Python (Preview Only)
Uploaded by
ssgaca12Python (Preview Only)
Uploaded by
ssgaca12Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who have
contributed to the creation of this Book.
irst and foremost, I extend my sincere thanks to the readers for their
F
interest in learning Python and for choosing this Book as a resource. Your
enthusiasm for coding is what drives the continued effort to create
meaningful educational content.
special acknowledgment goes to my mentors, peers, and the
A
programming community for their invaluable support and inspiration. Their
guidance and feedback have been instrumental in shaping my journey as a
programmer and in the development of this Book.
I also owe a debt of gratitude to the countless developers and educators
whose work has paved the way for accessible programming knowledge.
Their contributions to the field have made it possible for resources like this
to exist.
astly, I dedicate this Book to all aspiring programmers who, like me, share
L
a passion for coding. May this book serve as a stepping stone in your
journey to mastering Python and unlocking new possibilities in the world of
technology.
With gratitude,
alam
S
2nd Year Python Programmer
Contents
Table of Contents
l. No.
S Chapter Page No.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 VARIABLES 4 - 12
2 TAKING INPUTS 13 - 20
3 IF ELSE/ELIF 21 - 32
4 LOOPS 33 - 66
5 LISTS 67 - 116
6 FUNCTIONS 117 - 192
7 FILE HANDLING 193 - 246
8 BASICS OF OOP 247 - 263
Preface
elcome to this journey into the world of Python—a language that
W
powers everything from simple scripts to complex AI systems. This
book was crafted with one goal in mind: to make Python effortless and
enjoyable to learn, whether you're a complete beginner or someone
looking to sharpen your skills.
In a world flooded with tutorials that confuse more than they clarify, I
wanted to create something different—a course that speaks your
language, cuts through the noise, and builds your confidence line by
line. You won’t just memorize syntax here—you’ll understand how
things work under the hood and why they matter.
e start from zero—no prior coding knowledge needed—and go all
W
the way to mastering core concepts like functions, loops,
object-oriented programming, file handling, and beyond. I’ve broken
everything down into bite-sized explanations with real-world examples
that stick.
ython is more than code—it's a tool for thinking clearly. And my
P
mission is to help you unlock that clarity with simplicity, logic, and a
touch of creativity.
o take a deep breath, stay curious, and let’s write your first line of
S
code together.
Let’s begin.
Chapter 1: Variables
Definition:
variable in Python is a name that refers to a value stored in memory.
A
It acts as a container to hold data that can be used and modified
during program execution.
Example (Declaring a Variable):
Declaring variables in Python
#
name = "Alice" # String variable
age = 25 # Integer variable
height = 5.7 # Float variable
is_student = True # Boolean variable
Rules for Naming Variables:
● V
ariable names can only contain letters (A–Z, a–z), digits (0–9),
_.
and underscores
● A
variable name must start with a letter or an underscore,nota
number.
● V ariable names arecase-sensitive(
nameandNameare
different).
● Reserved words (like if else
, while
, class
, , etc.) cannot be
used as variable names.
● Choose meaningful names to make your code readable.
Examples of valid variable names
student_name = "John"
_age = 18
marks2025 = 90
Examples of invalid variable names:
name = "John" # Cannot start with a number
2
student-name = "John" # Cannot use hyphens
class = "Python" # 'class' is a reserved word
Types of Variables (Basic):
String (
str): Text enclosed in quotes.
name = "Alice"
● Integer ( int): Whole numbers without decimals.
age = 25
● Float ( float ): Numbers with decimal points.
height = 5.7
● Boolean ( bool Trueor
): Represents False
.
is_student = True
print()Function
The
print()function is used to output data to the screen.
The
Example:
print("Hello, World!")
Output:
Hello, World!
Programs:
.Declare a variable to store your name and printit.
1
name = "Alice"
print(name)
Output:
Alice
ageand
2.Declare two variables, height
, and print them
together.
ge = 25
a
height = 5.6
print(age, height)
Output:
25 5.6
is_studentand print it.
3.Declare a boolean variable
is_student = True
print(is_student)
Output:
True
#.
4.Print "Python", "is", "awesome" separated by
print("Python", "is", "awesome", sep="#")
Output:
Python#is#awesome
Helloand
5.Print two statements Worldon the same line.
rint("Hello", end=" ")
p
print("World")
Output:
Hello World
6.Print following using a single print statement:
Good Morning
print("Good\nMorning")
Output:
ood
G
Morning
7.Declare variables forcity = "Paris"and
country =
"France"
City: Paris, Country: France
, then print: .
ity = "Paris"
c
country = "France"
print("City:", city, ", Country:", country)
Output:
City: Paris , Country: France
8.Question:
Print the following using a newline (
\n) betweenwords:
Welcome
to
Python
Answer:
print("Welcome\to\nPython")
Output:
elcome
W
to
Python
9. Print the following using tab spaces (
\t) betweenwords:
ame Age Country
N
Answer:
print("Name\tAge\tCountry")Output:
Name Age Country
10.Question:
aand
wap the values of two variables
S bwithoutusing a third
variable, and print the result.
Answer:
= 5
a
b = 10
a, b = b, a # Swapping the values
print("a:", a)
print("b:", b)
Output:
a: 10
b: 5
11.Question:
eclare three variables and perform multiple assignment (all at once)
D
to store values in them. Print their values.
Answer:
, y, z = 3, 6, 9
x
print("x:", x)
print("y:", y)
print("z:", z)
Output:
: 3
x
y: 6
z: 9
12.Question:
reate a program where two variables
C x = 100and
y = 50are
added and printed together as the result.
Answer:
= 100
x
y = 50
sum_result = x + y
print("Sum:", sum_result)
Output:
Sum: 150
13.Question:
reate a program where two strings are concatenated, and the result
C
is printed.
Answer:
tr1 = "Hello"
s
str2 = "World"
result = str1 + " " + str2 # Concatenating strings
print(result)
Output:
Hello World
14.Question:
input()function to accept a user’s nameand print it with a
se the
U
message.
Answer:
ame = input("Enter your name: ")
n
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
Output:
Enter your name: Alice
Hello, Alice!
15.Question:
reate a program that calculates the area of a rectangle with length
C
10 and width 5. Print the area.
Answer:
length = 10
width = 5
area = length * width
print("Area of the rectangle:", area)
Output:
Area of the rectangle: 50
16.Question:
erform an arithmetic operation (multiplication) between an integer
P
and a float, and print the result.
Answer:
integer = 7
floating_point = 2.5
result = integer * floating_point
print("Result of multiplication:", result)
Output:
Result of multiplication: 17.5
Chapter 2: Taking Inputs
input()Function
1.The
Definition:
he
T input()function allows the user to enter data,which is always
returned as astring.
Example:
Taking input from the user
#
name = input("Enter your name: ")
Displaying the input
#
print(name)
Output:
nter your name: Alice
E
Alice
Usage:
input()
● Toaccept user input, you use .
● T
he function always returns the input as astring,even if the
user types in numbers. You can convert it to other data types if
intor
needed (like float
).
2. String (
str
)
● Example: Taking a string input and printing it.
Taking string input from the user
#
name = input("Enter your name: ")
Printing the user input
#
print( name)
Alice
3. Integer (
int
)
● Example: Taking an integer input and printing it.
Taking integer input from the user
#
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
Printing the user input
#
print("Your age is:", age)
Output:
nter your age: 25
E
Your age is: 25
4. Float (
float
)
● Example: Taking a float input and printing it.
Taking float input from the user
#
height = float(input("Enter your height: "))
Printing the user input
#
print("Your height is:", height)
Output:
nter your height: 5.8
E
Your height is: 5.8
5. Boolean (
bool
)
● Example: Taking a boolean input and printing it.
input()always returns a string, we need toexplicitly convert it
ince
S
to a boolean.
Taking boolean input from the user
#
is_adult = input("Are you an adult? (True/False): ")
Converting the input to boolean
#
is_adult = is_adult.lower() == 'true'
Printing the user input
#
print("Adult status:", is_adult)
Output:
re you an adult? (True/False): True
A
Adult status: True
Summary:
1.String (
str input()takes the input as a string.
):
2.Integer (
int int()
): Convert the input to an integer using .
3.Float (
float float()
): Convert the input to a float using .
4.Boolean (
bool): Convert the input to boolean by checking if it
"true"
equals .
TYPE CONVERSIONS
1. String to Integer
um_str = "100"
n
num_int = int(num_str)
print(num_int)
Output:
100
2. Integer to Float
um_int = 7
n
num_float = float(num_int)
print(num_float)
Output:
7.0
3. Float to Integer
um_float = 8.9
n
num_int = int(num_float)
rint(num_int)
p
Output:
8
4. Boolean to Integer
flag = True
num = int(flag)
print(num)
Output:
1
5. Integer to String
um = 25
n
text = str(num)
print(text)
Output:
25
1. Taking Multiple Inputs in a Single Line
Taking multiple inputs from the user
#
a, b = input("Enter two numbers: ").split()
rint(a)
p
print(b)
Example Input:
Enter two numbers: 10 20
Output:
0
1
20
2. Taking Multiple Inputs and Converting to Integer
Taking multiple integer inputs
#
a, b = map(int, input("Enter two integers: ").split())
rint(a)
p
print(b)
Example Input:
Enter two integers: 5 15
Output:
5
15
Key Points:
●
input().split()separates the inputs by spaces.
● m
ap(type, input().split())applies type conversion(like
int
float
, ) to all inputs.
PROGRAMS
1.Q. Take a string input from the user and print it.
ame = input("Enter your name: ")
n
print(name)
2.Q. Take an integer input from the user and printit.
ge = int(input("Enter your age: "))
a
print(age)
3.Q. Take a float input from the user and print it.
eight = float(input("Enter your height: "))
h
print(height)
.Q. Take a boolean input (
4 Trueor
False
) from theuser and
print it.
is_student = input("Are you a student? (True/False): ")
is_student = is_student.lower() == "true"
print(is_student)
5.Q. Convert a string input into an integer and print it.
um_str = input("Enter a number: ")
n
num_int = int(num_str)
print(num_int)
6.Q. Convert an integer input into a float and print it.
um = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
n
num_float = float(num)
print(num_float)
7.Q. Convert a float input into an integer and printit.
ecimal_number = float(input("Enter a decimal number: "))
d
integer_number = int(decimal_number)
print(integer_number)
8.Q. Take two inputs in a single line and print themseparately.
, b = input("Enter two values: ").split()
a
print(a)
print(b)
9.Q. Take two integer inputs in a single line and print their sum.
, b = map(int, input("Enter two integers: ").split())
a
sum_value = a + b
print(sum_value)
0.Q. Take three float inputs in a single line and print their
1
average.
x, y, z = map(float, input("Enter three float numbers: ").split())
verage = (x + y + z) / 3
a
print(average)
Chapter 3 — if else / elif
Basic Logic:
In Python,
if
else
, elifare used tomake decisionsbasedon certain
, and
conditions.
●
ifchecks a condition. If it isTrue, the code inside it runs.
●
elseruns when the
ifcondition isFalse.
●
elif(else if) checksanother conditionif the first
ifis False.
Syntax:
if condition:
# code to run if condition is True
elif another_condition:
# code to run if first condition is False and this is True
else:
# code to run if all conditions are False
Simple Example:
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote.")
else:
print("You are not eligible to vote.")
if
How elif
, elseworks:
,
ifblock:
1.
ifcondition first.
○ Python checks the
○ If it is True,
→ the code inside the ifblock runs.
elifand
→ After that, Pythonskipsall else
.
elifblock(short for "else if"):
2.
ifcondition wasFalse, Python checks each
○ If the elif
one by one.
elifthat is Truewill run its block.
○ Thefirst
○ O Truecondition is found, Pythonskips all the
nce a
elifand
remaining else .
elseblock:
3.
ifand
○ Ifnone of the elifconditions are True, then
elseruns.
○ Itdoes not check any condition, it runs directly when all
previous checks fail.
Full Working Example + True Case Flow
marks = int(input("Enter your marks: "))
if marks >= 90:
print("Grade: A") # This runs if marks are 90 or more
elif marks >= 75:
print("Grade: B") # This runs if marks are between 75 and 89
elif marks >= 60:
print("Grade: C") # This runs if marks are between 60 and 74
elif marks >= 40:
print("Grade: D") # This runs if marks are between 40 and 59
else:
print("Grade: F") # This runs if marks are below 40
Example Walkthrough
Input What Happens?
Marks
(say)
95 fcondition
i marks >= 90is True → prints "Grade:
A" → stops checking further
78 fis False → checks first
i elif→
marks >= 75is
True → prints "Grade: B"
62 fFalse → first
i elifFalse → second
elif
marks
>= 60True → prints "Grade: C"
45 elif
ll previous False → third
A marks >= 40True
→ prints "Grade: D"
30 ifand
ll
A elifFalse → runs
else→ prints "Grade:
F"
Example using logical operators (
and or
, not
, ):
ge = int(input("Enter your age: "))
a
citizenship = input("Are you a citizen of this country? (yes/no): ")
if age >= 18 and citizenship.lower() == "yes":
print("You are eligible to vote.")
elif age >= 18 and citizenship.lower() == "no":
print("You are not eligible to vote because you are not a citizen.")
else:
print("You are not eligible to vote because you are under 18.")
Explanation:
●
andoperator:
○ T
he conditionage >= 18 and citizenship.lower()
== "yes"meansboth conditions must be Truefor the
block to run.
○ F
or example, a person aged 20 who is a citizen will enter
this block.
●
elifwith
and
:
○ T
he second elifchecks ifage is >= 18butcitizenshipis
not "yes"(i.e., they are not a citizen). The blockwill
execute for a person aged 25 but not a citizen.
●
else
:
○ T
he final block runs when neither condition is met (under
18 or non-citizen).
○ if
Example using Nested :
ge = int(input("Enter your age: "))
a
income = float(input("Enter your monthly income: "))
if age >= 18:
if income >= 5000:
print("You are eligible for the loan.")
else:
print("You are not eligible for the loan due to low income.")
else:
print("You are not eligible for the loan because you are under 18.")
Explanation:
if
● First : It checks if the person is18 or older.
● N
estedif if
: Inside the first , another check is doneto see if
themonthly income is greater than or equal to 5000.
○ If both conditions are met, the person is eligible for the
loan.
○ If the income is below 5000, the person is not eligible due
to low income.
● e
lse(outside the first
if
): If the age is below 18, the loan is
not given because the person is too young.
xample: Checking if a number is even or odd
E
using a ternary operator:
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
Ternary operator to check if the number is even or odd
#
result = "Even" if number % 2 == 0 else "Odd"
print(f"The number is {result}.")
Explanation:
● T number % 2
heternary operatorchecks whether the == 0
,
which determines if the number is even.
"Even"
○ IfTrue, it returns .
"Odd"
○ IfFalse, it returns .
● T
his is a concise way of doing a check that would otherwise
require anif-elseblock.
PROGRAMS
1. Check if a number is positive, negative, or zero:
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")
elif number < 0:
print("The number is negative.")
else:
print("The number is zero.")
2. Check if a number is even or odd:
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if number % 2 == 0:
print("The number is even.")
else:
print("The number is odd.")
3. Find the largest of three numbers:
= int(input("Enter first number: "))
a
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
c = int(input("Enter third number: "))
if a >= b and a >= c:
print(f"The largest number is {a}.")
elif b >= a and b >= c:
print(f"The largest number is {b}.")
else:
print(f"The largest number is {c}.")
4. Check if a number is divisible by both 3 and 5:
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if number % 3 == 0 and number % 5 == 0:
print(f"{number} is divisible by both 3 and 5.")
else:
print(f"{number} is not divisible by both 3 and 5.")
5. Find the grade based on the score:
score = int(input("Enter your score: "))
if score >= 90:
print("You got an A.")
elif score >= 80:
print("You got a B.")
elif score >= 70:
print("You got a C.")
elif score >= 60:
print("You got a D.")
else:
print("You failed.")
6. Check if a number is within a range (1-100):
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if 1 <= number <= 100:
print("The number is within the range 1 to 100.")
else:
print("The number is out of the range 1 to 100.")
7. Check if a person is eligible to vote:
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote.")
else:
print("You are not eligible to vote.")
8. Find whether a person is an adult, teenager, or child:
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult.")
elif age >= 13:
print("You are a teenager.")
else:
print("You are a child.")
9. Check if a number is a prime number:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num > 1:
for i in range(2, num):
if num % i == 0:
print(f"{num} is not a prime number.")
break
else:
print(f"{num} is a prime number.")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a prime number.")
10. Check if a number is a leap year:
year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
print(f"{year} is a leap year.")
else:
print(f"{year} is not a leap year.")
11. Check if a number is a palindrome:
num = input("Enter a number: ")
if num == num[::-1]:
print(f"{num} is a palindrome.")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a palindrome.")
12. Determine the largest of two numbers:
= int(input("Enter first number: "))
a
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
if a > b:
print(f"{a} is larger than {b}.")
elif b > a:
print(f"{b} is larger than {a}.")
else:
print("Both numbers are equal.")
13. Check if a character is a vowel or consonant:
char = input("Enter a character: ").lower()
if char in ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']:
print(f"{char} is a vowel.")
else:
print(f"{char} is a consonant.")
if-elif-else
14. Check if a number is positive, negative, or zero using :
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if number > 0:
print("The number is positive.")
elif number < 0:
print("The number is negative.")
else:
print("The number is zero.")
15. Check if a person is eligible for a loan (age and income):
ge = int(input("Enter your age: "))
a
income = float(input("Enter your monthly income: "))
if age >= 18 and income >= 5000:
print("You are eligible for the loan.")
else:
print("You are not eligible for the loan.")
16. Determine if a year is a century year:
year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
if year % 100 == 0:
print(f"{year} is a century year.")
else:
print(f"{year} is not a century year.")
17. Calculate the discount on a product based on the price:
price = float(input("Enter the price of the product: "))
if price > 1000:
discount = 0.1 * price
elif price > 500:
discount = 0.05 * price
else:
discount = 0
print(f"Discount on the product is: {discount}")
18. Check if a string is a palindrome:
text = input("Enter a text: ")
if text == text[::-1]:
print(f"{text} is a palindrome.")
else:
print(f"{text} is not a palindrome.")
19. Check if a number is divisible by 4 but not by 6:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num % 4 == 0 and num % 6 != 0:
print(f"{num} is divisible by 4 but not by 6.")
else:
print(f"{num} is either not divisible by 4 or divisible by 6.")
20. Check if a number is in a given range (e.g., 50-100):
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if 50 <= num <= 100:
rint(f"{num} is within the range 50-100.")
p
else:
print(f"{num} is outside the range 50-100.")
—------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 4 — Loops
Definition:
loopis a structure that repeats a block of code multiple times until a
A
certain condition is satisfied.
Loops help avoid writing the same code again and again manually.
Types of Loops in Python:
● while loop
● for loop
1. while loop
Algorithm:
● Step 1: Initialize the variable(s).
● Step 2: Check the condition.
● Step 3: If the condition isTrue, execute the loopbody.
● Step 4: Update the variable(s).
● Step 5: Repeat steps 2-4 until the condition becomesFalse.
Example:
i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i = i + 1
Detailed Execution:
1 <= 5→ True → Print
● i = 1→ Condition 1→ Updatei to
2
2 <= 5→ True → Print
● i = 2→ Condition 2→ Updatei to
3
3 <= 5→ True → Print
● i = 3→ Condition 3→ Updatei to
4
4 <= 5→ True → Print
● i = 4→ Condition 4→ Updatei to
5
5 <= 5→ True → Print
● i = 5→ Condition 5→ Updatei to
6
6 <= 5→ False → Loop stops.
● i = 6→ Condition
Final Output:
1
2
3
4
5
2. for loop
Algorithm:
● Step 1: Take a sequence like a list, string, or range.
● Step 2: Pick each item one by one.
● Step 3: Execute the loop body for each item.
● S
tep 4: Automatically moves to the next item until the sequence
ends.
Example:
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
Detailed Execution:
1
● i = 1→ Print
2
● i = 2→ Print
3
● i = 3→ Print
4
● i = 4→ Print
5
● i = 5→ Print
● Sequence ends → Loop stops.
Final Output:
1
2
3
4
5
Break Statement
Meaning:
● T breakstatement is used toimmediately stoptheloop,
he
even if the condition is still true.
● Itexitsthe loop completely when a certain condition is met.
Example:
i = 1
while i <= 5:
if i == 3:
break
print(i)
i = i + 1
Detailed Execution:
1 <= 5→ True →
● i = 1→ i == 3→ False → Print
1→
2
Update i to
2 <= 5→ True →
● i = 2→ i == 3→ False → Print
2→
3
Update i to
3 <= 5→ True →
● i = 3→ i == 3→ True →Break happens
→ Loop stops immediately.
Final Output:
1
2
Continue Statement
Meaning:
● T
hecontinuestatement is used toskip the currentiteration
andjump to the nextiteration of the loop.
● It does not stop the loop, only skips the remaining code for that
particular cycle.
Example:
i = 0
while i < 5:
i = i + 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
Detailed Execution:
1→
● i = 0→ Update i to 1 < 5→
i == 3→ False → Print
1
2→
● i = 1→ Update i to 2 < 5→
i == 3→ False → Print
2
3→
● i = 2→ Update i to 3 < 5→
i == 3→ True →Continue
happens→ Skips printing → Next cycle
4→
● i = 3→ Update i to 4 < 5→
i == 3→ False → Print
4
5→
● i = 4→ Update i to 5 < 5→ False → Loop stops.
Final Output:
1
2
4
5
3is skipped because of
(Note: continue
.)
Indentation in Python
Meaning:
● Indentationmeansadding spacesortabsat the beginning of a
line.
● In Python,indentation is compulsoryto definewhich
statements belong inside a loop, if-else block, function, etc.
● If indentation is wrong or missing, Python will show anerror.
Important Points:
● Indentation is usually4 spaces.
● A
ll the statements inside a block (like loop, if-else) must be
indented equally.
● W
ithout proper indentation,Python doesn't know whichlines
are part of the block.
Example:
i = 1
while i <= 3:
print(i)
i = i + 1
Detailed Execution:
1 <= 3→ True → Indented lines (print and i = i+1) are
● i = 1→
executed.
2 <= 3→ True → Indented lines executed again.
● i = 2→
3 <= 3→ True → Indented lines executed again.
● i = 3→
4 <= 3→ False → Loop stops.
● i = 4→
Final Output:
1
2
3
If indentation was wrong:
Example of wrong indentation:
i = 1
hile i <= 3:
w
print(i) # Error here!
i = i + 1
● P print(i)
ython will show anIndentationErrorbecause the
line isnot indentedproperly.
while i <= 3:
● It expects anindentafter .
● Nested Loops
Meaning:
● Anested loopmeans aloop inside another loop.
● T
heinner loopruns completely for everysingle repetitionof
theouter loop.
● U
seful when we work withpatterns,tables,multi-level data,
etc.
Working Logic:
uter loop starts ➔ inner loop runsfully➔ then outerloop
● O
moves to next iteration ➔ inner loop runs fully again ➔ and so
on.
Example:
i = 1
while i <= 3:
j = 1
while j <= 2:
print(i, j)
j = j + 1
i = i + 1
Detailed Execution:
● i = 1:
1 <= 2→ True → Print
○ j = 1→ 1 1→ j = 2
2 <= 2→ True → Print
○ j = 2→ 1 2→ j = 3
3 <= 2→ False → Inner loop ends.
○ j = 3→
● i = 2:
1 <= 2→ True → Print
○ j = 1→ 2 1→ j = 2
2 <= 2→ True → Print
○ j = 2→ 2 2→ j = 3
3 <= 2→ False → Inner loop ends.
○ j = 3→
● i = 3:
1 <= 2→ True → Print
○ j = 1→ 3 1→ j = 2
2 <= 2→ True → Print
○ j = 2→ 3 2→ j = 3
3 <= 2→ False → Inner loop ends.
○ j = 3→
4 <= 3→ False → Outer loop ends.
● i = 4→
Final Output:
1
1
1 2
2 1
2 2
3 1
3 2
PROGRAMS
1. Print numbers from 1 to 5 using while loop
i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i = i + 1
2. Print numbers from 1 to 5 using for loop
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
3. Print even numbers from 2 to 10
i = 2
while i <= 10:
print(i)
i = i + 2
. Print first 5 natural numbers, but stop if number is 3 (break
4
statement)
i = 1
while i <= 5:
if i == 3:
break
print(i)
i = i + 1
5. Print numbers from 1 to 5, skip 3 (continue statement)
i = 0
while i < 5:
i = i + 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
6. Sum of numbers from 1 to 5
i = 1
sum = 0
while i <= 5:
sum = sum + i
i = i + 1
print("Sum:", sum)
7. Display multiplication table of 2
i = 1
while i <= 10:
print("2 x", i, "=", 2*i)
i = i + 1
8. Nested loop to print pair (i, j)
i = 1
while i <= 2:
j = 1
while j <= 3:
print(i, j)
j = j + 1
i = i + 1
9. Print pattern:
*
* *
* * *
i = 1
while i <= 3:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print('*', end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
0. Check if a number is positive or negative (with while loop
1
once)
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
while True:
if num >= 0:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")
break
11. Right-Angle Triangle of Numbers
Output:
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
i = 1
while i <= 4:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(j, end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
12. Inverted Right-Angle Triangle of Numbers
Output:
2 3 4
1
1 2 3
1 2
1
i = 4
while i >= 1:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(j, end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
13. Star Pyramid Pattern
Output:
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
i = 1
while i <= 4:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print('*', end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
14. Inverted Star Pyramid Pattern
Output:
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
i = 4
while i >= 1:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print('*', end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
15. Full Pyramid of Numbers
Output:
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
i = 1
while i <= 4:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(j, end=' ')
j = j + 1
rint()
p
i = i + 1
16. Number Diamond Pattern
Output:
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2
1
i = 1
while i <= 4:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(j, end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
i = 3
while i >= 1:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(j, end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
17. Half Pyramid of Stars (Same Number)
Output:
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
i = 1
while i <= 4:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(i, end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
18. Inverted Half Pyramid of Stars (Same Number)
Output:
4 4 4
4
3 3 3
2 2
1
i = 4
while i >= 1:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(i, end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
19. Diamond Pattern with Stars
Output:
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
i = 1
while i <= 4:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print('*', end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
i = 3
while i >= 1:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
pace = space - 1
s
j = 1
while j <= i:
print('*', end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
20. Half Inverted Pyramid of Numbers
Output:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2
1
i = 4
while i >= 1:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(j, end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
21. Alphabet Right-Angle Triangle Pattern
Output:
A
A B
B C
A
A B C D
i = 1
while i <= 4:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(chr(64 + j), end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
22. Inverted Alphabet Right-Angle Triangle Pattern
Output:
B C D
A
A B C
A B
A
i = 4
while i >= 1:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(chr(64 + j), end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
23. Alphabet Pyramid Pattern
Output:
A
A B
B C
A
A B C D
i = 1
while i <= 4:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(chr(64 + j), end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
24. Inverted Alphabet Pyramid Pattern
Output:
A B C D
A B C
A B
A
i = 4
while i >= 1:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(chr(64 + j), end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
5. Diamond Pattern of Alphabets
2
Output:
A
A B
A B C
A B C D
A B C
A B
A
i = 1
while i <= 4:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(chr(64 + j), end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
i = 3
while i >= 1:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(chr(64 + j), end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i - 1
26. Alphabet Reverse Pyramid Pattern
Output:
D C B A
C B A
B A
A
i = 4
while i >= 1:
space = 4 - i
while space > 0:
print(' ', end=' ')
space = space - 1
j = i
while j >= 1:
print(chr(64 + j), end=' ')
j = j - 1
print()
i = i - 1
27. Alphabet Number Pattern
Output:
A
B B
C C C
D D D D
i = 1
while i <= 4:
j = 1
while j <= i:
rint(chr(64 + i), end=' ')
p
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
28. Alphabet Left-Angle Triangle
Output:
A
B B
C C C
D D D D
i = 1
while i <= 4:
j = 1
while j <= i:
print(chr(64 + i), end=' ')
j = j + 1
print()
i = i + 1
9. Write a Python program to print the Fibonacci series up to a
2
given number of terms.
Output:
nter the number of terms: 10
E
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
= int(input("Enter the number of terms: "))
n
a, b = 0, 1
print(a, end=' ')
for _ in range(n - 1):
print(b, end=' ')
a, b = b, a + b
0. Write a Python program to check whether a given number is
3
an Armstrong number or not.
Output:
nter a number: 153
E
153 is an Armstrong number
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
sum = 0
temp = num
while temp > 0:
digit = temp % 10
sum += digit ** 3
temp //= 10
if sum == num:
print(f"{num} is an Armstrong number")
else:
print(f"{num} is not an Armstrong number")
1. Write a Python program to check whether a given number is a
3
prime number or not.
Output:
nter a number: 17
E
17 is a prime number
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
is_prime = True
for i in range(2, num):
if num % i == 0:
is_prime = False
reak
b
if is_prime and num > 1:
print(f"{num} is a prime number")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a prime number")
32. Write a Python program to calculate the factorial of a number.
Output:
nter a number: 5
E
Factorial of 5 is 120
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
fact = 1
for i in range(1, num + 1):
fact *= i
print(f"Factorial of {num} is {fact}")
3. Write a Python program to find the sum of digits of a given
3
number.
Output:
nter a number: 123
E
Sum of digits of 123 is 6
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
sum_of_digits = 0
while num > 0:
sum_of_digits += num % 10
num //= 10
print(f"Sum of digits is {sum_of_digits}")
34. Write a Python program to reverse a given number.
Output:
nter a number: 12345
E
Reverse of 12345 is 54321
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
reverse = 0
while num > 0:
reverse = reverse * 10 + num % 10
num //= 10
print(f"Reverse of the number is {reverse}")
5. Write a Python program to check if a given number is a
3
palindrome.
Output:
nter a number: 121
E
121 is a palindrome
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
temp = num
reverse = 0
while temp > 0:
reverse = reverse * 10 + temp % 10
temp //= 10
if reverse == num:
print(f"{num} is a palindrome")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a palindrome")
6. Write a Python program to check whether a given number is a
3
perfect number or not.
Output:
nter a number: 28
E
28 is a perfect number
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
sum_of_divisors = 0
for i in range(1, num):
if num % i == 0:
sum_of_divisors += i
if sum_of_divisors == num:
print(f"{num} is a perfect number")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a perfect number")
7. Write a Python program to calculate the sum of natural
3
numbers up to a given number.
Output:
nter a number: 10
E
Sum of natural numbers up to 10 is 55
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
sum_of_natural_numbers = num * (num + 1) // 2
print(f"Sum of natural numbers up to {num} is
{sum_of_natural_numbers}")
8. Write a Python program to calculate the sum of even and odd
3
numbers separately in a given range.
Output:
nter the range: 10
E
Sum of even numbers is 30
Sum of odd numbers is 25
um = int(input("Enter the range: "))
n
even_sum = 0
odd_sum = 0
for i in range(1, num + 1):
if i % 2 == 0:
even_sum += i
else:
odd_sum += i
print(f"Sum of even numbers is {even_sum}")
print(f"Sum of odd numbers is {odd_sum}")
9. Write a Python program to count the number of digits in a
3
given number.
Output:
nter a number: 12345
E
Number of digits in 12345 is 5
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
count = 0
while num > 0:
count += 1
num //= 10
print(f"Number of digits is {count}")
0. Write a Python program to find the Greatest Common Divisor
4
(GCD) of two numbers.
Output:
nter two numbers: 24 36
E
GCD of 24 and 36 is 12
= int(input("Enter first number: "))
a
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
while b:
a, b = b, a % b
print(f"GCD is {a}")
1. Write a Python program to find the Least Common Multiple
4
(LCM) of two numbers.
Output:
nter two numbers: 4 6
E
LCM of 4 and 6 is 12
= int(input("Enter first number: "))
a
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
lcm = (a * b) // gcd(a, b)
print(f"LCM is {lcm}")
2. Write a Python program to check if a given number is an
4
Armstrong number for N digits.
Output:
nter a number: 153
E
153 is an Armstrong number
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
num_digits = len(str(num))
sum_of_powers = 0
temp = num
while temp > 0:
igit = temp % 10
d
sum_of_powers += digit ** num_digits
temp //= 10
if sum_of_powers == num:
print(f"{num} is an Armstrong number")
else:
print(f"{num} is not an Armstrong number")
3. Write a Python program to calculate the sum of digits of a
4
number using recursion.
Output:
nter a number: 123
E
Sum of digits of 123 is 6
def sum_of_digits(num):
if num == 0:
return 0
else:
return num % 10 + sum_of_digits(num // 10)
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
print(f"Sum of digits is {sum_of_digits(num)}")
4. Write a Python program to check if a given number is a
4
perfect square.
Output:
nter a number: 16
E
16 is a perfect square
import math
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
sqrt = int(math.sqrt(num))
if sqrt * sqrt == num:
print(f"{num} is a perfect square")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a perfect square")
5. Write a Python program to find the HCF (Highest Common
4
Factor) of two numbers using functions.
Output:
nter two numbers: 36 60
E
HCF of 36 and 60 is 12
def hcf(a, b):
while b:
a, b = b, a % b
return a
um1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))
n
num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print(f"HCF is {hcf(num1, num2)}")
6. Write a Python program to find the LCM (Least Common
4
Multiple) of two numbers using functions.
Output:
nter two numbers: 4 6
E
LCM of 4 and 6 is 12
def lcm(a, b):
return (a * b) // hcf(a, b)
def hcf(a, b):
while b:
a, b = b, a % b
return a
um1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))
n
num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print(f"LCM is {lcm(num1, num2)}")
7. Write a Python program to print the multiplication table for a
4
number.
Output:
nter a number: 5
E
Multiplication table of 5:
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
um = int(input("Enter a number: "))
n
for i in range(1, 11):
print(num * i, end=' ')
Chapter 5: List
1. Definition:
listin Python is an ordered collection of elements.Lists are
A
mutable, which means they can be changed after creation.Lists are
used to store multiple items in a single variable.
2. Declaration:
[]
In Python, you can declare a list using square brackets , and
elements inside the list are separated by commas.
Syntax:
list_name = [item1, item2, item3, ...]
Example:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
3. Indexing in Lists:
ists in Python areindexedstarting from0for thefirst element. You
L
can access the elements of a list using theirindex.Python also
supportsnegative indexing, where-1refers to the last element, -2
refers to the second-last element, and so on.
Indexing Syntax:
list_name[index]
Example:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Accessing by positive index
#
print(fruits[0]) # Output: apple
print(fruits[1]) # Output: banana
Accessing by negative index
#
print(fruits[-1]) # Output: cherry
print(fruits[-2]) # Output: banana
Explanation of Indexing:
●
fruits[0] "apple"
: This refers to the first element, which is .
● f
ruits[1] : This refers to the second element, whichis
"banana"
.
● f
ruits[-1] : This refers to the last element, whichis
"cherry"
.
● f
ruits[-2] : This refers to the second-last element,which is
"banana"
.
1. Accessing an Element from the List and Printing Using Index:
Initial list
#
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Accessing and printing the element at index 1
#
print(fruits[1]) # Output: banana
xplanation: This directly accesses the element at index 1 in the list
E
fruits
"banana"
, which is .
2. Taking User Input to Access and Print an Element by Index:
Initial list
#
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Taking user input to access an element
#
index_to_access = int(input("Enter index (0, 1, or 2) to access a fruit:
"))
print(f"The element at index {index_to_access} is:
{fruits[index_to_access]}")
xplanation: The user is asked to input an index, and the program
E
prints the element from the list at that index.
3. Taking User Input to Store a Value in the List and Print the Updated List:
Initial list
#
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Taking user input to update the list
#
index_to_update = int(input("Enter index (0, 1, or 2) to insert a new
fruit: "))
new_fruit = input("Enter the name of the fruit you want to insert: ")
Updating the list at the specified index
#
fruits[index_to_update] = new_fruit
Print the updated list
#
print(f"Updated list: {fruits}")
xplanation: The user provides an index and a new fruit name, which
E
is inserted into the list at the specified index, and the updated list is
printed.
ist of commonly used list functions/methodsin Python,
L
explained withsimple examples:
append()
1.
Adds an element at the end of the list.
fruits = ['apple', 'banana']
fruits.append('orange')
print(fruits) # ['apple', 'banana', 'orange']
insert(index, element)
2.
Inserts an element at a specific index.
fruits = ['apple', 'banana']
fruits.insert(1, 'cherry')
print(fruits) # ['apple', 'cherry', 'banana']
extend(iterable)
3.
Adds all elements from another list (or iterable).
a = [1, 2]
b = [3, 4]
a.extend(b)
print(a) # [1, 2, 3, 4]
remove(value)
4.
Removes the first occurrence of a value.
nums = [1, 2, 3, 2]
nums.remove(2)
print(nums) # [1, 3, 2]
pop(index)
5.
Removes and returns the element at the given index.
If no index is given, removes the last element.
nums = [10, 20, 30]
nums.pop(1)
print(nums) # [10, 30]
clear()
6.
Removes all elements from the list.
nums = [1, 2, 3]
nums.clear()
print(nums) # []
index(value)
7.
Returns the index of the first occurrence of the value.
nums = [5, 10, 15]
print(nums.index(10)) # 1
count(value)
8.
Counts how many times a value appears.
nums = [1, 2, 2, 3]
print(nums.count(2)) # 2
sort()
9.
Sorts the list in ascending order.
nums = [3, 1, 4, 2]
nums.sort()
print(nums) # [1, 2, 3, 4]
To sort in descending order:
nums.sort(reverse=True)
reverse()
10.
Reverses the order of elements.
nums = [1, 2, 3]
nums.reverse()
print(nums) # [3, 2, 1]
copy()
11.
Returns a shallow copy of the list.
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a.copy()
print(b) # [1, 2, 3]
len(list)
12.
Returns the number of elements.
a = [10, 20, 30]
print(len(a)) # 3
Defining Strings
stringis a sequence of characters enclosed in single or double
A
quotes.
Using single quotes
#
string1 = 'Hello'
Using double quotes
#
string2 = "World"
Basic String Operations
1.Accessing Characters (Indexing): You can access individual
characters in a string using an index (starting from 0).
y_string = "Python"
m
print(my_string[0]) # Output: 'P' (first character)
print(my_string[3]) # Output: 'h' (fourth character)
2.Slicing: You can extract a substring using slicing.
my_string = "Python"
rint(my_string[1:4]) # Output: 'yth' (from index 1 to index 3)
p
print(my_string[:3]) # Output: 'Pyt' (from the start to index 2)
print(my_string[3:]) # Output: 'hon' (from index 3 to the end)
String Concatenation and Repetition
+
1.Concatenation: You can combine two strings using the
operator.
reeting = "Hello"
g
name = "John"
message = greeting + " " + name
print(message) # Output: 'Hello John'
*operator.
2.Repetition: You can repeat a string using the
ord = "Python"
w
print(word * 3) # Output: 'PythonPythonPython' (repeated 3 times)
String Length
len()function.
You can find the length of a string using the
y_string = "Python"
m
print(len(my_string)) # Output: 6
String Methods
upper()and
1. lower()
: Change the case of the string.
y_string = "hello"
m
print(my_string.upper()) # Output: 'HELLO'
print(my_string.lower()) # Output: 'hello'
strip()
2. : Remove leading and trailing whitespace.
y_string = " hello "
m
print(my_string.strip()) # Output: 'hello'
replace()
3. : Replace a substring with another substring.
y_string = "hello world"
m
print(my_string.replace("world", "Python")) # Output: 'hello Python'
split()
4. : Split a string into a list based on a delimiter.
y_string = "hello world python"
m
print(my_string.split()) # Output: ['hello', 'world', 'python']
find()
5. : Find the position of a substring in a string.
y_string = "hello python"
m
print(my_string.find("python")) # Output: 6 (index of 'python')
SOME COMMON FUNCTIONS OF STRING
startswith()
1.
Checks if the string starts with the given value.
text = "welcome"
print(text.startswith("wel")) # True
endswith()
2.
Checks if the string ends with the given value.
file = "document.pdf"
print(file.endswith(".pdf")) # True
count()
3.
Returns the number of times a value appears.
ord = "banana"
w
print(word.count("a")) # 3
capitalize()
4.
Capitalizes the first character of the string.
sg = "python"
m
print(msg.capitalize()) # Python
title()
5.
Capitalizes the first letter of each word.
entence = "hello world"
s
print(sentence.title()) # Hello World
swapcase()
6.
Swaps uppercase to lowercase and vice versa.
text = "HeLLo"
print(text.swapcase()) # hEllO
isdigit()
7.
Checks if all characters in the string are digits.
um = "12345"
n
print(num.isdigit()) # True
isalpha()
8.
Checks if all characters are alphabets.
ame = "Python"
n
print(name.isalpha()) # True
isalnum()
9.
Checks if all characters are alphanumeric (letters or digits).
ser = "user123"
u
print(user.isalnum()) # True
isupper()
10.
Checks if all characters are uppercase.
x = "HELLO"
print(x.isupper()) # True
islower()
11.
Checks if all characters are lowercase.
= "hello"
y
print(y.islower()) # True
Use Of Loops With Lists
forloop to access list elements
1. Using
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
Full Explanation:
fruitsis created with three string elements.
● A list named
forloop goes through each element of the listone by one.
● The
fruitbecomes
● In the first iteration, "apple"andgets printed.
fruitbecomes
● In the second iteration, "banana"andis
printed.
fruitbecomes
● In the third iteration, "cherry"andis printed.
● After that, the loop ends because all elements are covered.
Output:
pple
a
banana
cherry
forloop with
2. Using range()and index
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
for i in range(len(numbers)):
print("Index", i, "has value", numbers[i])
Full Explanation:
numberscontains four integers.
● A list
●
len(numbers)returns 4, so
range(4)gives:
0, 1, 2, 3
.
ias index:
● The loop runs 4 times, each time with
i = 0
○ When Index 0 has value 10
: it prints
i = 1
○ When Index 1 has value 20
: it prints
i = 2
○ When Index 2 has value 30
: it prints
i = 3
○ When Index 3 has value 40
: it prints
numbers[0]
● It accesses elements by index like numbers[1]
, ,
etc.
Output:
Index 0 has value 10
Index 1 has value 20
Index 2 has value 30
Index 3 has value 40
whileloop to access list elements
3. Using
olors = ["red", "green", "blue"]
c
i = 0
while i < len(colors):
print(colors[i])
i += 1
Full Explanation:
colorshas 3 strings.
● The list
iis initialized to
● The variable 0.
● w
hile i < len(colors)checks whether
iis less thanthe
length (3).
● In each loop:
i,like
○ It prints the value at index colors[0] colors[1]
, ,
etc.
iis increased by 1.
○ Then
ibecomes 3, the loop stops.
● When
Step by step:
●
i = 0→ prints
"red"→
i = 1
●
i = 1→ prints
"green"→
i = 2
●
i = 2→ prints
"blue"→
i = 3
●
i = 3→ loop stops
Output:
r ed
green
blue
Sorting in Python
What is Sorting?
ortingis the process of arranging elements in aspecific
S
order—usually inascending(small to large) ordescending(large to
small) order.
In Python, sorting is often used for:
[3, 5, 2, 1] → [1, 2, 3, 5]
● Numbers (e.g., )
● S ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] →
trings (e.g.,
alphabetic order
)
● Organizing data to make it easier to read or search.
How Sorting Works in Python
Python provides two main ways to sort lists:
.sort()method
1.
● Usedon the list directly
● Modifies the original list
Syntax:
list_name.sort()
●
sorted()function
2.
● Used to create anew sorted list
● Doesnot change the original
Syntax:
sorted_list = sorted(original_list)
●
Sorting in Ascending Order (Default)
umbers = [5, 3, 9, 1, 4]
n
numbers.sort()
print(numbers)
Explanation:
● T .sort()method arranges the list fromsmallestto
he
largest.
Output will be:
[1, 3, 4, 5, 9]
Sorting in Descending Order
alues = [10, 7, 2, 5, 8]
v
values.sort(reverse=True)
print(values)
Explanation:
reverse=Truesorts fromlargest to smallest.
● Using
Output will be:
[10, 8, 7, 5, 2]
●
sorted()(non-destructive)
Using
cores = [55, 90, 66, 33]
s
sorted_scores = sorted(scores)
print("Original:", scores)
print("Sorted:", sorted_scores)
Explanation:
●
sorted()gives anew list.
scoresremains unchanged.
● The original
Output:
riginal: [55, 90, 66, 33]
O
Sorted: [33, 55, 66, 90]
LIST OF PYTHON FUNCTIONS & OPERATIONS
1. Copying a List
.copy()method.
ou can create an exact copy of a list using the
Y
This is useful when you want to preserve the original list and work on
a duplicate.
riginal = [1, 2, 3]
o
copy_list = original.copy()
print(copy_list)
Output:
[1, 2, 3]
copy_listis now a separate copy of
The list original ,meaning
any changes made to copy_listwon’t affect the originallist.
2. Copying a List Using Slicing
nother way to copy a list is by using slicing (
A [:]
),which creates a
shallow copy.
= [10, 20, 30]
a
b = a[:]
print(b)
Output:
[10, 20, 30]
bis a new list that contains thesame values as
Here, the list a.
3. Slicing a List
licing is used to extract a portion of a list. It uses the syntax
S
[start:stop]
, where the start index is included andthe stop index
is excluded.
ums = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
n
print(nums[1:4])
Output:
[20, 30, 40]
This returns a new list with elements from index 1 to index 3 (4 is
excluded).
4. Inserting an Element
ou can insert an element into a specific position in a list using the
Y
.insert(index, value)method.
fruits = ['apple', 'banana']
fruits.insert(1, 'mango')
print(fruits)
Output:
['apple', 'mango', 'banana']
'mango'is inserted at index 1, shifting the other elements to
ere,
H
the right.
5. Extending a List
.extend()method adds all elements from anotherlist to the
he
T
end of the current list.
= [1, 2]
x
y = [3, 4]
x.extend(y)
print(x)
Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4]
yare added to the end of list
All elements of list x.
6. Removing an Element by Value
ou can remove the first occurrence of a specific value from a list
Y
.remove(value)
using .
ames = ['Ali', 'Sara', 'Ali']
n
names.remove('Ali')
print(names)
Output:
['Sara', 'Ali']
'Ali'is removed. The second one remains.
Only the first
7. Removing an Element by Index
.pop(index)
o remove an element at a specific position, use the
T
method.
arks = [70, 80, 90]
m
marks.pop(1)
print(marks)
Output:
[70, 90]
The value at index 1 (which is 80) is removed from the list.
del
8. Deleting an Element using
he
T delkeyword is used to delete an element at a given index
directly.
ata = [5, 10, 15]
d
del data[2]
print(data)
Output:
[5, 10]
The element at index 2 is deleted from the list.
9. Finding the Index of an Element
o get the index of the first occurrence of a value in a list, use
T
.index(value)
.
olors = ['red', 'blue', 'green']
c
print(colors.index('blue'))
Output:
1
'blue'is found at index 1 in the list.
The string
10. Counting Occurrences
.count(value)method to count how many timesa value
se the
U
appears in the list.
ums = [1, 2, 2, 3, 2]
n
print(nums.count(2))
Output:
3
2appears three times in the list.
The number
11. Reversing a List
.reverse()
o reverse the order of elements in a list, use the
T
method.
items = [1, 2, 3]
items.reverse()
print(items)
Output:
[3, 2, 1]
The list is reversed in-place, changing the original list.
Tuples in Python
Definition:
tupleis acollection of ordered and immutable elementsin
A
Python.
Unlike lists, once a tuple is created,its elements cannot be
changed (immutable). Tuples are defined usingparentheses ( )
.
It is basically same as lists with some differences.Moreover Most
part remains same.
Creating a Tuple
y_tuple = (10, 20, 30)
m
print(my_tuple)
Output:
(10, 20, 30)
Tuple with Different Data Types
ixed = ("apple", 25, True)
m
print(mixed)
Output:
('apple', 25, True)
Note:
● T
uples can containany type of data(strings, numbers,
booleans, etc.).
● They arefasterand useless memorythan lists.
● Immutablemeans youcannot add, remove, or change
elementsonce created.
Difference Between List and Tuple
Feature List Tuple
Definition rdered and mutable
O rdered and immutable
O
collection collection
Syntax efined using square
D efined using
D
[ ]
brackets ( )
parentheses
Mutability utable – can be
M Immutable – cannot be
changed changed
Speed Slower than tuple Faster than list
emory
M Uses more memory Uses less memory
Usage
unctions
F ore methods (e.g.,
M ewer methods
F
Available append
remove
, ) available
Usage sed when data may
U sed when data is
U
change fixed/constant
Example of List:
y_list = [1, 2, 3]
m
my_list.append(4)
print(my_list)
Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4](You can modify it)
Example of Tuple:
y_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
m
# my_tuple.append(4) → This will give an error
print(my_tuple)
Output:
(1, 2, 3)(You cannot add or change elements)
When to Use a List:
● When youneed to change, update, or deleteelements.
● W
hen you arestoring dynamic data(like user inputor items
that grow/shrink).
● W append()
hen you plan touse built-in methodslike ,
remove()
sort()
, or .
xample Use Case:
E
A shopping cart where items may be added or removed.
art = ["apple", "banana"]
c
cart.append("orange") # Changing data
When to Use a Tuple:
● When you want to storeconstant or fixed data.
● W
hen you want to ensuredata doesn't get modified
accidentally.
● W
hen you're using the data askeys in a dictionary(only
immutable types can be keys).
● When you needbetter performance(faster and lessmemory).
xample Use Case:
E
Storing days of the week, geographic coordinates, or configurations.
ays = ("Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri")
d
location = (27.7, 85.3) # (latitude, longitude)
Simple Rule:
se lists when data can change, tuples when it
U
shouldn't.
1. Accessing Elements Using Index
uples are ordered, so you can access elements by index (starting
T
from 0).
t = (10, 20, 30, 40)
print(t[1]) # Access second element
Output:
20
2. Tuple Slicing
You can extract a part of the tuple using slicing.
t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(t[1:4]) # From index 1 to 3
Output:
(2, 3, 4)
3. Looping Through a Tuple
You can use a loop to go through each item.
olors = ("red", "green", "blue")
c
for color in colors:
print(color)
Output:
r ed
green
blue
4. Tuple Methods
count(value)– counts how many times a value occurs:
t = (1, 2, 2, 3)
print(t.count(2))
Output:
2
index(value)– returns the index of the first match:
t = (5, 10, 15, 10)
print(t.index(10))
Output:
1
5. Nested Tuples
A tuple can contain other tuples.
t = (1, (2, 3), (4, 5))
print(t[1][0]) # Accessing 2 from nested tuple
Output:
2
6. Tuple Unpacking
You can assign values from a tuple to variables directly.
erson = ("John", 25)
p
name, age = person
print(name)
print(age)
Output:
ohn
J
25
7. Tuples as Dictionary Keys
Only immutable types like tuples can be used as dictionary keys.
location = {(27.7, 85.3): "Kathmandu"}
print(location[(27.7, 85.3)])
Output:
Kathmandu
8. Converting Between List and Tuple
List to Tuple:
lst = [1, 2, 3]
t = tuple(lst)
print(t)
Output:
(1, 2, 3)
Tuple to List:
tup = (4, 5, 6)
lst = list(tup)
print(lst)
Output:
[4, 5, 6]
PROGRAMS
1. Write a program to create a list of fruits and print each fruit using a loop.
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
. Write a program to access and display the third element from a list of
2
integers.
umbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
n
print(numbers[2]) # Output: 30
. Write a program to accept 5 elements from the user, store them in a list,
3
and display the list.
elements = []
for i in range(5):
item = input("Enter an element: ")
elements.append(item)
print(elements)
4. Write a program to insert a user-given value at a specific index in a list.
arks = [80, 85, 90]
m
value = int(input("Enter the value to insert: "))
index = int(input("Enter the index: "))
marks.insert(index, value)
print(marks)
5. Write a program to remove a given item from the list.
olors = ["red", "blue", "green"]
c
item = input("Enter color to remove: ")
colors.remove(item)
print(colors)
6. Write a program to sort a list of integers in ascending order.
ums = [3, 1, 4, 2]
n
nums.sort()
print(nums)
7. Write a program to reverse the elements of a list.
letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
letters.reverse()
print(letters)
. Write a program to copy the contents of one list into another and display
8
both.
riginal = [1, 2, 3]
o
copied = original.copy()
print("Original list:", original)
print("Copied list:", copied)
. Write a program to slice a list and display selected elements from index 1
9
to 3.
ata = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
d
print(data[1:4])
0. Write a program to count how many times a number appears in a list
1
and find its index.
ums = [5, 3, 5, 2]
n
print("Count of 5:", nums.count(5))
print("Index of 2:", nums.index(2))
1. Write a program to take a list of numbers from the user and display only
1
the even numbers.
ums = []
n
for i in range(5):
val = int(input("Enter a number: "))
nums.append(val)
for num in nums:
if num % 2 == 0:
print(num)
12. Write a program to find the sum of all elements in a list.
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
total = 0
for num in numbers:
total += num
print("Sum =", total)
13. Write a program to multiply all elements in a list.
umbers = [2, 3, 4]
n
product = 1
for num in numbers:
product *= num
print("Product =", product)
14. Write a program to find the largest and smallest element in a list.
umbers = [12, 4, 67, 34, 89]
n
print("Max:", max(numbers))
print("Min:", min(numbers))
15. Write a program to count the number of even and odd numbers in a list.
umbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
n
even = odd = 0
for num in numbers:
if num % 2 == 0:
even += 1
else:
odd += 1
print("Even:", even)
print("Odd:", odd)
6. Write a program to accept 5 strings from the user, store in a list and
1
display only those starting with a vowel.
ords = []
w
for i in range(5):
word = input("Enter a word: ")
words.append(word)
for word in words:
if word[0].lower() in "aeiou":
print(word)
17. Write a program to concatenate two lists and print the final list.
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5, 6]
final = list1 + list2
print(final)
18. Write a program to clear all elements from a list.
items = [10, 20, 30]
items.clear()
print("List after clearing:", items)
19. Write a program to copy only unique values from one list to another.
riginal = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]
o
unique = []
for i in original:
if i not in unique:
unique.append(i)
print("Unique values:", unique)
20. Write a program to create a nested list and access elements from it.
nested = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
print(nested[1][0]) # Output: 3
21. Write a program to find the second largest number in a list.
umbers = [12, 45, 32, 67, 89, 45]
n
numbers.sort()
print("Second largest number:", numbers[-2])
22. Write a program to remove all duplicate elements from a list.
umbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5]
n
unique = list(set(numbers))
print("List without duplicates:", unique)
23. Write a program to split a sentence into words and store them in a list.
entence = input("Enter a sentence: ")
s
words = sentence.split()
print("Words:", words)
24. Write a program to convert all elements of a list from strings to integers.
tr_list = ["1", "2", "3"]
s
int_list = [int(i) for i in str_list]
print("Converted list:", int_list)
25. Write a program to find common elements in two lists.
list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
list2 = [3, 4, 5, 6]
common = [i for i in list1 if i in list2]
print("Common elements:", common)
6. Write a program to print the index of all occurrences of a number in a
2
list.
ums = [5, 3, 5, 2, 5]
n
for i in range(len(nums)):
if nums[i] == 5:
print("5 found at index:", i)
27. Write a program to print all elements at even indexes in a list.
items = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
for i in range(0, len(items), 2):
print(items[i])
28. Write a program to convert a list of characters into a string.
hars = ['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
c
result = ''.join(chars)
print("String:", result)
29. Write a program to find the frequency of each element in a list.
ums = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
n
freq = {}
for num in nums:
if num in freq:
freq[num] += 1
else:
freq[num] = 1
print("Frequencies:", freq)
30. Write a program to check whether a list is a palindrome.
lst = [1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
if lst == lst[::-1]:
print("Palindrome list")
else:
print("Not a palindrome")
len()function.
31. Write a program to find the length of a string using
text = "Hello World"
print("Length of the string:", len(text))
# Output: Length of the string: 11
32. Write a program to convert a string to lowercase and uppercase.
= "Python Programming"
s
print("Lowercase:", s.lower())
print("Uppercase:", s.upper())
# Output:
# Lowercase: python programming
# Uppercase: PYTHON PROGRAMMING
strip()
33. Write a program to remove leading and trailing spaces using .
sg = " Hello Python "
m
print("After strip:", msg.strip())
# Output: After strip: Hello Python
4. Write a program to remove spaces only from the left and right using
3
lstrip()and
rstrip() .
ata = " Welcome! "
d
print("Left strip:", data.lstrip())
rint("Right strip:", data.rstrip())
p
# Output:
# Left strip: Welcome!
# Right strip: Welcome!
find()
35. Write a program to find the position of a word using .
text = "Python is awesome"
print("Position of 'is':", text.find("is"))
# Output: Position of 'is': 7
replace()
36. Write a program to replace a word in a string using .
sg = "I love apples"
m
print("After replace:", msg.replace("apples", "oranges"))
# Output: After replace: I love oranges
7. Write a program to count how many times a word appears using
3
count()
.
entence = "apple banana apple mango apple"
s
print("Count of 'apple':", sentence.count("apple"))
# Output: Count of 'apple': 3
split()function.
38. Write a program to split a sentence into words using
line = "Python is easy to learn"
print("Words:", line.split())
# Output: Words: ['Python', 'is', 'easy', 'to', 'learn']
join()function.
39. Write a program to join a list of words using
ords = ['Python', 'is', 'fun']
w
print("Sentence:", " ".join(words))
You might also like
- Furniture Design and Visualization - Track - UpdateNo ratings yetFurniture Design and Visualization - Track - Update4 pages
- Unit 1 Fundamentals of Python ProgrammingNo ratings yetUnit 1 Fundamentals of Python Programming66 pages
- CSE100_CSC101_CIS101 - Programming Problem Set.docxNo ratings yetCSE100_CSC101_CIS101 - Programming Problem Set.docx11 pages
- Python Programming for Beginners - Sections 1 and 2No ratings yetPython Programming for Beginners - Sections 1 and 239 pages
- Isom 3400 - Python For Business Analytics 2. Python Basics: Yingpeng Robin ZhuNo ratings yetIsom 3400 - Python For Business Analytics 2. Python Basics: Yingpeng Robin Zhu55 pages
- Tôi đang chia sẻ 'Python4AI Fundamentals (1)' với bạnNo ratings yetTôi đang chia sẻ 'Python4AI Fundamentals (1)' với bạn29 pages
- Class XII - L1 - Python Revision Tour 1No ratings yetClass XII - L1 - Python Revision Tour 118 pages
- Programming the Computer – Python (Grade 7 Notes).PDFNo ratings yetProgramming the Computer – Python (Grade 7 Notes).PDF4 pages
- Beginning Programming With Python For Dummies (Mueller 2014-09-22)No ratings yetBeginning Programming With Python For Dummies (Mueller 2014-09-22)34 pages
- Beginner - S Guide To Python Programming - Learn Python 3 Fundamentals, Plotting and Tkinter GUI Development Easily - NodrmNo ratings yetBeginner - S Guide To Python Programming - Learn Python 3 Fundamentals, Plotting and Tkinter GUI Development Easily - Nodrm271 pages
- Python for Data Science: Data Science Mastery by Nikhil Khan, #1From EverandPython for Data Science: Data Science Mastery by Nikhil Khan, #1No ratings yet
- Implementing Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Edge Network ServicesNo ratings yetImplementing Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Edge Network Services21 pages
- Fundamentals-of-Accounting-with-Analytics-Workbook-v2024-3 (2)No ratings yetFundamentals-of-Accounting-with-Analytics-Workbook-v2024-3 (2)46 pages
- Footing Pile Cap Design: Project: Footing Number: EngineerNo ratings yetFooting Pile Cap Design: Project: Footing Number: Engineer9 pages
- Policies and Procedures: Standard Operating Procedures Hydrant Inspection Procedures Section Ii 7.0 - 7.1100% (1)Policies and Procedures: Standard Operating Procedures Hydrant Inspection Procedures Section Ii 7.0 - 7.12 pages
- QSFPDD08ReliabilityQtyGoal-20250308085605No ratings yetQSFPDD08ReliabilityQtyGoal-202503080856051 page
- Coupled Masses On Springs - Properties of The PropagatorNo ratings yetCoupled Masses On Springs - Properties of The Propagator3 pages
- Motorized Control Valves For Central Plants: Controls For The Heart of Any HVAC ApplicationNo ratings yetMotorized Control Valves For Central Plants: Controls For The Heart of Any HVAC Application2 pages
- Test Script: Document ID: MPL/UT/SAP/001No ratings yetTest Script: Document ID: MPL/UT/SAP/00143 pages
- Ota Update Procedure For Zenfone: UL - (DEVICE) - (SKU) - (VERSION) - (BUILDTYPE) .ZipNo ratings yetOta Update Procedure For Zenfone: UL - (DEVICE) - (SKU) - (VERSION) - (BUILDTYPE) .Zip3 pages
- Ethics in The Information Society: The Nine P'S: A Discussion Paper For The WSIS+10 Process 2013-2015No ratings yetEthics in The Information Society: The Nine P'S: A Discussion Paper For The WSIS+10 Process 2013-201534 pages
