•Network Topologies and

Protocol Architectures

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Lecture outline

• Direction of data flow

• Network Topologies
• Network Categories
• Protocol Architectures

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 Simplified Data
Communications Model
The source wishes to send a message m to the destination.

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 1.1 Direction of Data Flow
• Simplex: One direction only

data flow

Server Monitor

• Half Duplex: Both directions, one at a time

E.g., walkie-talkies
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Direction of Data Flow
• Full Duplex: Both directions simultaneously

data flow

data flow

—E.g., telephone

• Can be emulated on a single communication link

using various methods

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1.2 Network Topology
• Network Topology signifies the way in which
intelligent devices in the network see their
logical relations to one another.

• Topology: logical arrangement of devices

—Star
—Bus
—Ring
—Mesh

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1.2.1 Star Topology
• All the cables run from the computers to the central
location, connected by a device called hub or switch.
• Each computer on a star network communicates with a
central device that resends the message either to each
computer or only to the destination computer.
A D

• If a hub is used, the data

will be sent to all. Hub Drop
• If it is a switch the data will send to
only destination computer

B C
Drop
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Star Topology
• Pros:
—One I/O port per device
—It is easy to modify and add
new computers without disturbing
the rest of the network. Hub

• Cons:
—Single point of failure, if the central device fails, the
whole network fails to operate.
—expensive because all network cables must be pulled 8
to one central point, requires more cable
 1.2.2 Bus Topology

• It is often used when network installation is small, simple or

temporary.
• No active electronics to amplify the signal or pass it along the
network.

• When 1 computer sends a signal up the wire all the

computers receive the information but only one with the
address that matches accepts the information, the rest
disregard the message.
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Bus Topology
• Pros:
—Little cabling. It is therefore less expensive
—Easy to install, easy to extend a bus; two cables can
be joined with a BNC, Barrel connector and allowing
more computers to join the network.

• Cons:
—Difficult to isolate fault
—Break in the bus cable stops all transmission

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1.2.3 Ring Topology
• In this type each computer is connected to the next
computer with the last one connected to the first.
• Each retransmits what it receives from the previous
computer. The message flows around the ring in one
direction.
•
• Pros:
— Easy to identify fault

• Disadvantages:
— Delay in large ring
— Break in the ring stops all transmission
1.3 Network Categories
Types of networks
Below is a list of the most common types of
computer networks in order of scale.

—Personal Area Network (PAN)

—Local Area Network (LAN)
—Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
—Wide Area Network (WAN)

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1.3.1 Personal Area Network
(PAN)
• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network
used for communication among computer devices close
to one person.
• Some examples of devices that may be used in a PAN
are printers, fax machines, telephones, PDA’s or
scanners.
• The reach of a PAN is approximately 6-9 meters.
• PAN may be wired with computer buses such as USB
and a wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also
be made possible with Bluetooth.

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1.3.2 Local Area Networks
• Network in a single office, building, or campus

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 1.3.3 Metropolitan Area
Networks
• Network extended over an entire city
• A network that connects two or more Local Area
Networks together but does not extend beyond the
boundaries of the immediate town

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1.3.4 Wide Area Networks
• Network providing long-distance communication over a
country, a continent, or the whole world. (i.e. one city to
another and one country to another country)

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Internetworks
• Two or more networks connected become an
internetwork, or internet

Network1 Network2

Gateway

Network3
• Example: The Internet

Devices communicating with TCP/IP protocol suite

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1.4 Protocols and
Architectures

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 Layered Tasks
 Computer networks are complex systems
 Tasks involve varieties of hardware and
software components, and protocols

 Networking task is divided into several

subtasks, or layers

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 Real World Example
 Communication between managers of two
companies

Communicate

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 What Actually Happens
 Communication takes place thru many layers
Logical communication

Secretary:
Secretary: reads and reports
types a letter the message

Delivery boy: Delivery boy:

drops the letter takes the letter

Postal truck

Post office:
Processes and routes the letter

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 Internet Layer Model
 The Internet Protocol Stack
User
Application Layer Software

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Hardware

Transmission
Medium
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 Application Layer
Responsible for providing services to the user
 The only layer to interact with user

Data Data
Logical communication

Application SMTP HTTP FTP SMTP HTTP FTP

Layer
Data H5 Data H5

to Transport from Transport

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 Transport Layer
Responsible for delivery of a message
from one process to another

 Duties/services
 Port addressing
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Connection control
 Flow control (end-to-end)
 Error control (end-to-end)

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 Transport Layer
Process Process … Process Process …

PORT # PORT #

Data Data

Transport Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4 Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4

Layer (segments)

to Network from Network

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 Network Layer
Responsible for the delivery of packets
from the original source to the destination

 Duties/services
 Logical addressing
 Routing

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 Network Layer
from Transport to Transport

Data Data

Network Data H3 Data H3

Layer (packet)

to Data Link from Data Link

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 Network Layer
Data 1.1 5.7
1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 5.7, ... are logical addresses
1.1 1.2
Network 1

R1
6.1
Network 6

6.6 6.3
R3
R2 5.2
Router
3.3
Network 5
5.7
Network 3
3.8

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 Data Link Layer
Responsible for transmitting frames
from one node to the next

 Duties/services
 Framing
 Physical addressing
 Flow control (hop-to-hop)
 Error control (hop-to-hop)
 Access control

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 Data Link Layer
from Network to Network

Data Data

Data Link T2 Data H2 T2 Data H2

Layer (frame)

to Physical from Physical

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 Data Link Layer
A3, 3B, 82, 9F, ... are physical addresses

Data
9F 3B 82 A3

T2 Data 9F A3
H2

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 Data Link Layer
Data 1.1 5.7

1.1 1.2
97 32 Network 1
Data 1.1 5.7 97 25 25
R1
6.1
79 Data 1.1 5.7 79 62 Network 6

6.6 6.3 62
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R3
R2 5.2
54
88
3.3
Data 1.1 5.7 54 74
Network 5
5.7
Network 3 74
3.8

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 Physical Layer
Responsible for transmitting individual bits
from one node to the next

 Duties/services
 Physical characteristics of interfaces
and media
 Representation of bits
 Data rate (transmission rate)
 Synchronization of bits

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 Physical Layer
from Data Link to Data Link

Data Data

Physical 01001011 01001011

Layer (bits)

Transmission medium

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 The Big Picture

L5 data H5 5 5 L5 data H5

L4 data H4 4 4 L4 data H4

L3 data H3 3 3 L3 data H3

T2 L2 data H2 2 2 T2 L2 data H2

0111011010101001010101001 1 1 0111010101010010101010101

Transmission medium

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 Internet Model

sender router
router receiver

Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link D.L. D.L. D.L. D.L. Data Link
Physical P.L. P.L. P.L. P.L. Physical

Transmission medium
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Internet Model

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 Protocol Suites
 A set of protocols must be constructed
 to ensure that the resulting communication
system is complete and efficient
 Each protocol should handle a part of
communication not handled by other
protocols
 How can we guarantee that protocols
work well together?
 Instead of creating each protocol in isolation,
protocols are designed in complete,
cooperative sets called suites or families 40 40
 Internet Protocol Suite

Layer Protocols
Application HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, ...
Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP, ...
Network IP (IPv4), IPv6, ICMP, IGMP, ...
Data Link Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, ...
Physical RS-232, DSL, 10Base-T, ...

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 OSI Model
User  OSI – Open Systems
7.Application Layer Interconnection
6.Presentation Layer  Developed by the International
Standards Organizations (ISO)
5.Session Layer
4.Transport Layer
3.Network Layer  Two additional layers
2.Data Link Layer  Presentation layer
1.Physical Layer  Session layer

Transmission
Medium

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 Session Layer
Responsible for establishing, managing and
terminating connections between applications

 Duties/services
 Interaction management
 Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
 Session recovery

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 Presentation Layer
Responsible for handling differences in
data representation to applications

 Duties/services
 Data translation
 Encryption
 Decryption
 Compression

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