TRANSFORMERS AND ALTERNATORS

LAB MANUAL
TRANSFORMERS AND ALTERNATORS LAB (20EE31P)
III SEM ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Prepared by
K.MURUGAN
FORMER HOD
DEPT OF EEE
DSIT, BENGALURU

NAME OF STUDENT:

REGISTER NUMBER:

ROLL NUMBER :

DAYANANDA SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SHAVIGE MALLESHWARA HILLS, KUMARASWAMY LAYOUT, BENGALURU-560111

Academic year 2022-2023

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WEEK-1

1. Simulate pure resistive, pure inductive and pure capacitive circuit and observe the phase
difference between waveforms of Voltage & Current. Date:

AIM; To simulate pure resistive, pure inductive and pure capacitive circuit and observe the phase
difference between waveforms of Voltage & Current.

REQUIREMENTS
1. System
2. Mat lab software
3. Printer
SIMULINK DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE
1. Launch MATLAB and Simulink: Open MATLAB and then launch Simulink by typing
simulink in the MATLAB command window.
2. Create a New Model: In the Simulink window, go to File > New > Model. This will open a new
model window.
3. Add Components to the Model: Drag and drop the "Voltage Source" block from the Simulink
library to the model. Drag and drop the "Resistor," "Inductor," and "Capacitor" blocks to the model
from the Simulink library.
4. ConnectComponents: Connect the Voltage Source block to each of the three circuit elements
(Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor).Add a "Ground" block from the Simulink library and connect it
to the other terminal of each circuit element.
5. ConfigureParameters: Double-click on the Voltage Source block and set the amplitude,
frequency, and phase of the sinusoidal voltage signal. Double-click on the Resistor, Inductor, and
Capacitor blocks to specify their resistance, inductance, and capacitance values.
6. AddScopes: Drag and drop "Scope" blocks from the Simulink library onto the model.
Connect the Voltage Source output to each Scope block input.
7. Run the Simulation: Click the "Run" button in the Simulink toolbar to start the simulation.
The Scopes will display the voltage and current waveforms for each circuit element.
8. Analyze Phase Difference: In each Scope block, you can use the cursors to measure the time
delay between the peaks of the voltage and current waveforms. The phase difference is given in
degrees (360 degrees = 1 full cycle).
9. Repeat for Different Circuits: To simulate the pure inductive and pure capacitive circuits,
simply change the connections and parameters accordingly
.10. Save and Close: Save your Simulink model for future reference.

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RESULT; pure resistive, pure inductive and pure capacitive circuits are simulated and the phase
difference between waveforms of Voltage & Current are observed

Signature of staff
OR
1a.Setup pure Inductor circuit. Measure V &I for a range of frequencies, calculate inductive
reactance (Xl) and record them in a table. Plot a graph showing Xl as a function of the angular
frequency. Observe the phase difference between V and I.
1b. Setup pure capacitor circuit. Measure V &I for a range of frequencies, calculate capacitive
reactance (Xc) and record them in a table. Plot a graph showing Xc as a function of the angular
frequency. Observe phase difference between V and I.

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2. Simulate R-L, R-C, R-L-C series circuits and observe the phase difference between waveforms
ofVoltage& Current.

AIM: To Simulate R-L, R-C, R-L-C series circuits and observe the phase difference between
waveforms of Voltage& Current.

REQUIREMENTS

1. System
2. Mat lab software
3. Printer

SIMULINK DIAGRAM

Values to be entered in the elements

1. Voltage source = 220*sqrt(2) , f = 50Hz , R = 10Ω ,L=500e-3 , C = 20e-6
2.configuration parameter :max step size = 1e-4 , Relative Tolerance = 1e-5

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PROCEDURE

1. Open MATLAB Simulink: Open MATLAB and go to the Simulink environment by typing
simulink in the MATLAB Command Window.
2. Create a New Model: In the Simulink environment, create a new model by clicking on "File" >
"New" > "Model" or by pressing Ctrl + N.
3. Add Components: Drag and drop the required components for the series circuits from the
simulink Library Browser onto the model canvas. Need the following components: Voltage Source
(Sinusoidal or any desired waveform generator)Resistor (R), Inductor (L), Capacitor (C)

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4. Connect Components: Connect the components as per the circuit configurations. For R-L, R-C,
and R-L-C series circuits, follow these connections:
For R-L: Connect the resistor and inductor in series to the voltage source.
For R-C: Connect the resistor and capacitor in series to the voltage source.
For R-L-C: Connect the resistor, inductor, and capacitor in series to the voltage source.
5. Configure Component Parameters: Double-click on each component to configure its
parameters. Set the resistance value for the resistor, inductance value for the inductor, and
capacitance value for the capacitor. Also, set the frequency and amplitude of the voltage source
waveform.
6. Add Measurement Blocks: To measure voltage and current waveforms, you'll need
Measurement blocks. Add "Voltage Measurement" and "Current Measurement" blocks from the
Simulink Library Browser and connect them to appropriate points in the circuit.
7. Add Scope Blocks: Add an "XY Graph" (Scope) block from the Simulink Library Browser to
visualize the voltage and current waveforms and the phase difference. Connect the output of the
voltage and current measurement blocks to the respective inputs of the XY Graph block.
8. Set Simulation Parameters: Configure the simulation parameters by clicking on "Simulation" >
"Model Configuration Parameters." Set the simulation time, solver options, and other settings as
needed.
9. Run the Simulation: Click on the "Run" button to start the simulation. The XY Graph will
display the voltage and current waveforms and show the phase difference between them.
10. Analyze waveform: Observe the voltage and current waveforms on the XY Graph. The phase
difference can be measured as the time delay between the zero crossings or peaks of the two
waveforms.
11. Save and Export: Once you are satisfied with the simulation results, save the model and the
simulation data for future reference or analysis.

RESULT: R-L,R-C, R-L-C series circuits are simulated and the phase difference between
waveforms of Voltage& Current are observed

Signature of staff
OR
2.Set up RLC circuit.
a. Measure V & I for range of frequencies and record measurements in table.
b. Calculate corresponding impedance (Z), power factor and record in a table.
c. Plot graph of Z vs angular frequency and power factor vs angular frequency.
c. Estimate resonance frequency graphically and compare with theoretical value.

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WEEK-2 Date;

Demonstrate workplace safety norms to be followed when handling electrical machines.

1. Keep the workplace clean
2. Do not work on live circuits. If it is very important, use rubber gloves rubber mats, etc.
3. Use proper insulated or wooden or PVC insulated handle screwdrivers when working on electrical
circuits.
4. Do not come in direct contact with bare conductors.
5. When use extension cords with lamp guards to protect lamps against breakage and to avoid contact
with combustible material.
6. Stand on a wooden stool while repairing live electrical
7. Stand on rubber mats while working with switch panels, control gears etc.
8. Never place your hands on any moving part of rotating machine and never work around moving
shafts of machine with loose shirt sleeves or dangling neck ties.
9. Use always equipment earth connection for all electrical appliances along with 3-pin sockets and
plugs.

1a. Identification of different types of transformers based on Date:

i. Construction
ii. No. of phases
iii. Application.

AIM: To identify the different types of transformers based on Construction, no. of phases and
Application.

A transformer is a static device used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another
circuit by mutual induction. The transformers are classified as follows

1. Number of Phases ; 3-phase transformer, Single-phase transformer

a).Single-phase transformer: A Single Phase Transformer is a static device that transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another circuit without a change in frequency
APPLICATION: The single-phase transformer is mainly used in low voltage appliances like home
devices, Regulation of voltage in television sets.

b).3-phase transformer: Three phase transformers are designed to supply electric power to three-phase
systems. These electrical devices have three circuit conductors and may or may not have a neutral wire.
Three phase power is used by electric power distribution grids and to power large motors and other large
load

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2. Based on Construction :Core type, shell type and berry type

a).Core type: A type of transformer in which the magnetic circuit consists of two vertical sections
called limbs and two horizontal sections called yokes and the windings placed on the limbs is called
core type transformer
Applications: The applications of the core-type transformer are: Used in high-voltage level
applications such as distribution transformers, auto, and power transformers

b).Shell type: shell-type-transformer. The winding of a shell-type transformer is distributed type, so

that heat can be naturally dissipated. This transformer is also called a sandwich otherwise disc
winding.
Applications:

 These transformers are applicable for low voltage applications which include electronic
circuits as well as converters in power electronics.
 These are used where a small amount of voltage is required.

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c).Berry type;Atransformerwith a core that looks like a spoke of the wheel is known as a berry type
transformer (or <berry transformer= for short).
Application; this type of transformer is only used to build high-capacity transformers. Due to the
unique construction of the core, the heat produced in the winding is distributed.

3. Based on Function
a).Step-up transformers (k > 1:A step-up transformer is a transformer that increases the voltage
from the primary coil to the secondary coil while managing the same power at the rated frequency
in both coils. It converts low voltage & high current from the primary side to the high voltage &
low current on the secondary side of the transformer
 Step-down transformers (k < 1): The function of the step-down transformer is to convert high voltage
from the primary coil into low voltage in the secondary coil Step-own transformer is used in main adapters,
and chargers for mobile phones, stereos, C.D. players, etc.

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c).Instrument transformers
a).Potential transformer (PT):A potential transformer is mainly used to measure high alternating
voltage in a power system. Potential transformers are step-down transformers, i.e., they have many
turns in the primary winding while the secondary has few turns
CURRENT TRANSFORMER:A Current Transformer (CT) is used to measure the current of another
circuit. A CT is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding that is
proportional to the current that it is measuring in its primary.

RESULT: the different types of transformers based on Construction, no. of phases and Application
are identified

Signature of staff

1b. Identification of different parts of transformer Date;

AIM: To Identify the different parts of transformer

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Laminated core: Laminated core is the most important parts of transformer, used to support the
windings of transformer. It is made up of laminated soft iron material to reduce eddy current loss
and hysteresis loss. Nowadays CRGO steel material is used to minimize hysteresis losses.
Laminated core also provides a low reluctance path for the magnetic flux that minimizes leakage
flux and maximize the strength of main working flux for transformer.
Windings: In a transformer always two sets of windings are placed on laminated core and these are
insulated from each other. Windings are classified in two ways:
1. Primary winding:- the winding at which the input supply is connected is known as the primary
winding.
2. Secondary winding:- the winding from which output is taken to the load is known as the
secondary winding.
Whereas based on the voltage level of supply, windings are further classified as:
1. High voltage (HV) winding:- the winding that is connected with higher voltage is known as high
voltage winding. It is made up of a thin copper conductor with a large no of turns. It can be
either primary or secondary winding of the transformer.
2. Low voltage (HV) winding:- the winding that is connected with lower voltage is known as low
voltage winding. It is made up of a thick copper conductor with few no. of turns. It can also be
either primary or secondary winding of the transformer.
Insulating material: The main function of insulating material is to protect transformer against
short circuits by providing insulation to windings so that it does not come in contact with the core
and any other conducting material. Synthetic material, papers, and cotton cloth, etc are used as
insulating material in transformer.

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Main Tank: Main tank is the robust part of transformer that serves mainly two purposes:.
It protects core and windings from the external environment and provide housing for themand It is
used as a container for transformer oil and provides support for all other external accessories of the
transformer. Tanks are made up of fabricated rolled steel plates
Terminals and bushings: Terminals and bushings are also important parts of the transformer that
are used to connecting incoming and outgoing cables of supply and load. These are connected with
the ends of the windings conductor. Bushings are mainly an insulators made up of porcelain or
epoxy resins.
Transformer oil; The function of transformer oil is to provide insulation between windings as well
as cooling due to its chemical properties and very good dielectric strength. It dissipates the heat
generated by the core and windings of a transformer to the external environment. it composed of
aromatics, paraffin, naphthenic, and olefins.
Tap changer: The main function of the tap changer is to regulate the output voltage of transformer
by changing its turn's ratio. There are two types of tap changers.
1. On-load tap changer:- in an on-load tap changer, tapping can be changed without isolating the
transformer from the supply. Hence it is capable to operate without interrupting the power supply.
2. Off-load tap changer:- in off-load tap changer, the transformer needs to isolate from supply to
change its tapping (turns ratio).An automatic tap changer is also available.
Buchholz relay: Buchholz relay is the most important part of a power transformer rated more than
500kVA. It is a gas-actuated relay mounted on the pipe connecting the main tank and conservator
tank. The function of the Buchholz relay is to protect the transformer from all internal faults such as
short circuit fault, inter-turn fault, etc.
Oil conservator; The function of the oil conservator tank is to provide adequate space for
expansion and contraction of transformer oil according to the variation in the ambient temperature
of transformer oil inside the main tank. It is connected to the main tank through a pipe and a
Buchholz relay mounted on the pipe
Breather; Breather is a cylindrical container filled with silica gel and directly connected with the
conservator tank of the transformer. The main function of the breather is to supply moisture-free
fresh air to the conservator tank during the expansion and contraction of transformer oil. Air present
in the air is absorbed by silica gel crystal and hence a moisture-free dry air is supplied to the
conservator tank. Thus we can also say that breather is acting as an air filter for the transformer.
Explosion vent: Explosion vent is a metallic pipe with a diaphragm at one end and installed on the
main tank slightly above than conservator tank. The main function of the explosion vent is to
protect power transformer against explosion during excessive pressure build up in the main tank
due to severe internal faults. It acts as an emergency exit for oil and hot air gases inside the main
tank of the transformer.
Radiator and fans: Since power losses in the transformer are dissipated in the form of heat. So a
cooling arrangement is required for the power transformer. Hence to provide proper cooling,
radiators and fans are installed on the main tank of the power transformer. Radiators are also called
cooling tubes. The main function of radiators is to transfer heat generated by core and windings to
the environment by circulating heated oil throughout the cooling tubes.

RESULT: The different parts of transformer are identified

Signature of staff

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2. Identify the terminals of a single-phase transformer, test it for open circuit, short circuit and
ground faults using a test lamp/megger, check the insulation resistance, identify and locate the
possible faults. Suggest remedies.
Date:

AIM: To identify the terminals of a single-phase transformer, test it for open circuit, short circuit
and ground faults using a test lamp/megger, check the insulation resistance, identify and locate the
possible faults. Suggest remedies.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Single phase transformer
2. Test lamp
3. Megger
4. Connecting wires

A transformer has two main terminals: the high-voltage (HV) terminal and the low-voltage (LV)
terminal. The HV terminal is connected to the primary winding of the transformer, and the LV
terminal is connected to the secondary winding of the transformer

The HV terminal is connected to the higher voltage level, and the LV terminal is connected to the
lower voltage level. Additionally, the transformer terminals may be labelled with numbers or
letters, indicating their voltage level and phase.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1. Test Lamp (for continuity testing)

2.Megger (for insulation resistance testing)
3.Wiring diagram of the transformer (to identify terminals and connections)
4.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles

Safety Precautions
ensure the transformer is completely disconnected from any power source.
Wear appropriate PPE to protect against electrical hazards.

Testing the Single-Phase Transformer:

1. Identify Terminals:
Refer to the wiring diagram to identify primary and secondary terminals of the transformer.

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2. Open Circuit Test:

Connect the test lamp across each winding (primary and secondary) terminals.
If the test lamp doesn't light up, it indicates an open circuit.
Remedy: Check for broken or loose connections and repair or replace damaged wires.

3. Short Circuit Test:

Disconnect the transformer from any external load.
Use a megger to measure the resistance across each winding (primary and secondary) terminals.
If the resistance is significantly lower than the expected value or close to zero, it indicates a short
circuit.
Remedy: Inspect the winding for damaged insulation, burnt spots, or foreign objects causing the
short circuit.

4. Ground Fault Test:

Connect one end of the winding to a known good ground (earth) and the other end to the test lamp.
If the test lamp lights up, it indicates a ground fault.
Remedy: Inspect the winding for damaged insulation and ensure there are no unintended
connections to ground.

5. Insulation Resistance Test:

Disconnect all connections from the winding being tested.
Use a Megger to measure the insulation resistance between each winding and its ground.
A decrease in insulation resistance indicates compromised insulation.
Remedy: Repair or replace the winding if insulation is compromised.

Identifying and Locating Possible Faults:

Open Circuit Faults: Use the continuity test lamp. The lamp won't light up when there's an open
circuit.
Short Circuit Faults: Measure resistance using amegger. A significantly low resistance indicates a
short circuit.
Ground Faults: Use the continuity test lamp. The lamp will light up when there's a connection to
ground.
Insulation Faults: Perform the insulation resistance test using a Megger. Lower-than-expected
readings indicate insulation issues.

Suggested Remedies:
For damaged wires or connections: Repair or replace the damaged components.
For short circuits: Identify the shorted section and repair or replace it.
For ground faults: Inspect for unintended connections and ensure proper insulation.
For insulation faults: Repair or replace the winding with compromised insulation.

RESULT: the terminals of a single-phase transformer is identified, open circuit, short-circuit and
ground faults tested using a test lamp/megger, insulation resistance checked and the possible faults
identified and located with remedies.

Signature of staff

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WEEK-3 Date:

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices

1. Keep the power off when working on the transformer.

2. Use protective equipment
4. Keep spare nuts, bolts and other objects away from your work, so that they don't fall into the
transformer.
5. Be certain that your transformer is grounded
6. Always keep your transformer and all of its components dry and free from any kind of moisture
or water.

1a. Polarity test on single-phasetransformer. Date:

AIM; To test the polarity of single-phase transformer.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. Single phase transformer

2. Auto transformer
3. Voltmeter
4. Connecting wires
5. DPST

Theory:Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in the primary and the secondary
winding of the transformer. If the two transformers are connected in parallel, then the polarity should be
known for the proper connection of the transformer. There are two types of polarity one is Additive,
and another is Subtractive.
Additive Polarity: In additive polarity the same terminals of the primary and the secondary
Windings of the transformer are connected
Subtractive Polarity: In subtractive polarity different terminals of the primary and secondary side of
the transformer are connected.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE: ADDITIVE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above circuit diagram and set the autotransformer to zero
position.
2. Switch on the single phase supply
3. Vary the autotransformer in steps by step and note the values of the voltages as shown by the
voltmeter V1, V2.
4. If the reading of the V2 >V1 then is additive polarity.

TABULAR COLUMN

POLARITY TEST: SUBTRACTIVE

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above circuit diagram and set the autotransformer to zero
position.
2. Switch on the single phase supply
3. Vary the autotransformer step by step and note the values of the voltages as shown by the
voltmeter V1, V2.
4. If the reading of the V2<V1 then transformer is said to be connected in subtractive or negative
polarity.
TABULAR COLUMN

RESULT: the polarity of single-phase transformer is tested

Signature of staff

1b. Ratio test on single-phase transformer. Date:

AIM: To test the ratio test of a single phase transformer.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

1. Single phase transformer 2KVA/230V, 50Hz 1no

2. Variac 0-300V 1no
3. Voltmeter 0-300V AC 2no
4. Connecting wires
5. DPST 1no

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RATIO TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. The autotransformer is kept in the lowest position
3. Switch on the single phase supply.varie the autotransformer step by step note down the reading of V1
& V2 voltmeter readings are noted down.
4. Calculate the transformer ratio by using formula= K=V2/V1

TABULAR COLUMN

SL K=V2/V1
NO V1 V2
E2/E1
1
2

3
4
5

RESULT: The Ratio test on single-phase transformer is performed

Signature of staff

2. To determine the efficiency and regulation of a single-phase transformer by direct loading.

Date:
AIM: To Determine the efficiency and regulation of a single-phase transformer by direct loading.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1 Variac (0-300)V, 5A 1no

2 Single phase transformer 2KVA, 230V, 50Hz 1no
3 Voltmeter (AC) 0-300V 2nos
4 connecting wires
6 Ammeter (AC) 0-10A -2no

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Wattmeter constant k = selected current range x selected voltage range x power factor
Full scale deflection

PROCEDURE

1) Make the connections as shown in diagram.

2) Keep all the switches of loading rheostat in off position and variac at zero position.
3) Switch on the supply.
4) Apply 230 V to the primary winding.
5) Note down secondary voltage (VNL) where VNL- No load voltage.
6) Switch on the load step by step and note down all meter readings correctly.
7) Go on increasing the load till the rated secondary current flows up to 8.6 Amp
TABULAR COLOUMN

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=
=
=

=
=
=

RESULT: the efficiency and regulation of a single-phase transformer by direct loading is determined

Signature of staff
WEEK-4

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices.

1. Pre-determine the regulation and efficiency of a single-phase transformer by conducting O.C.
and S.C. tests, draw theequivalent circuit. Date:

AIM: To Pre-determine the regulation and efficiency of a single-phase transformer by conducting

O.C. and S.C. tests, draw the equivalent circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Single Phase Transformer 2KVA/230v

2. Ammeter (0-2) A (0-5) A MI
3. Voltmeter (0-150) V MI 2nos
4 .Wattmeter (150V, 5A) (150V, 5A) LPF UPF
5 Connecting Wires Copper Few
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM; OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

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SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

PROCEDURE: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer (VARIAC) is adjusted get the rated primary voltage.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is opened.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer (VARIAC) is adjusted get the rated primary current.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is opened.
TABULAR COLUMN

Wattmeter constant k = selected current range x selected voltage range x power factor
Full scale deflection
=

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Wattmeter constant k = selected current range x selected voltage range x power factor
Full scale deflection
=

CALCULATION-OPEN CIRCUIT

COSɸ= Wo =
VoIo

ɸ =COS-1 ( ) =

SINɸ
=SIN ( ) =

CALCULATION-SHORT CIRCUIT
COSɸ = Wsc =
VscIsc

ɸ = COS-1 ( ) =

SINɸ ( ) =

Rsc = Wsc =
(Isc)2

Z = Vsc =
Isc

Xsc =√�㕍�㕠�㕐2 − �㕅�㕠�㕐2 =

% Regulation = Isc(RscCOSɸ + XscSINɸ X100

Vsc

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RESULT: the regulation and efficiency of a single-phase transformer by conducting O.C. and S.C.is
tested and pre-determined draw the equivalent circuit.

Signature of staff

2. Parallel operation of two single-phase transformers and analyse load sharing pattern for a given
KVA rating. Date:

Theory: Parallel operation of two or more Transformers means that all the Transformers Primary is
connected with the common supply and their Secondary are feeding to a common bus through
which load is connected. Parallel operation of Transformers requires that their Primaries as well as
Secondary are connected in parallel.

AIM: The Parallel operation of two single-phase transformers and analyse load sharing pattern for a
given KVA rating.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1 Variac (0-300) V, 5A 1no

2 Single phase transformer 2KVA/ (0-230) V, 50Hz 2nos
3 Voltmeter (AC) 0-300V- 2no
4. Ammeter 0-10A -2nos
5. Ammeter 0-20A-1no
6. Connecting wires
7. Resistive load

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Observe the precautions and close DPST1 Switch
3. Vary the variac up to rated voltage of transformers. Observe the reading of voltmeter 8V29, If V2 is zero
close the SPST switch. Otherwise inter change secondary terminals of either transformer 1or 2.
4. Close the DPST switch 2 after reading of voltmeter, V2 is zero
5. Vary the load in steps and note down reading of V1, I1, I2, and I3 for different loads
6. Calculate I3=I1+I2

RESULT: The Parallel operation of two single-phase transformers and analyse load sharing pattern
for a given KVA rating.

Signature of staff

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WEEK-5

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices

1. Identify the terminals of a three-phase transformer, test it for open circuit, short circuit and
ground faults using a test lamp/megger, check the insulation resistance, identify and locate the
possible faults. Suggest remedies. Date;

AIM: To identify the terminals of a three-phase transformer, test it for open circuit, short circuit and
ground faults using a testlamp/megger, check the insulationresistance, identify and locate the
possible faults. Suggest remedies.

IDENTIFICATION OF TERMINALS
Tools and Equipment Needed:
1.Test Lamp (for continuity testing)
2.Megger (for insulation resistance testing)
3.Multimeter (for resistance measurements)
4.Wiring diagram of the transformer (to identify terminals and connections)
5.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles

Safety Precautions:
Ensure the transformer is completely disconnected from any power source.
Wear appropriate PPE to protect against electrical hazards.

Testing the Three-Phase Transformer:

1. Identify Terminals:
Refer to the wiring diagram to identify the primary and secondary terminals of each phase of the
transformer.

2. Open Circuit Test:

Connect the test lamp across each winding terminal of each phase.
If the test lamp doesn't light up, it indicates an open circuit.
Remedy: Check for broken or loose connections and repair or replace damaged wires.

3. Short Circuit Test:

Disconnect the transformer from any external load.
Use a megger to measure the resistance across each winding terminal of each phase.
If the resistance is significantly lower than the expected value or close to zero, it indicates a short
circuit.
Remedy: Inspect the winding for damaged insulation, burnt spots, or foreign objects causing the
short circuit.

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4. Ground Fault Test:

Connect one end of each winding of each phase to a known good ground (earth) and the other end
to the test lamp.
If the test lamp lights up, it indicates a ground fault.
Remedy: Inspect the winding for damaged insulation and ensure there are no unintended
connections to ground.

5. Insulation Resistance Test:

Disconnect all connections from the windings being tested.
Use a Megger to measure the insulation resistance between each winding and its ground.
A decrease in insulation resistance indicates compromised insulation.

Remedy: Repair or replace the winding if insulation is compromised.

Identifying and Locating Possible Faults:

Open Circuit Faults: Use the continuity test lamp. The lamp won't light up when there's an open
circuit.
Short Circuit Faults: Measure resistance using a megger. A significantly low resistance indicates a
short circuit.
Ground Faults: Use the continuity test lamp. The lamp will light up when there's a connection to
ground.
Insulation Faults: Perform the insulation resistance test using a Megger. Lower-than-expected
readings indicate insulation issues.

Suggested Remedies:
For damaged wires or connections: Repair or replace the damaged components.
For short circuits: Identify the shorted section and repair or replace it.
For ground faults: Inspect for unintended connections and ensure proper insulation.
For insulation faults: Repair or replace the winding with compromised insulation

RESULT: the terminals of a three-phase transformer is identified, open circuit, short circuit and
ground faults using a test lamp/megger are tested, the insulation resistance is checked and the
possible faults are located and identified with remedies.

Signature of staff

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2. Connect three single-phase transformersfor three-phase operations of delta-delta/delta-star/ star-

star/ star-delta. Measure phase and line voltages. Date:

AIM: To connect three single-phase transformers for three-phase operation of delta-delta/delta-star/

star-star/ star-delta. Measure phase and line voltages.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Voltmeter MI 0-600V 2Nos
2. Ammeter MI 0-10A 2 Nos
3 3-φ Auto-transformer 415V/0-440V, 50Hz 1 No
4. 1- φ transformer 2KVA, 230V/230V, Single phase, 50Hz. 3 Nos
6. Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

STAR-DELTA CONNECTION:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure load on the transformer is in OFF position and position of the auto transformer knob at its zero
position.
3. Then switch ON the supply
4. Slowly go on varying the auto transformer knob until the voltmeter shows the rated voltage on the
transformer.
5. Then gradually apply load on the transformer and at each step note down the readings.
6. Bring load on the transformers to zero position.
7. Switch OFF the supply.

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STAR-STAR CONNECTION:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure load on the transformer is in OFF position and position of the auto transformer knob at its zero
position.
3. Then switch ON the supply
4. Slowly go on varying the auto transformer knob until the voltmeter shows the rated voltage on the
transformer.
5. Then gradually apply load on the transformer and at each step note down the readings of line voltage and
phase voltage on both side of primary and secondary
6. Bring load on the transformers to zero position.
7. Switch OFF the supply.

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RESULT; The three single-phase transformers for three-phase operation of star-star/ star-delta are
connected and Measured phase and line voltages.

Signature of staff
WEEK-6

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices

1a. Identify different types of special purpose transformers. Date:

AIM; To identify different types of special purpose transformers.

Control transformer: a supportive device to change the available voltage according to the need of
the load, then control transformer is the one.
Step down transformer: Transformers have two different variants step-down and step-up.it Step
down Voltage according to needs.
Step up transformer: Step Up and Step Down transformers both have the same construction and
choice among them depends on the energy flowing direction.
Isolation transformer: There are several sensitive devices like healthcare products, laboratory
appliances, etc. which require protection from the heavy voltage and isolation transformer is the
one and only solution that serves the same.

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Ultra isolation transformer: Transformer noise is the major issue that Ultra Isolation Transformer is
the device is used for eliminating Common Mode Noise, Spikes, Surges, Transient Noise, etc.

Cast Resin Transformer has a huge demand because of its moisture proof nature and several other
advantages and having this device in industries where you need protection from penetration is
important.
Lighting Transformer Manufacturers. As the name suggests, lighting transformers are used with
lighting. With the fluctuation in voltage, a light can be made brighter or dimmer
Furnace Transformer is to meet the requirements of power supply to an electric furnace. Their
main task is to lower the high voltage supply to the furnace. These transformers are highly
appreciated especially in the metal and mining industry.
Rectifier transformer: It is a transformer that includes thyristors or diodes in the same tank.
Specially made for industrial applications, rectifier circuits can convert Alternating Current (AC) to
Direct Current (DC).

RESULT; The different types of special purpose transformers are identified

Signature of staff

1b. Measure high current & voltage using CT and PT.

AIM; To Measure high current & voltage using CT and PT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED – CT

1. Autotransformer
2. DPST
3. Current transformer
4. Ammeter
5. Load

APPARATUS REQUIRED – PT

1. Autotransformer
2. DPST
3. Current transformer
4. Voltmeter
5. Load

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-CT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM-PT

PROCEDURE-CT
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the and close the DPST switch
3. Increase the voltage of autotransformer to rated voltage
4. Switch the load step by step and measure the current in the Ammeter and tabulate
PROCEDURE-PT
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the and close the DPST switch
3. Increase the voltage of autotransformer to rated voltage
4. Switch the load step by step and measure the Voltage in the voltmeter and tabulate

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RESULT: To Measure high current & voltage using CT and PT.

Signature of staff

2a. Ratio and polarity test on CT and PT Date:

AIM: To test the Ratio and polarity test on CT and PT

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Current transformer
2. Load
3. Ammeter
4. Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
1. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram
2.100/5/5A and 50VA refer to the specifications of a current transformer (CT) in electrical systems.
100/5/5A refers to the primary current (100A), secondary current (5A), and the accuracy class (5A)
of the CT.
3. The primary current is the current flowing through the CT's primary winding, while the
secondary current is the current flowing through the CT's secondary winding. The accuracy class
indicates the accuracy of the CT's measurement of the primary current.

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4.50VA refers to the rated apparent power (VA) of the CT. The rated apparent power is the product
of the rated primary current and the rated voltage, and it represents the maximum apparent power
that the CT can handle.
5. A CT with the specifications of 100/5/5A and 50VA can handle a primary current of 100A, a
secondary current of 5A, has an accuracy class of 5A, and can handle a maximum apparent power
of 50VA.
6. Calculate the CT ratio by using the formula

POLARITY TEST ON CT

APPATUS REQUIRED
1.9V Battery
2. Current transformer
3. Analog multimeter (polarised)
4. Switch
5. Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Disconnect all power prior to testing and connect an analog voltmeter to the secondary
terminal of the CT to be tested. The positive terminal of the meter is connected to
terminal X1 of the CT while the negative terminal is connected to X2.

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3. Run a piece of wire through the high side of the CT window and momentarily make contact with
the positive end of the 9-volt battery to the H1 side (sometimes marked with a dot) and
the negative end to the H2 side. It is important to avoid continuous contacts, which will short circuit
the battery.
3. If polarity is correct, the momentary contact causes a small deflection in the analog meter in
the positive direction. If the deflection is negative the polarity of the current transformer is reversed.
The terminals X1 and X2 need to be switched and the test can be carried out.

PT
AIM:To test the Ratio and polarity test on PT

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Variac
2. Voltmeter
3. PT
4. AUTOTRANSFORMER
5. Connecting wires.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –RATIO TEST ON PT

PROCEDURE
Testing the ratio of a PT is a simple test and only requires a variac and a voltmeter. Use the
following procedure for PT ratio Testing:
a. Connect the variac across the primary winding.
b. Increase the voltage to the test voltage. (Typically an easy multiple of the PT ratio e.g. 35:1V PT
ratio = 35V) Calculate the expected secondary voltage. (Test voltage / PT Ratio)
c. Measure the secondary voltage and compare to the expected result.
d. After the ratio tests have been completed, ensure that the connection is left as specified.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –POLARITY TEST ON PT

PROCEDURE
i. Connect a variac across the primary winding of the PT.
ii. Connect a voltmeter (VM1) across the primary PT winding and variac.
iii. Connect a voltmeter (VM2) from the polarity mark of the H side to the nonpolarity mark of the X side.
iv. Connect the non-polarity mark of the H side winding to the polarity mark of the X side winding.
v. Increase the voltage to a known value. Calculate the expected value. ([VM1/PT ratio]+[VM1]) if VM2
displays the expected result, the PT polarity markings are correct. If VM2 is less than the expected result,
the test connection or the PT polarity markings are incorrect. (Note: VM1 and VM2 can be 1 voltmeter
switching between positions if the test voltage remains stable.)

RATIO TEST ON PT

AIM; To test the Ratio test on PT

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Potential transformer
2. Voltmeter
3. Autotransformer
4. DPST
5. Connecting wires

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: RATIO TEST ON PT

Ratio on PT =Primary voltage

Secondary voltage

RESULT: the Ratio and polarity test on CT and PT is performed

Signature of staff

2b. Verify the voltage of autotransformer with different tapping Date:

AIM: Verify the voltage of Autotransformer with different tapping

MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Autotransformer
2. Voltmeter
3. Load
4. DPST
5. Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch on the power supply and close the DPST
3. Vary the the autotransformer step by step which is considered as tapping
4. Note down the voltage at each tapping and tabulate them

TABULAR COLUMN

RESULT; The voltage of Autotransformer with different tapping are verified

Signature of staff

WEEK-7

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices

1. Practice on use of IS/IEC standards. Date:

The International Electro technical Commission (IEC) sets international standards for various
electrical and electronic technologies through its IS/IEC standards. These standards ensure safety,
compatibility, efficiency, and interoperability of devices and systems across different countries and
industries. When dealing with the measurement of high current and voltage using CTs and PTs, the
following IS/IEC standards might be relevant:
IEC 61869: This standard series provides guidelines for the performance, accuracy, and testing of
current transformers (CTs). It covers different types of CTs and their applications, including high
accuracy classes used for metering purposes.
IEC 61850: While not directly related to CTs and PTs, this standard deals with communication
networks and systems for power utility automation. It's important when you're integrating CTs and
PTs into a modern digital substation environment.
IEC 61892: This standard series is applicable to electrical installations in mobile and fixed offshore
units, including safety aspects related to high currents and voltages on these installations.
IEC 61803: This standard addresses voltage transformers, including PTs, used in measurement,
protection, and control systems.
IEC 61810: This standard covers general requirements and tests for relays and relay systems,
which might be used in conjunction with CTs and PTs for protection and control purposes.

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IEC 60255: This standard series specifies the requirements for measuring relays and protection
equipment, which might interface with CTs and PTs in various applications.
IEC 60044: This standard series specifies the requirements for current transformers, including
accuracy classes and performance characteristics.
IEC 60076: While primarily about power transformers, this standard provides general guidelines
for construction, testing, and maintenance of transformers, which might be relevant for PTs.
When working with CTs and PTs, using IS/IEC standards can provide several benefits:
Safety: Standards ensure that the equipment meets safety requirements, minimizing the risk of
accidents due to faulty installations or equipment.
Interoperability: Following standards helps ensure that devices from different manufacturers can
work together seamlessly, which is important when integrating CTs and PTs into larger systems.
Reliability: Standards provide guidelines for the performance and testing of equipment, leading to
more reliable measurements and operations.
Compliance: Many industries and regulatory bodies require compliance with certain standards to
ensure quality and safety. Following these standards can help you meet those requirements.

Signature of staff

WEEK-8

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices

1. Demonstrate testing and troubleshooting of given transformer/Visit to nearby transformer
Test centre Date:

Testing and troubleshooting transformers involves a systematic approach to ensure their proper
functioning and to identify and rectify any issues that may arise. Here's a general guide for testing
and troubleshooting transformers

TESTING
Visual Inspection: Inspect the transformer for any physical damage, signs of overheating, leaks, or
loose connections. Ensure proper ventilation and cooling.

Oil Analysis (If Applicable): For oil-filled transformers, perform oil sampling and analysis to
assess the condition of the insulation and identify potential issues.

Turns Ratio Test: Measure the turns ratio of the transformer using a turns ratio meter. Compare the
measured turn's ratio with the nameplate data to ensure it falls within an acceptable range.

Winding Resistance Test: Measure the resistance of the transformer windings using a low-
resistance ohmmeter. Compare the measured values with the design specifications.

Insulation Resistance Test: Perform an insulation resistance test using a megohmmeter to check
for insulation degradation. Measure the resistance between windings and between windings and
ground.

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Polarity Test: For transformers with multiple windings, check the polarity of each winding to
ensure proper phase relationships.

Transformer Ratio Error and Phase Angle Test: Use a vector group test to determine the ratio
error and phase angle deviation from the expected values.

Load Loss and Impedance Test: Measure the load loss (copper losses) and impedance (voltage
drop under load) of the transformer to verify its efficiency.

Partial Discharge Test (If Applicable): Perform partial discharge testing to identify potential
insulation defects that may lead to breakdown under high voltage.

TROUBLESHOOTING
Overheating: If the transformer is overheating, check for excessive load, inadequate ventilation, or
cooling system issues. Address any issues with load management or cooling.

Abnormal Noise: Unusual buzzing, humming, or vibration may indicate loose windings, core
issues, or other mechanical problems. Investigate and tighten connections if needed.

Oil Leaks: If there are oil leaks, identify the source and repair the leaks promptly to prevent further
damage.

Low Insulation Resistance: Low insulation resistance readings suggest insulation degradation.
Investigate the cause and plan for repairs or replacement.

Turns Ratio Deviation: If the turns ratio is significantly off, investigate for shorted turns, open
circuits, or issues in the tap changer (if applicable).

Voltage Imbalance: If the transformer is part of a three-phase system, check for voltage
imbalances between phases that could indicate problems in the transformer or the system.

Frequent Tripping: If the transformer is causing frequent circuit breaker trips, examine the load,
protection settings, and potential internal faults.

Unstable Voltage: If the output voltage is unstable, investigate potential causes such as load
fluctuations or issues with the voltage regulator (if applicable).

Mechanical Damage: Address any physical damage, such as bent or damaged core laminations,
which can affect transformer performance.

RESULT: testing and troubleshooting of given transformer is performed

Signature of staff

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2. Demonstrate installation and commissioning of Transformer. Date;

AIM: To Demonstrate installation and commissioning of Transformer.

DEMONSTRATION OF INSTALLATION

The installation and commissioning of a transformer are crucial steps to ensure its proper
functioning and safety. A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between
two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Here are the general steps involved in the
installation and commissioning of a transformer:

1. Site Preparation
Choose a suitable location for the transformer based on factors like load requirements, safety
regulations, accessibility, and environmental considerations.
Ensure that the foundation or pad where the transformer will be placed is properly designed and
constructed to support the transformer's weight and vibrations.
Adequate space should be available for cooling and maintenance.

2. Transportation and Handling

Transport the transformer to the installation site following proper handling procedures to prevent
damage. Use appropriate lifting equipment to move and position the transformer onto the
foundation.

3. Installation
Place the transformer carefully onto the foundation, ensuring that it is properly aligned and levelled.
Connect the transformer to the grounding system to ensure safety and proper operation.
Install any required accessories, such as bushings, cooling systems, and oil containment devices.

4. Electrical Connections:
Connect the high-voltage and low-voltage cables to the respective terminals of the transformer.
Make sure all electrical connections are properly tightened and insulated to prevent loose
connections or short circuits.

5. Cooling System Installation:

If the transformer is liquid-filled (such as oil-filled), connect the cooling system and ensure that it is
functioning correctly.
Monitor the temperature and cooling system during the commissioning process.

6. Insulation and Testing:

Perform insulation resistance tests to ensure there are no electrical leakages or faults in the
insulation system.
Conduct a turns ratio test to verify the transformer's voltage transformation ratio.
Perform a polarity and phase-relation test to ensure proper phasing.

7. Oil Filling and Drying (if applicable):

If the transformer is oil-filled, fill it with the appropriate type and quantity of insulating oil.
If the oil contains moisture, perform vacuum drying to eliminate moisture and ensure the oil's
dielectric strength.

8. Commissioning and Testing:

Apply rated voltage to the transformer and monitor its performance under load.
Conduct load loss and impedance tests to determine its efficiency and voltage regulation.
Verify that the transformer is operating within acceptable temperature limits.
Check for any abnormal vibrations or noises during operation.

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9. Documentation and Handover:

Prepare detailed documentation of the installation process, test results, and any adjustments made.
Ensure that all safety procedures and regulations have been followed.
Provide training to maintenance personnel and operators on the transformer's operation and
maintenance.

10. Safety Precautions:

Always follow safety guidelines and wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) during
installation and commissioning.
Work with qualified and experienced personnel to ensure proper handling and installation

Additional checks during commissioning of transformer

1. All oil valves are in correct position closed or opened as required.
2. All air pockets are cleared.
3. Thermometer pockets are filled with oil.
4. Oil is at correct level in the bushing, conservator tank, diverter switch tank etc.
5. Arcing horn of the bushing is set correctly
6. CT polarity is correct when bushing mounted CTs are provided.

RESULT: The installation and commissioning of Transformer are demonstrated

Signature of staff

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WEEK-9

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices

1a. Identify parts of the DC generator and build up voltage of the shunt generator. Date:

AIM: To Identify parts of the DC generator and build up voltage of the shunt generator.
Parts of DC Generators are:

1. Stator
2. Rotor or Armature Core
3. End Housings
4. Bearings
5. Yoke
6. Poles
7. Pole Shoe
8. Commutator
9. Brushes
10. Shaft
11. field winding
12. Armature Windings
13. Terminal box

Parts of a DC Generator

A DC generator can function as a DC motor without requiring any modifications to its design. As a
result, a DC machine can be defined as a DC motor or a DC generator. The fundamental
components of a DC Generator are outlined below.

Stator: The stator's primary role is to create magnetic fields in which the coil may spin. A stator is
made up of two magnets with opposite polarity facing each other. These magnets are positioned to
fit within the rotor's area.

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1. Rotor: A DC machine's rotor is made up of slotted iron laminations that are layered to form a
cylindrical armature core. The lamination's purpose is to reduce the loss caused by eddy
current.
2. Armature Windings: Armature windings are connected in series to parallel in a closed circuit
to increase the sum of produced current.
3. Poles: A pole's job is to keep the field windings in place. These windings are wound on poles
and the armature windings connect them in series or parallel.
4. Pole Shoe: The pole shoe is used to disperse the magnetic flux and keep the field coil from
falling.
5. Yoke: Yoke is the name given to the DC generator's exterior construction. It's made of either
cast iron or steel and provides the mechanical power needed to transport the magnetic flux
created by the poles.
6. Commutator: Within the armature winding, a commutator acts as a rectifier, converting AC
electricity to DC voltage. It has a copper segment, with mica sheets protecting each copper
segment from the others and is situated on the machine's shaft.
7. Brushes: Brushes can be used to ensure electrical connections between the commutator and the
external load circuit.
8. Field Windings: These are coils of wire wound around the field poles. When current flows
through the field windings, they create a magnetic field that interacts with the armature's
magnetic field, inducing voltage in the armature windings as it rotates.
9. End Covers and Bearings: The end covers enclose the generator and protect its internal
components. Bearings support the shaft and reduce friction, allowing smooth rotation.
10. Terminal Box or Terminals: The terminal box or terminals provide a connection point for
external electrical circuits to connect to the generator and access the generated electrical
output.
11. Cooling System: In larger generators, a cooling system may be incorporated to dissipate heat
generated during operation, ensuring the generator operates within safe temperature limits.
12. Voltage Regulator (if applicable): a voltage regulator is included to maintain a stable output
voltage regardless of variations in load and speed.
13. Shaft: The shaft is the central axis of the generator to which the armature and commutator are
attached. It allows the armature to rotate within the magnetic field.

Signature staff

1. b)AIM: To build up voltage of the shunt generator. Date:

APPARARUS REQUIRED
1. DC shunt motor
2. DC shunt Generator
3. DPST
4.3 point starter
5. 290 ohms Rheostat -2nos
6.14ohms Rheostat-1no

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Vary the armature rheostat and field rheostat to the rated speed of DC shunt motor
3. Vary the rheostat of field of generator in steps to build up the voltage
4. Note down the readings of current and voltage by varying the rheostat in steps.

TABULAR COLUMN

Sl no I V Speed in
RPM
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT: The parts of the DC generator are identified and voltage of the shunt generator is built-up

Signature of staff

1b. identify the parts of an Alternator; note down the nameplate details and interpret it. Date:

AIM: To identify the parts of an Alternator, note down the name plate details and interpret it.
Parts of Alternator

1. Regulator
2. Rectifier
3. Rotor
4. Slip Rings
5. Slip Ring End Bearing
6. Stator

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7. Drive End Bearing

8. Pulley
9. Drive End Bracket
10. Slip Ring End Bracket

Regulator: The voltage regulator controls the amount of power distributed from the alternator to the
battery in order to control the charging process
Rectifier: The rectifier is used to convert current from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)
during the charging process.
Rotor: The rotor is the spinning mass inside the alternator that rotates via the pulley and drive belt system.
The rotor acts as a spinning electromagnet.
Slip Rings;The Slip rings are used as a means of providing direct current and power to the rotor.
Slip Ring End Bearing: The bearings are designed to support the rotation of the rotor shaft.
Stator;The stator consists of several coils of wire wound through an iron ring. The stator sits outside the
rotor, when a magnetic field is created the electrical current is made.
Drive End Bearing: The bearings are designed to support the rotation of the rotor shaft.
Pulley: The pulley is connected to the rotor shaft and the drive belt system. Rotation created by the engine
the drive belt system turns the pulley beginning the charging process.
Drive End Bracket
Slip Ring End Bracket

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RESULT: the parts of an Alternator, note down the nameplate details identified.

Signature of staff

2. Identify the terminals, and test the field and armature windings of an Alternator for open circuit,
short circuit and ground faults using test lamp /megger, checkinsulation resistance, Identify and
locate the possible faults and suggest remedies. Date;

AIM: To identify the terminals, and test the field and armature windings of an Alternator for open circuit,
short circuit and ground faults using test lamp /megger, check insulation resistance, Identify and locate the
possible faults and suggest remedies.

TOOLS REQUIRED
1.Test lamp or megger (insulation resistance tester)
2.Multimeter (for continuity testing and resistance measurement)
3.Screwdrivers and pliers
4.Safety gloves and protective gear
Step 1: Identify Terminals of Alternator:
Consult the alternator's manual or documentation to identify the terminals. Generally, there are two
main terminals: the field terminals and the armature terminals.
Step 2: Visual Inspection:
Inspect the alternator visually for any signs of damage, corrosion, or loose connections.
Step 3: Testing for Open Circuit:
Field Winding:
Disconnect the alternator from the power source.
Using a multimeter set to the continuity mode, check for continuity between the field terminals.
There should be continuity (low resistance).
If there is no continuity, it indicates an open circuit. Check for loose connections or broken wires.
Armature Winding:
Disconnect the alternator from the power source.
Check for continuity between the armature terminals. There should be continuity.
Lack of continuity suggests an open circuit. Inspect for damaged wires or connections.

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Step 4: Testing for Short Circuit:

Field Winding:
Disconnect the alternator from the power source.
Using a multimeter, check for continuity between each field terminal and the alternator's body
(ground).
If there is continuity, it indicates a short circuit. Inspect for damaged insulation or windings.
Armature Winding:
Disconnect the alternator from the power source.
Check for continuity between each armature terminal and the alternator's body (ground).
Continuity suggests a short circuit. Inspect for damaged insulation or windings.
Step 5: Testing for Ground Fault:
Field Winding:
Disconnect the alternator from the power source.
Using a multimeter, check for continuity between each field terminal and the alternator's body
(ground).
If there is continuity, it indicates a ground fault. Inspect for damaged insulation.
Armature Winding:
Disconnect the alternator from the power source.
Check for continuity between each armature terminal and the alternator's body (ground).
Continuity suggests a ground fault. Inspect for damaged insulation.
Step 6: Insulation Resistance Test:
Field and Armature Windings:
Disconnect the alternator from the power source.
Use a megger (insulation resistance tester) to measure the insulation resistance between each
terminal and the alternator's body.
Compare the measured resistance values to the manufacturer's specifications. Lower resistance
could indicate insulation breakdown.
Possible Faults and Remedies:
Open Circuit: Repair or replace broken or damaged wires.
Short Circuit: Inspect for damaged insulation, repair or replace the affected windings.
Ground Fault: Repair or replace damaged insulation or windings.
Low Insulation Resistance: Inspect for moisture, contamination, or insulation breakdown.
Thoroughly clean and dry the alternator. If insulation is severely compromised, consider rewinding
the windings

RESULT: the terminals identified, and the field and armature windings of an Alternator for open
circuit, short circuit and ground faults using test lamp /megger tested, insulation resistance checked,
and the possible faults identified and located with suggest remedies.

Signature of staff

WEEK-10

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices Date:

Determine regulation of 3-phase alternator by conducting O.C & S.C tests by EMF method.

AIM: To determine the percentage regulation of the given alternator by EMF (Synchronous Impedance
Method).

APPARATUS REQUIRED-OC& SC TEST

1. Ammeter (0-5A) DC-1 No.
2. Ammeter (0-10A) AC-1 No.

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3. Voltmeter (0-300V) AC-1 No.

4. Tachometer - 1 No
5. Field Rheostats 290 ohms-1no
6. Armature Rheostat 14ohms -1no
7. Field Rheostat 600ohms (Alternator)
8. Alternator 3 kVA, 4.2A, 1500 RPM, 3ph
9. D.C. Motor 3 HP, 220V, 1500RPM
10. Connecting wires etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1) Connect the circuit as shown.

3) Switch on dc supply and start the motor.
4) Adjust motor speed to synchronous value by motor field rheostat and Armature rheostat to the rated speed
of motor.
5) Increase the field excitation of alternator step by step to the rated voltage and note the corresponding
readings ammeter and voltmeter

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1) Connect the circuit as shown.

3) Switch on dc supply and start the motor.
4) Adjust motor speed to synchronous value by motor field rheostat and Armature rheostat to the rated speed
of motor.
5. Close TPST switch and vary the rheostat of alternator till the ammeter load current reach 6.4Afull load
current.
5) Note down the reading of alternator short circuit current Io
TABULAR COLUMN

CALCULATION

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RESULT: To predetermine the percentage regulation of the given alternator by EMF (Synchronous
Impedance Method).

Signature of staff

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WEEK-11

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices

Conduct parallel operation of 3-phse alternators by Dark Lamp OR Bright Lamp Date:
OR Synchroscope method.

AIM: To Conduct parallel operation of 3-phse alternators by Dark Lamp OR Bright Lamp
OR Synchroscope method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1.Alternatore
2.voltmeter
3.test lamp
4.TPST
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE –DARK LAMP METHOD

1.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. As shown in the diagram alternator A1 is already connected to the infinite bus or grid. The other
alternator named with A2 is to be synchronized with grid or bus by using the three dark lamp
methods.
3. Let lamps L1, L2 and L3 are connected across R-R', Y-Y' and B-B' terminals of synchronizing
switch, here R, Y, and B are the terminals of the infinite bus bar, and R', Y' and B' are the terminals
of incoming alternator B.
4. When voltages are equal and the frequencies of alternator B and Bus is the same and the phase
sequence of both is correct then the voltage across three lamps will be zero.
5. Hence lamps are completely dark and this is the right time to close synchronizing switch.

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PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as the circuit diagram

2.The connection of three lamps (for each phase) must be done as shown in the above figure. Once
the lamp is connected between the same phases while the other two are in cross-connection with the
bus-bar phases.
3. For perfect synchronization, the switch is closed when lamp L3 is dark while lamps L1 and L2 are
equally bright.
4. When the incoming alternator A2 is in synchronism with alternator A1 or bus-bars, lamps L1,
L2 are bright and L3 is dark (since L1 is connected between YB', L2 between BY' and L3 between
RR').
5. The brightness of L1, L2 increases and of other L3 decreases, so the instant at which the incoming
alternator is in synchronized with the bus-bar and switch S should be closed at this instant.
6. This method of synchronization is known as the 'Two Bright and One Dark Lamp' method.

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PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. It consists of a rotating pointer which indicates the exact moment of closing the synchronizing
switch.
3. If the pointer rotates in an anticlockwise direction, it indicates that incoming machine is running
slow whereas clockwise rotation of pointer indicates that incoming machine is running faster.
4. The rotation of pointer is proportional to the difference in the two frequencies. The pointer
should rotate at a very low speed in the direction of the arrow marked.
5. The pointer will oscillate about some mean position instead of rotating if the difference in
frequencies is large. In such cases, the speed of the incoming machine is adjusted properly.
6. When the rotating pointer reaches the vertical position at slow speed the synchronizing switch
must be closed.

RESULT: parallel operation of 3-phse alternators by Dark Lamp OR Bright Lamp

OR Synchroscope method is performed

Signature of staff

WEEK-12

Follow Safety rules and Safe working practices Date;

1. Demo (Video) on Static excitation system.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9RAyngvQ9s

2. Demo (Video) on cooling of Alternators

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuFhSG64dH4

WEEK-13

Follow Safety rules and Safe workingpractices Date;

1a. Perform general preventivemaintenance of the transformer.

There are many different preventative maintenance actions to be performed on a transformer. They
can be on a daily, monthly, yearly, quarterly, half-yearly, or yearly basis. Some transformer
maintenance activities only need to be performed once in a 3 to 4 years interval.

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1. Daily Basis
Reading of MOG (Magnetic Oil Gauge) of main tank and conservator tank.
1. Colour of silica gel in breather.
2. Leakage of oil from any point of a transformer.
In case of unsatisfactory oil level in the MOG, oil to be filled in transformer and also the
transformer tank to be checked for oil leakage. If oil leakage is found take required action to plug
the leakage. If silica gel becomes pinkish, it should be replaced.
2. MonthlyBasis
1. The oil level in oil cap under silica gel breather must be checked in a one-month interval. If it
is found the transformer oil inside the cup comes below the specified level, oil to be top up as
per specified level.
2. Breathing holes in silica gel breather should also be checked monthly and properly cleaned if
required, for proper breathing action.
3. If the transformer has oil filled bushing the oil level of transformer oil inside the bushing must
be visually checked in the oil gage attached to those bushing. If it is required, the oil to be filled
in the bushing up tocorrectlevel. Oil filling to be done under shutdown condition.

3. Half Yearly Basis

The transformer oil must be checked half yearly basis that means once in 6 months, for dielectric
strength, water content, acidity, sludge content, flash point, DDA, IFT, resistivity for transformer
oil.
In the case of a distribution transformer, as they are operating light load condition all the time of
day remaining peak hours, so there are no maintenance required.

Yearly Basis
1. The auto, remote, manual function of cooling system that means, oil pumps, air fans, and
other items engaged in cooling system of transformer, along with their control circuit to be
checked. In the case of trouble, investigate control circuit and physical condition of pumps
and fans.
2. All the bushings of the transformer to be cleaned by soft cotton cloths yearly. During
cleaning the bushing should be checked for cracking.
3. Oil condition of OLTC to be examined in every year. For that, oil sample to be taken from
drain valve of diverter tank, and this collected oil sample to be tested for dielectric strength
(BDV) and moisture content (PPM). If BDV is low and PPM for moisture is found high
compared to recommend values, the oil inside the OLTC to be replaced or filtered.
4. Mechanical inspection of Buchholz relays to be carried out on yearly basis.
5. All marshalling boxes to be cleaned from inside at least once in a year. All the terminal
connections of control and relay wiring to be checked an tighten at least once in a year.
6. All the relays, alarms and control switches along with their circuit, in R&C panel (Relay
and Control Panel) and RTCC (Remote Tap Changer Control Panel) to be cleaned by
appropriate cleaning agent.
7. The pockets for OTI, WTI (Oil Temperature Indicator & Winding Temperature Indicator)
on the transformer top cover to be checked and if required oil to be replenished.
8. The proper function of Pressure Release Device and Buchholz relay must be checked
annually

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9. Insulation resistance and polarization index of transformer must be checked

with battery operated megger of 5 KV range.
10. DGA or Dissolve Gas Analysis of transformer Oil should be performed, annually for 132
KV transformers.
2 years once

1. The calibration of OTI and WTI must be carried once in two years.
2. Tan & delta; measurement of bushings of transformer also to be done once in two years.

1b. Demonstrate installation of Alternatorand Perform general preventivemaintenance of

Alternators.

Installation Information
1. Locations of alternator.
2. Install the mounting bracket(s). Do not completely tighten the bolts at this time.
3. Support the alternator and fasten it into position. Do not completely tighten the bolts at this
time.
4. Install the drive belt(s).
5. Set the belt tension while tightening the mounting and adjusting bolts
6. Check the drive belt alignment between the alternator pulley and drive pulley(s
7. Connect the wire connector(s) to their proper location on the alternator.
8. Inspect that all components are correctly installed, all threaded fasteners properly torqued
and there is no interference between components.
9. Connect the battery negative cable.
10. Start the engine and be sure there is no interference between components. Let the engine
idle for 10 minutes to break-in the drive belt(s). Readjust the drive belt(s) using the <used= tension
specification.
11. Shut the engine off and re-inspect that all components are correctly installed
12. Test the charging system to verify it is performing to the manufacturer9s specifications.
PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCE
1.Regular Visual Inspection: Check for any signs of physical damage, corrosion, or loose
connections. Inspect the cooling system, including fans and vents, to ensure proper airflow and
cooling.
2. Cleaning: Keep the alternator and its surroundings clean from dust, dirt, and debris.
Regularly clean the cooling fins and air vents to prevent overheating.

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3. Belt Tension and Alignment:

Check the belt tension and alignment regularly to ensure proper power transmission from the
engine to the alternator. Replace worn-out or damaged belts promptly.
4. Bearings and Lubrication: Check and lubricate bearings according to the manufacturer's
recommendations. Ensure that there is no excessive play or noise from the bearings.
5. ElectricalConnections: Inspect and tighten all electrical connections, including terminals and
cables. Look for signs of corrosion or loose connections, which can lead to voltage drops and
inefficiencies.
6. Voltage and Output Testing: Periodically test the alternator's output voltage to ensure it is
within the specified range. Test the alternator's performance under different loads to ensure it can
handle the required electrical demand.
7. Cooling System Maintenance: Clean the cooling fins and air passages regularly to prevent
overheating. Ensure that fans or other cooling mechanisms are functioning properly.
8. Brushes and Slip Rings: Check the condition of brushes and slip rings in brush-type alternators.
Replace brushes that are worn out to maintain consistent electrical contact.
9. Vibration and Noise Analysis: Monitor for unusual vibrations or noises that might indicate
mechanical issues. Address any abnormalities promptly to prevent further damage.
10. RecordKeeping: Maintain a detailed record of all maintenance activities, inspections, and tests
performed on the alternator

Signature of staff

2a. Demo on different energy efficienttransformers.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tH9orEKQMKI&t=594s

2b. Visit (or Virtual visit) to thetransformer manufacturing industry.

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Prepared by k.murugan , DSIT , EEE , BENGALURU

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