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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Zhang, Guigen, author.

Title: Introduction to integrative engineering : a computational approach to
biomedical problems / by Guigen Zhang.
Description: New York : CRC Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016026224| ISBN 9781466572287 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315388465 (ebook)
Subjects: | MESH: Biomedical Engineering--methods | Computational Biology |
Computer Simulation | Models, Theoretical
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 I would like to dedicate this book to my parents, from
whom I learned the importance of learning how beyond
learning that at a very young age (although I did not
know the exact literary terms back then), and to my
wife, for keeping me in check all these years whenever
I wandered into foolishness.

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Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Author xxi

I Readying the Integrative Mindset 1

1 From Compartmentalized Disciplines to Transdiscipline 3
1.1 Reductive Specialization for the Twentieth Century . . . . . . 3
1.2 Integrative Problem Solving for the
Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Jack of All Trades, Master of None? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Venturing Out of Our Comfort Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Difference in Learning That and Learning How . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Connecting the Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.7 Borrowing Zen’s Way of Seeing the World with
the Assistance of Computational Modeling . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.8 Seeking Convergence beyond Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

II Cracking Open the Blackbox of

Computational Modeling 13
2 Engineering Problems and Partial Differential Equations 15
2.1 Brief Review of Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Ordinary versus partial differential equations . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Order of differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.3 Linear versus nonlinear differential equations . . . . . 16
2.1.4 Constant versus nonconstant coefficients . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.5 Dimension of differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.6 Time-dependent and -independent
differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.7 Initial and boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Connecting PDEs to the Engineering World . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 Some differential notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1.1 ∇ operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1.2 Gradient of a field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
vii

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2.2.1.3 Dot product and divergence of a field. . . . . 21

2.2.1.4 Cross product and curl of a field . . . . . . . 22
2.2.1.5 Laplacian of a field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Common engineering problems and their
governing PDEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Brief Review of Matrix Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1 Row and column vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 Addition and subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.3 Multiplication by a scalar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.4 Matrix–matrix multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.5 Transposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.6 Differentiation and integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.7 Square matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.8 Diagonal matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.9 Identity matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.10 Symmetric matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.11 Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.12 Matrix inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.13 Matrix partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.14 Matrix calculation using MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.15 Making plots using MATLAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3 Where Do Differential Equations Come From? 39

3.1 PDE for a Hanging Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 PDE for a Vibrating String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3 PDE for Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4 PDE for Mass Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.5 PDE for Beam Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.6 Commonality in PDEs for Different Problems . . . . . . . . . 49
3.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4 Approximate Solutions to Differential Equations 51

4.1 Approximate Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2 Approximate Solutions by Weighted Integral . . . . . . . . . 53
4.3 How Good Are Approximate Solutions? . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4 Influence of Weight Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5 Discretization of Physical Domains 63

5.1 Dividing Physical Domains into Small Elements . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Nodal Connectivity and Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . 65

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5.3 Linking Nodal DOF to Polynomial Functions . . . . . . . . . 67

5.3.1 1D elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.3.2 2D elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.4 Choice of Polynomial Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.4.1 Pascal triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.4.2 Pascal pyramid and 3D elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.5 Shape Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.6 Lagrange Interpolation Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.6.1 Lagrange formula for 1D elements . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.6.2 Lagrange formula for 2D quadrilateral elements . . . . 84
5.6.3 Shape functions for serendipity elements . . . . . . . . 87
5.6.4 Lagrange formulas for 2D triangular elements . . . . . 90
5.6.4.1 Area coordinates for triangles . . . . . . . . . 90
5.6.4.2 Lagrange formulas for 2D
triangular elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.6.5 Lagrange formula for 3D hexahedral elements . . . . . 97
5.6.6 Lagrange formulas for 3D tetrahedral elements . . . . 99
5.6.6.1 Volume coordinates for tetrahedrons . . . . . 99
5.6.6.2 Lagrange formulas for 3D
tetrahedral elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.7 Hermite Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.7.1 Hermite interpolation formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.7.2 Shape functions for beam elements . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.7.3 Plate and shell elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.8 Interpolation of Field Quantities in a Matrix Form . . . . . . 110
5.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6 Solving Differential Equations Computationally 119
6.1 Differential Equations in Strong and Weak Forms . . . . . . . 120
6.2 FEM Formulation Using the Galerkin Method . . . . . . . . . 121
6.2.1 Elementary [Ke ] matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.2.2 Volumetric and point loads or constraints . . . . . . . 124
6.3 Single-Element Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.4 From Elementary to Global through Assembly . . . . . . . . 127
6.4.1 Global [K] matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.5 Bar Elements for 1D Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.6 Bar Elements for 2D and 3D Truss Structures . . . . . . . . 135
6.6.1 2D truss structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.6.2 3D truss structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.7 FEM Formulation for Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.7.1 Weak-form PDE for beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.7.2 FEM formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.8 The Essence of FEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

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7 Scalar Field Problems in Higher Dimensions 163

7.1 FEM Formulation for 2D Scalar Field Problems . . . . . . . 163
7.1.1 FEM formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.1.2 Elementary [Ke ] matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.2 Types of 2D Scalar Field Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.3 FEM Formulation for 3D Scalar Field Problems . . . . . . . 170
7.3.1 FEM formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.3.2 Elementary [Ke ] matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.4 Types of 3D Scalar Field Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

8 Vector Field Problems in Higher Dimensions 181

8.1 3D Solid Mechanics Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.1.1 Free-body diagram and PDEs of equilibrium . . . . . 181
8.1.2 Weighted integral of residual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.1.3 FEM formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.1.4 Elementary [Ke ] matrix for solid
mechanics problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.2 2D Solid Mechanics Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.2.1 Plane stress situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.2.2 Plane strain situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
8.2.3 FEM formulation for 2D solid mechanics . . . . . . . . 196
8.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

9 Axisymmetric Scalar and Vector Field Problems 205

9.1 Axisymmetric Scalar Field Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9.1.1 PDE in cylindrical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9.1.2 Axisymmetry and FEM formulation . . . . . . . . . . 206
9.2 Axisymmetric Vector Field Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.2.1 PDEs of equilibrium in cylindrical coordinates . . . . 211
9.2.2 FEM formulation for axisymmetric solid mechanics . . 214
9.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

10 Isoparametric Elements 221

10.1 Isoparametric Elements for Slender Structures . . . . . . . . 221
10.1.1 Shape and mapping functions for bar elements . . . . 221
10.1.1.1 The 2-node isoparametric bar element . . . . 221
10.1.1.2 The 3-node isoparametric bar element . . . . 223
10.1.1.3 ne -Node isoparametric bar element . . . . . 223
10.1.2 Elementary [Ke ] matrix for bar elements . . . . . . . . 224
10.1.3 Shape and mapping functions for beam elements . . . 226
10.1.4 Elementary [Ke ] matrix for beam elements . . . . . . 227

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10.2 Isoparametric Elements for 2D Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 228

10.2.1 Shape and mapping functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
10.2.1.1 The 4-node isoparametric
square element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
10.2.1.2 ne -Node isoparametric square element . . . . 230
10.2.1.3 The 3-node isoparametric
triangular element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
10.2.1.4 ne -Node isoparametric
triangular element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
10.2.2 Elementary [Ke ] matrix for scalar field problems . . . 231
10.2.2.1 The 4-node quadrilateral elements . . . . . . 233
10.2.2.2 The 3-node isoparametric
triangular elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
10.2.2.3 Axisymmetric situation . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
10.2.3 Elementary [Ke ] matrix for vector field problems . . . 238
10.2.3.1 Axisymmetric situation . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
10.3 Isoparametric Elements for 3D Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10.3.1 Shape and mapping functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
10.3.1.1 The 8-node isoparametric
hexahedral element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
10.3.1.2 ne -Node isoparametric
hexahedral element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.3.1.3 The 4-node isoparametric
tetrahedral element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.3.1.4 ne -Node isoparametric
tetrahedral element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
10.3.2 Elementary [Ke ] matrix for scalar field problems . . . 250
10.3.3 Elementary [Ke ] matrix for vector field problems . . . 256
10.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

11 Gauss Quadrature and Numerical Integration 269

11.1 Gauss Quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
11.1.1 A 1-point Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
11.1.2 A 2-point Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
11.1.3 A 3-point Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
11.1.4 Locations and weights of Gauss points . . . . . . . . . 275
11.2 Gauss Quadrature for 2D Quadrilateral Elements . . . . . . 275
11.2.1 A 2-point Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
11.2.2 A 3-point Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
11.3 Gauss Quadrature for 2D Triangular Elements . . . . . . . . 280
11.3.1 Locations and weights of Gauss points . . . . . . . . . 281
11.3.2 Integration in area coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
11.4 Gauss Quadrature for 3D Hexahedral Elements . . . . . . . . 285

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11.5 Gauss Quadrature for 3D Tetrahedral Elements . . . . . . . . 286

11.5.1 Integration in volume coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
11.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

12 Dealing with Generalized PDEs 297

12.1 A General Form PDE and Its Matrix Equation . . . . . . . . 297
12.1.1 Elementary mass matrix: consistent and lumped . . . 298
12.1.2 Elementary damping matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
12.1.3 Elementary absorption matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
12.1.4 Elementary convection matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
12.2 Solving the General Matrix Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
12.3 Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, and Free Vibration . . . . . . . . . 305
12.3.1 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
12.3.2 Free vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
12.4 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Recommended Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

13 Errors in FEM Results 313

13.1 Modeling Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
13.1.1 Domain approximation error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
13.1.2 Field variable approximation error . . . . . . . . . . . 314
13.1.3 Quadrature and arithmetic error . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
13.2 Convergence of FEM Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
13.2.1 Effect of mesh refinement: h-convergence . . . . . . . . 319
13.2.2 Effect of element discretization
order: p-convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
13.2.3 Effect of quadrature points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
13.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

III Developing Hands-On Modeling Skills 327

14 A Quick Tour of the COMSOL Modeling Environment 329

14.1 COMSOL Starting Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
14.2 Making Initial Selections Step-By-Step . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
14.2.1 Selecting spacial dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
14.2.2 Selecting proper physics modules . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
14.2.3 Selecting a proper type of study . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
14.3 Getting Familiar with the Modeling Environment . . . . . . 333
14.3.1 Model Builder window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
14.3.2 Settings window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
14.3.3 Graphics window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

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14.4 A Practical Sense of Building Proper Models . . . . . . . . . 337

14.5 Modeling Example: Tuning the Sound of Music . . . . . . . . 339
14.5.1 Tuning a string by adjusting string tension . . . . . . 340
14.5.2 Changing pitches using strings of different sizes . . . . 345
14.5.3 Taking advantage of COMSOL tutorials . . . . . . . . 346
14.6 Taking Advantage of COMSOL’s Geometric
Parameterization Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

15 A Glimpse of the ABAQUS and ANSYS User Interfaces 351

15.1 ABAQUS Modeling Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
15.1.1 Model tree in ABAQUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
15.1.2 Module in ABAQUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
15.2 ANSYS Modeling Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
15.2.1 Main Menu in ANSYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
15.3 Practice, Practice, Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

16 Dealing with Problems of Biomedical and

Regulatory Interest 361
16.1 Computational Bioengineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
16.1.1 Problems of musculoskeletal concerns . . . . . . . . . 362
16.1.2 Problems of circulatory concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
16.1.3 Problems of cancer development and treatment . . . . 363
16.1.4 Other types of bioengineering problems . . . . . . . . 363
16.2 Some Practical Issues in Image-Based Modeling . . . . . . . 364
16.2.1 Image scanning and segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . 365
16.2.2 Importing and meshing the CAD geometry . . . . . . 366
16.2.3 Further mechanical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
16.3 Computational Modeling for Enhancing the Test Standards
and Regulatory Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
16.3.1 Testing the femoral stem of a hip implant . . . . . . . 369
16.3.2 Setting up the round-robin test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
16.3.3 Testing the femoral component of a knee implant . . . 372
16.3.4 Testing of a spinal implant assembly . . . . . . . . . . 374
16.3.5 Calling for clinically relevant and
predictive modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
16.4 Examining the Transient Hypoxia Condition in Cornea
due to Contact Lens Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
16.5 Examining the pH Drop in a Titanium Crevice
due to Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
16.6 What to Expect in Future Editions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

IV Useful Knowledge 387

A Mechanics of Materials 389
A.1 Terms: Linear, Nonlinear, Elastic, and Plastic . . . . . . . . . 389
A.2 Describing Materials’ Various Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

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A.3 Linear, Nonlinear, Elastic, and Plastic Behavior in a

Single Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
A.4 Example of Nonlinear Elastic Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
A.5 Pseudoelastic, Hyperelastic, and Viscoelastic . . . . . . . . . 394
A.6 Loading Modes, Stress States, and Mohr’s Circle . . . . . . . 394
A.7 von Mises Stress or Principal Stress? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
A.8 Trajectories of Tension and Compression Lines . . . . . . . . 400
B Useful Mathematic Knowledge 403
B.1 Dot Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
B.2 Cross Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
B.3 Taylor and Maclaurin Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
B.4 Proof of dA = det[J]dξdη . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
B.5 Proof of dV = det[J]dξdηdζ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
B.6 Lagrange Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Index 413

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Preface

This book has been developed based on my years of firsthand experiences

in teaching computational modeling of multidisciplinary problems with the
motivation to encourage transdisciplinary learning, integrative thinking, and
holistic problem solving. The structure of this book is shaped by my philo-
sophic views toward learning and teaching. These views include mainly that
(1) an integrative transdisciplinary approach, rather than a reductive com-
partmentalized one, should be pursued in today’s teaching and learning in
order to equip students and engineers to take on the twenty-first-century chal-
lenges and (2) knowing how our minds function differently in learning that and
learning how, it is feasible to devise ways to stimulate learning how besides
learning that to cultivate and develop critical and creative minds in students
within the time frame of current curricula.
With its sight set on encouraging learning how, this book introduces a
systemic look into the blackbox of how the engineering world is linked to
differential equations, and how these differential equations are solved by
computer-based approximate methods through domain discretization, field
quantity interpolations, weighted integral of residue evaluations, linearization
of differential equations into matrix algebraic equations, Gauss quadrature
and numerical integrations, and minimization of approximation errors, among
other topics.
Through hands-on experiences in the process of learning that and devel-
oping crucial hard skills, students and readers will find it not only feasible
but also practical to examine and solve engineering problems in a holistic way
by taking advantage of a computational tool. With this approach, real-world
problems exhibiting mechanical, electrical, thermal, electrochemical, and mass
transport phenomena, either individually or combined, will be dealt with in a
coupled multidisciplinary (i.e., transdisciplinary) way, rather than in the con-
ventional single-discipline (i.e., compartmentalized disciplinary) way. I hope
that this practice, in the long run, will help set future modelers and engineers
on a journey of integrative learning and problem solving.
Although this book will discuss procedures used in the finite element
method (FEM), it is not like any other books on FEM. It aims to introduce
a computational modeling approach based on FEM for facilitating integrative
learning through consolidation of commonalities in various compartmental-
ized disciplines, and for gaining a deep understanding of how this “intricate
machinery” of computational modeling operates to encourage learning how

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xvi Preface

beyond learning that. It aims to pave some groundwork toward restructuring

the engineering curriculum with the assistance of a computational modeling–
based investigative tool, to promote integrative thinking and transdisciplinary
reasoning in hypothesis testing, problem solving, inventing, designing, pro-
totyping, and testing, among others, for the generation of novel solutions
and cultivation of senses of unlimited possibilities in engineering research and
industrial R&D activities. Such a journey is, of course, expected to be a long
road. In its first edition, this book aims to lay the foundation. In future revi-
sions, more and more integrated problems as case studies will be presented
and discussed.
This book is designed for junior and senior undergraduate students in bio-
engineering and other related fields of engineering and applied sciences, and
graduate students and practicing engineers in industry R&D labs and other
consultancies. It was developed to suit the needs of not only novice modelers
but also experienced ones. It is necessary that the reader has some basic under-
standing of elementary calculus and differential equations. Some knowledge
with one or more of the following science and engineering disciplines would
also be helpful: physics; chemistry; computer science; mechanical, electrical,
chemical, biomedical, and materials science; and electrochemical, civil, and
environmental engineering.
This book is structured in four parts. In Part I, the need for convert-
ing from a compartmentalized disciplinary to a transdisciplinary approach
in education is argued for, for the purpose of promoting integrative rather
than reductive learning. In Part II, a systemic discussion on the ins and
outs of computational modeling procedures is presented, starting from the
facts that the engineering world is linked to differential equations; where
differential equations come from; how they are solved by computer-based
approximate methods through domain discretization, field quantity interpola-
tions, weighted integral of residue evaluations, and linearization of differential
equations into matrix algebraic equations; how numerical integrations are
performed using Gauss quadrature; and how minimization of approximation
errors is ensured, among others. In Part III, the modeling environments of
some common software, including COMSOL, ABAQUS, and ANSYS, are
discussed, with the connections between software settings and the FEM fun-
damentals highlighted. Moreover, methods to develop hands-on practical skills
in performing computational modeling and practical issues concerning image-
based modeling, as well as the standardization and regulatory processes,
are discussed. In Part IV, useful knowledge in the mechanics of materials
and mathematics is provided as extra “just-in-time” learning and referencing
materials.

Guigen Zhang
Clemson University

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