ADU3302 – Differential Equations

Tutorial 01 – Answers
1)
Order Degree Linear/Non-linear
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 1 Non-linear
+ (𝑥2 + 5)𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 5
2 2 2 Non-linear
𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2
+ 2( ) =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 Non-linear
+ 𝑎(𝑡)𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑦 ,, + 𝑝(𝑡)𝑦 , = 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦 2 1 Non-linear

𝑑3 𝑦 −𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 3 1 Non-linear
= 𝑒 + 𝑥 +
𝑑 𝑥3 𝑑 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 1 1 1 Non-linear
( )( ) + ln 𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑡(𝑥) + 5)

𝑑2 𝑦
2) a) + 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑥2

𝑑2 𝑦
= cos 2𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥2

𝑦 = ∬(cos 2𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑥2
= ∫(2 sin 2𝑥 − 2
+ 𝑐1 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥2
= − cos 2𝑥 − + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 ; 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are constants.
4 6

𝑑𝑦 2
b) + 𝑡 𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 2
= −𝑡𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑡𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Substitute 𝑢 = 𝑡 2 → 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑡𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 . 2
 𝑒𝑢 𝑒𝑢
=∫ . 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
2 2
2
𝑒𝑡
Undo substitution → 𝑦 = − + 𝑐 ; 𝑐 is a constant.
2

𝑑𝑦
c) = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let us use integrate by parts: ∫ 𝑓𝑔′ = 𝑓𝑔 − ∫ 𝑓′𝑔
𝑓 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑔′ = 𝑥
1 𝑥2
𝑓′ = 𝑥 , 𝑔= 2

∴ 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 .ln 𝑥 1 𝑥2
= −∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑥2 .ln 𝑥 𝑥
= − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑥2 .ln 𝑥 𝑥2
= − +𝑐 ; 𝑐 is a constant.
2 4

1+𝑥2
d) 𝑦(𝑥)′′′ − (1+𝑥+𝑥2 ) = 𝑒−𝑥

1+𝑥2
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑒−𝑥 + (1+𝑥+𝑥2 )

1+𝑥2
𝑦 = ∭ (𝑒−𝑥 + (1+𝑥+𝑥2 )) 𝑑𝑥 3

1+𝑥 2
= ∭ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥3 + ∭ ( 𝑑𝑥 3
1+𝑥+𝑥 2 )

∭ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥3 = − ∬ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
1+𝑥 2 𝑥
∭ (1+𝑥+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 3 = ∭ (1 − (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)) 𝑑𝑥3
𝑥
= ∭ 1 𝑑𝑥 3 − ∭ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 3

𝑥3 𝑥
= − ∭ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 3
6
 𝑥
Now consider ∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Write 𝑥 as 2
(2𝑥 + 1) − 2 and split:

𝑥 2𝑥+1 1
∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2((𝑥2 +𝑥+1)) − 2((𝑥2 +𝑥+1))) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑥+1 1 1
= 2 ∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+1
Now solving ∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 first.

Substitute 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 → 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

2𝑥+1 1
∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢

Undo substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
2𝑥+1
∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = ln (𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1)
1
Now solving ∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

1 1
∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 2 3
𝑑𝑥
((𝑥+ ) + )
2 4

(2𝑥+1) 2
Substitute 𝑢 = → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
√3 √3

1 √3
∫ 1 2 3
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑢2 3
𝑑𝑢
((𝑥+ ) + ) 2( + )
2 4 4 4

2 1
= ∫ 𝑢2 +1 𝑑𝑢
√3
2
= arctan(𝑢)
√3

(2𝑥+1)
Undo substitution 𝑢 =
√3

1 2 (2𝑥+1)
∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = √3 arctan ( √3
)

Plug in solved integrals;

(2𝑥+1)
𝑥 ln (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) arctan( )
√3
∫ (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2
−
√3
 𝑑𝑦
3) a) 𝑥2 + 4 − 𝑦3 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 4 = 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥

∫ (𝑥2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦3 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦3 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 𝑦4
+ 4𝑥 =
3 4

𝑦4 𝑥3
= + 4𝑥
4 3

4𝑥3
𝑦4 = + 16𝑥 + 𝐶
3

𝑥+4 𝑑𝑦
b) = 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥𝑦
𝑥+4
√𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4
∫ √𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

4
∫ √𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (√𝑥 + √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4
∫ √𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
2 2
𝑦 2 = 3 𝑥 2 + 4. (2√𝑥)
3
3 3
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 12. √𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑦 √4−𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥
c) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 √𝑥

𝑦2 cos √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
√4−𝑦 √𝑥

𝑦2 cos √𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−𝑦 √𝑥

Integrate the two sides separately.

𝑦2
Consider ∫ 𝑑𝑦 and substitute 𝑢 = 4 − 𝑦 → 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑦
√4−𝑦
 𝑦2 (𝑢−4)2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
√4−𝑦 √𝑢

3
16
= − ∫ (𝑢2 − 8√𝑢 + ) 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢
3
1
= − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + 8 ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 16 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢
5 3
2𝑢2 2𝑢2
= − 5 + 8. 3 − 16.2√𝑢
5 3
2𝑢2 𝑢2
= − 5 + 16 3 − 32√𝑢

Undo the substitution 𝑢 = 4 − 𝑦

5 3
𝑦2 2(4−𝑦)2 (4−𝑦)2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − 5
+ 16 3
− 32√4 − 𝑦
√4−𝑦

√4−𝑦 (6𝑦 2 +32𝑦+256)

=− 15

cos √𝑥 1
Consider ∫ 𝑑𝑥 and substitute 𝑢 = √𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥

cos √𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√𝑥

= 2 sin 𝑢

Undo the substitution 𝑢 = √𝑥

cos √𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin √𝑥
√𝑥

Plugging the solved integrals;

𝑦2 cos √𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−𝑦 √𝑥

√4−𝑦 (6𝑦 2 +32𝑦+256)

− 15
= 2 sin √𝑥

√4 − 𝑦 (6𝑦 2 + 32𝑦 + 256) = −30 sin √𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+4
d) = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑦) cot(2𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

𝑥+4
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑦) cot(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
𝑥+4
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑦) cot(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥

Integrate the two sides separately.

 Consider ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑦) cot(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 and substitute 𝑢 = 2𝑦 → 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑦
1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑦) cot(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢) cot(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
1
= ∫ cot 𝑢 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1
= (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢)
2

Undo the substitution 𝑢 = 2𝑦

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑦)
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑦) cot(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 2
1
=−
2 sin(2𝑦)

𝑥+4
Consider ∫ 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4 1 4
∫ 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= − 𝑥 − 4. 2𝑥 2
(𝑥+2)
=− 𝑥2

Plugging the solved integrals;

𝑥+4
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑦) cot(2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥
1 (𝑥+2)
− 2 sin(2𝑦) = − 𝑥2

𝑥2
sin(2𝑦) = 2(𝑥+2) + 𝐶

4)

Homogeneous /Non-homogeneous
𝑑𝑦 Non-homogeneous
− 𝑒𝑥𝑦 + 3 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑦, − 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 = 0 Homogeneous

3𝑦 ,, − 2𝑦 , = 7 Non-homogeneous

𝑑5 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Homogeneous
4 5
+ cos 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5) a) 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥2 )𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −𝑦2
= (𝑥𝑦+𝑥2 )
𝑑𝑥

This is a homogeneous equation differential equation, same degree in 𝑥 and 𝑦.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 −𝑣 2 𝑥 2
∴
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥𝑦+𝑥 2 )
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 . 𝑣𝑥+𝑥 2 )

−𝑣 2
=
𝑣+1

𝑑𝑣 −𝑣 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣+1 − 𝑣

−𝑣 2 −𝑣 2 −𝑣
= 𝑣+1

−(𝑣+2𝑣 2 )
= 𝑣+1

Now separating the variables.

1+𝑣 −𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑣(1+2𝑣) 𝑥

(1+2𝑣)−𝑣 −𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = (∵ 1 + 𝑣 = 1 + 2𝑣 − 𝑣)
𝑣(1+2𝑣) 𝑥

1 1 −𝑑𝑥
𝑣
− (1+2𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥

1 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑣 − (1+2𝑣)) 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑥

1
log 𝑣 − 2 log(1 + 2𝑣) = − log 𝑥 + log 𝑐
𝑣 𝑐
log ( ) = log (𝑥)
√1+2𝑣
𝑣 𝑐
=𝑥
√1+2𝑣
𝑦
Replace 𝑣=𝑥
𝑦
𝑥 𝑐
2𝑦
=𝑥
√1+
𝑥

𝑦 √𝑥
=𝑐
√𝑥+2𝑦

𝑦2𝑥
𝑥+2𝑦
=𝑘 ; where 𝑘 = 𝑐 2
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
b) = 𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥

This is a homogeneous differential equation.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑥−𝑣𝑥
∴
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥+𝑦 ⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+𝑣𝑥

1−𝑣
= 1+𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑥−𝑣𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+𝑣𝑥
−𝑣

1−2𝑣−𝑣2
= 1+𝑣
1+𝑣 −𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑣2 +2𝑣−1 𝑥

Multiply 2 on both sides

2+2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −2
𝑣2 +2𝑣−1 𝑥
2+2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑣2 +2𝑣−1 𝑑𝑣 = −2 ∫ 𝑥

log(𝑣2 + 2𝑣 − 1) = −2 log 𝑥 + log 𝑐

𝑐
𝑣2 + 2𝑣 − 1 =
𝑥2

𝑥2 (𝑣2 + 2𝑣 − 1) = 𝑐
𝑦
Replace 𝑣=𝑥

𝑦2 2𝑦
𝑥2 [ + − 1] = 𝑐
𝑥2 𝑥

𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑐

c) (𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑦 −(3𝑥𝑦+𝑦2 )
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥2 +𝑥𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −(3𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑣 −(3𝑥 𝑣𝑥+𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )

∴ 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦)
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +𝑥.𝑣𝑥

−(3𝑣+𝑣2 )
= 1+𝑣
 𝑑𝑣 −(3𝑣+𝑣 2 )
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=
1+𝑣
−𝑣

−3𝑣−𝑣2 −𝑣−𝑣2
= 1+𝑣

−4𝑣−2𝑣2
= 1+𝑣
1+𝑣 −𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
4𝑣+2𝑣2 𝑥

Multiply 4 on both sides and integrate.

4+4𝑣 𝑑𝑥
∫ 4𝑣+2𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = −4 ∫ 𝑥

log(4𝑣 + 2𝑣2 ) = −4 log 𝑥 + log 𝑐

𝑐
4𝑣 + 2𝑣2 = 𝑥 4

𝑥 4 (4𝑣 + 2𝑣2 ) = 𝑐
𝑦
Replace 𝑣=
𝑥

𝑦 𝑦2
𝑥 4 (4 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 ) = 𝑐

4𝑥𝑦+2𝑦 2
𝑥4 [ ]=𝑐
𝑥2

2𝑥2 (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 ) = 𝑐

𝑑𝑦 𝑡2 +3𝑦2
d) =
𝑑𝑡 2𝑡𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑣 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑡 2 +3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑡2 +3𝑣2 𝑡2
∴ 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑡𝑦
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡 𝑣𝑡

1+3𝑣 2
= 2𝑣

𝑑𝑣 1+3𝑣2
𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑣
−𝑣
1+3𝑣 2 −2𝑣 2
= 2𝑣

1+𝑣 2
= 2𝑣
2𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 =
1+𝑣 2 𝑡
 Integrate
2𝑣 𝑑𝑡
∫ 1+𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑡

log(1 + 𝑣 2 ) = log 𝑡 + log 𝑐

1 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑐𝑡
𝑦
Replace 𝑣= 𝑡

𝑦2
1 + 𝑡 2 = 𝑐𝑡

𝑡 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑡 3

𝑑𝑦
6) a) 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑥 = 0

(𝑦2 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦2 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is exact.

b) 2(𝑦 + 1)𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑒𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2(𝑦 + 1)𝑒𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2(𝑒𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑒𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is exact.

c) (3𝑥3 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑦4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (3𝑥3 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑦4 )
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= cos 𝑥 ≠ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is not exact.

 𝑑𝑦
d) (2𝑥2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑦2

(6𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (6𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 𝑦2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 ≠ 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is not exact.

7) a) (𝑒4𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 + (cos 𝑦 + 2𝑥2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑒4𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (cos 𝑦 + 2𝑥2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑥𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is exact.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Comparing the equation with 𝑑𝑓 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑒4𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑦2 ) and = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (cos 𝑦 + 2𝑥2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓
Integrate = (𝑒4𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑦2 )
𝜕𝑥

𝑓 = ∫(𝑒4𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 4 𝑒4𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 𝑘(𝑦)

Differentiate 𝑓 with respect to 𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑘(𝑦)
= 2𝑥2 𝑦 + = cos 𝑦 + 2𝑥2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑘(𝑦)
∴ = cos 𝑦 ⇒ ∫ 𝑘(𝑦) = ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑘(𝑦) = sin 𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦

Hence,
1
𝑓 = 4 𝑒4𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦2 + sin 𝑦 + 𝐶
 𝑑𝑦
b) (8𝑦 − 𝑥2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦2 = 0

(𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 + (8𝑦 − 𝑥2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (8𝑦 − 𝑥2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑥𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is exact.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Comparing the equation with 𝑑𝑓 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦2 ) and = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (8𝑦 − 𝑥2 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓
Integrate = (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦2 )
𝜕𝑥

𝑓 = ∫(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 𝑥2 − 2 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 𝑘(𝑦)

Differentiate 𝑓 with respect to 𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑘(𝑦)
= − 𝑥2 𝑦 + = 8𝑦 − 𝑥2 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑘(𝑦)
∴ = 8𝑦 ⇒ ∫ 𝑘(𝑦) = ∫ 8𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑘(𝑦) = 4𝑦2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦

Hence,
1 1
𝑓 = 2 𝑥2 − 2 𝑥2 𝑦2 + 4𝑦2 + 𝐶

c) (2𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥3 𝑦2 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥3 𝑦2 + 4𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑥𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is exact.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Comparing the equation with 𝑑𝑓 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦 3 ) and = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥3 𝑦2 + 4𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 𝜕𝑓
Integrate = (2𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑥

𝑓 = ∫(2𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥3 𝑦3 + 𝑘(𝑦)

Differentiate 𝑓 with respect to 𝑦

𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑘(𝑦)
= 𝑥3 𝑦2 + = 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 4𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑘(𝑦)
∴ = 4𝑦 3 ⇒ ∫ 𝑘(𝑦) = ∫ 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑘(𝑦) = 𝑦4 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦

Hence,
1
𝑓 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 + 𝐶
3

d) (𝑦2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 2)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 cos 𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is exact.

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Comparing the equation with 𝑑𝑓 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) and = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑓
Integrate = (𝑦2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
𝜕𝑥

𝑓 = ∫(𝑦2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑦2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑘(𝑦)
Differentiate 𝑓 with respect to 𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑘(𝑦)
= 2𝑦 sin 𝑥 + = 2𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑘(𝑦)
∴ =2 ⇒ ∫ 𝑘(𝑦) = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑘(𝑦) = 2𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦

Hence,
𝑓 = 𝑦2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝐶
8) a) (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (−𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 ≠ −𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is not exact.

But (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogeneous and 𝑥. 𝑀 + 𝑦. 𝑁 = 𝑥3 ≠ 0

1
Integrating factor : 𝑥3

The original equation is multiplied by the integrating factor,

(𝑥2 +𝑦2 ) 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥3

𝜕𝑀 2𝑦 𝜕𝑁 (𝑥2 +𝑦2 ) 𝑦
= = ; 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (− 𝑥2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝑥3 𝜕𝑥 𝑥3

Now the equation is exact.

𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
c) + 2𝑦𝑒𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑒𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2

𝑦2
( 2 + 2𝑦𝑒𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑒𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑦2
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( 2 + 2𝑦𝑒𝑥 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 + 𝑒𝑥 )
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑥 ≠ 𝑒𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is not exact.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 𝑦+𝑒𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑦+𝑒𝑥 = 1 and hence the integrating factor is 𝑒 ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑁

The original equation is multiplied by the integrating factor,

𝑦2
𝑒 𝑥 ( 2 + 2𝑦𝑒𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑒𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑦2
= (𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑥 )𝑒 𝑥 = ; 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 ( 2 + 2𝑦𝑒𝑥 ) and
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑒𝑥 )
Now the equation is exact.
d) (𝑥 + 9𝑦3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Exact if = , where 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 9𝑦3 )
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −1 ≠ 1 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Hence the given ODE is not exact.

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 −2
− 1−(−1) −2 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= = and hence the integrating factor is 𝑒 = 𝑒 −2 ln 𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑀 −𝑦 𝑦

The original equation is multiplied by the integrating factor,

1 1
(𝑥 + 9𝑦3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦2 𝑦

𝜕𝑀 1 𝜕𝑁 1
= 𝑦2 = ; 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = − 𝑦 and
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦2 (𝑥 + 9𝑦3 )

Now the equation is exact.