standard
= deviation = − x2
Σf Σf Σf

Discrete random variables

E( X ) = Σxp , Var( X ) = Σx 2 p − {E( X )}2
For the binomial distribution B(n, p) :

n
pr =   p r (1 − p) n − r , µ = np , σ 2 = np(1 − p )
r
For the geometric distribution Geo(p):
1
pr = p(1 − p) r −1 , µ=
p
For the Poisson distribution Po(λ )

λr
pr = e − λ , µ =λ , σ2 =λ
r!

Continuous random variables

∫
E( X ) = x f( x) dx , ∫
Var( X ) = x 2 f( x) dx − {E( X )}2

Sampling and testing

Unbiased estimators:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 1  2 ( Σx ) 2 
x= , =s2 =  Σx − 
n n −1 n −1 n 

Central Limit Theorem:

 σ2 
X ~ N  µ, 
 n 

Approximate distribution of sample proportion:

 p (1 − p) 
N  p, 
 n 

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

FURTHER PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Sampling and testing

Two-sample estimate of a common variance:
Σ( x1 − x1 ) 2 + Σ( x2 − x2 ) 2
s2 =
n1 + n 2 − 2

Probability generating functions

G X (t ) = E(t X ) , E( X ) = G ′X (1) , Var(
= X ) G ′′X (1) + G ′X (1) − {G ′X (1)}2

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of z, the table gives
the value of Φ(z), where

Φ(z) = P(Z ⩽ z).

For negative values of z, use Φ(–z) = 1 – Φ(z).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ADD
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 32

0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 3 7 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133 3 5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23

1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13

1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5

2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Critical values for the normal distribution

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of p, the table
gives the value of z such that

P(Z ⩽ z) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

z 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE t-DISTRIBUTION

If T has a t-distribution with ν degrees of freedom, then,

for each pair of values of p and ν, the table gives the value
of t such that:

P(T ⩽ t) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

ν=1 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
2 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610

5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.894 6.869

6 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781

10 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587

11 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140

15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073

16 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883

20 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850

21 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745

25 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725

26 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.689
28 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.660

30 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646

40 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
60 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
∞ 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE χ 2 -DISTRIBUTION

If X has a χ 2 -distribution with ν degrees of

freedom then, for each pair of values of p and ν,
the table gives the value of x such that
P(X ⩽ x) = p.

p 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.9 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.999

ν=1 0.031571 0.039821 0.023932 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.83
2 0.02010 0.05064 0.1026 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.60 13.82
3 0.1148 0.2158 0.3518 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 0.2971 0.4844 0.7107 7.779 9.488 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47
5 0.5543 0.8312 1.145 9.236 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.51
6 0.8721 1.237 1.635 10.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46
7 1.239 1.690 2.167 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28 24.32
8 1.647 2.180 2.733 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.95 26.12
9 2.088 2.700 3.325 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88
10 2.558 3.247 3.940 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59
11 3.053 3.816 4.575 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.73 26.76 31.26
12 3.571 4.404 5.226 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91
13 4.107 5.009 5.892 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53
14 4.660 5.629 6.571 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12
15 5.229 6.262 7.261 22.31 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70
16 5.812 6.908 7.962 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25
17 6.408 7.564 8.672 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79
18 7.015 8.231 9.390 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31
19 7.633 8.907 10.12 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82
20 8.260 9.591 10.85 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.31
21 8.897 10.28 11.59 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80
22 9.542 10.98 12.34 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27
23 10.20 11.69 13.09 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73
24 10.86 12.40 13.85 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18
25 11.52 13.12 14.61 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62
30 14.95 16.79 18.49 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70
40 22.16 24.43 26.51 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40
50 29.71 32.36 34.76 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66
60 37.48 40.48 43.19 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95 99.61
70 45.44 48.76 51.74 85.53 90.53 95.02 100.4 104.2 112.3
80 53.54 57.15 60.39 96.58 101.9 106.6 112.3 116.3 124.8
90 61.75 65.65 69.13 107.6 113.1 118.1 124.1 128.3 137.2
100 70.06 74.22 77.93 118.5 124.3 129.6 135.8 140.2 149.4

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST

The sample has size n.

P is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the positive differences.

Q is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the negative differences.

T is the smaller of P and Q.

For each value of n the table gives the largest value of T which will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis at
the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of T

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
n=6 2 0
7 3 2 0
8 5 3 1 0
9 8 5 3 1
10 10 8 5 3
11 13 10 7 5
12 17 13 9 7
13 21 17 12 9
14 25 21 15 12
15 30 25 19 15
16 35 29 23 19
17 41 34 27 23
18 47 40 32 27
19 53 46 37 32
20 60 52 43 37

For larger values of n, each of P and Q can be approximated by the normal distribution with mean 1
4
n(n + 1)
and variance 1
24
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) .

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 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709 syllabus for 2026 and 2027. List of formulae and statistical tables (MF19)

WILCOXON RANK-SUM TEST

The two samples have sizes m and n, where m ⩽ n.

Rm is the sum of the ranks of the items in the sample of size m.

W is the smaller of Rm and m(n + m + 1) – Rm.

For each pair of values of m and n, the table gives the largest value of W which will lead to rejection of the
null hypothesis at the level of significance indicated.

Critical values of W

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02
n m=3 m=4 m=5 m=6
3 6 – –
4 6 – – 11 10 –
5 7 6 – 12 11 10 19 17 16
6 8 7 – 13 12 11 20 18 17 28 26 24
7 8 7 6 14 13 11 21 20 18 29 27 25
8 9 8 6 15 14 12 23 21 19 31 29 27
9 10 8 7 16 14 13 24 22 20 33 31 28
10 10 9 7 17 15 13 26 23 21 35 32 29

Level of significance
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02
n m=7 m=8 m=9 m = 10
7 39 36 34
8 41 38 35 51 49 45
9 43 40 37 54 51 47 66 62 59
10 45 42 39 56 53 49 69 65 61 82 78 74

For larger values of m and n, the normal distribution with mean 1

2
m(m + n + 1) and variance 1
12
mn(m + n + 1)
should be used as an approximation to the distribution of Rm.

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