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Tutorial One

The document provides definitions and classifications of signals and systems, including discrete and continuous time signals, unit step and impulse signals, and periodic and aperiodic signals. It also covers energy and power signals, Fourier series representations, and Dirichlet's conditions for Fourier series. Additionally, it discusses properties such as time shifting and Parseval's theorem for continuous time periodic signals.

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6 views

Tutorial One

The document provides definitions and classifications of signals and systems, including discrete and continuous time signals, unit step and impulse signals, and periodic and aperiodic signals. It also covers energy and power signals, Fourier series representations, and Dirichlet's conditions for Fourier series. Additionally, it discusses properties such as time shifting and Parseval's theorem for continuous time periodic signals.

Uploaded by

markkifunye159
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial One

1.Define Signal.
Signal is a physical quantity that varies with respect to time, space
or any other independent variable.
Or
It is a mathematical representation of the
system E.g. y(t) = t. and x(t)= sin t.
2. Define system.
A set of components that are connected to perform the task.
3.What are the major classifications of the signal?
(i) Discrete time signal
(ii) Continuous time signal

4.Define discrete time signals and classify them.


Discrete time signals are defined only at discrete times, and for these
signals, the independent variable takes on only a discrete set of values.
Classification of discrete time signal:
1.Periodic and Aperiodic signal
2.Even and Odd signal

5.Define continuous time signals and classify them.


Continuous time signals are defined for a continuous of values of the
independent variable. In the case of continuous time signals the independent
variable is continuous.
For example:
(i) A speech signal as a function of time
(ii) Atmospheric pressure as a function of altitude Classification of
continuous time signal:
(i) Periodic and Aperiodic signal
(ii) Even and Odd signal

6.Define discrete time unit step &unit impulse.


Discrete time Unit impulse is defined as
δ [n]= {0, n≠ 0
{1, n=0
Unit impulse is also known as unit sample.

Discrete time unit step signal is defined by


U[n]={0,n=0
{1,n>= 0

7. Define continuous time unit step and unit impulse.


Continuous time unit impulse is defined as
δ (t)={1, t=0
{0, t ≠ 0
Continuous time Unit step signal is defined as
U(t)={0, t<0
{1, t≥0

8. Define unit ramp signal.


Continuous time unit ramp function is defined by
r(t)={0,t<0
{t, t≥0
A ramp signal starts at t=0 and increases linearly with time ‘t’.

9. Define periodic signal. and nonperiodic signal.


A signal is said to be periodic ,if it exhibits periodicity.i.e.,
X(t +T)=x(t), for all values of t.
Periodic signal has the property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T.

A signal that does not satisfy the above periodicity property is called an
aperiodic signal.

10. Define even and odd signal ?


A discrete time signal is said to be even when, x[-
n]=x[n].
The continuous time signal is said to be even when,
x(-t)= x(t)
For example,Cosωn is an even signal.

The discrete time signal is said to be odd when


x[-n]= -x[n]
The continuous time signal is said to be odd when
x(-t)= -x(t)
Odd signals are also known as nonsymmetrical signal.
Sine wave signal is an odd signal.

11. Define Energy and power signal.


A signal is said to be energy signal if it have finite energy and zero power.
A signal is said to be power signal if it has infinite energy and finite
power. If the above two conditions are not satisfied, then the signal is said
to be neither energy nor power signal
12.Define unit pulse function.
Unit pulse function ∏(t) is obtained from unit step signals
∏(t)=u(t+1/2)- u(t-1/2)
The signals u(t+1/2) and u(t-1/2) are the unit step signals shifted by 1/2units in the
time axis towards the left and right, respectively.

13.Define continuous time complex exponential signal.


The continuous time complex exponential signal is of the form
x(t)=Ceat where c
and a are complex numbers.
14.What is continuous time real exponential signal. Continuous
time real exponential signal is defined by
x(t)=Ceat

where c and a are complex numbers. If c and a are real, then it is called as real
exponential.

15.What is continuous time growing exponential signal?


Continuous time growing exponential signal is defined
as x(t)=Ceat where c and a are complex numbers.
If a is positive, as t increases, then x(t) is a growing exponential.

16.What is continuous time decaying exponential?


Continuous time growing exponential signal is defined
as x(t)=Ceat where c and a are complex numbers.
If a is negative, as t increases, then x(t) is a decaying exponential.

17.What are the types of Fourier series?

1. Exponential Fourier series


2. Trigonometric Fourier series
18.Write down the exponential form of the Fourier series representation of a periodic
signal?
x(t)=∑ak ejkωot

Here the summation is taken from -∞ to ∞.

ak=1/T ∫ x(t) e-jkωot

Here the integration is taken from 0 to T.


The set of coefficients { ak} are often called the Fourier series coefficients or
spectral coefficients.
The coefficient ao is the dc or constant component of x(t).

19.Write down the trigonometric form of the Fourier series representation of a periodic
signal?
x(t)= ao+∑ [an cos nωot + bn sin nωot ]

where

ao=1/T ∫ x(t) dt

an =1/T ∫ x(t)cos nωot dt

bn=1/T ∫ x(t)cos nωot dt

20.Write short notes on Dirichlet’s conditions for Fourier series.


a. x(t) must be absolutely integrable
b. The function x(t) should be single valued within the interval T.
c. The function x(t) should have finite number of discontinuities in any finite
interval of time T.
d. The function x(t) should have finite number of maxima &minima in the
interval
T.

21.State Time Shifting property in relation to Fourier series. x(t-to)


FS ak e-jkωot

Time shifting property states that; when a periodic signal is shifted in time,
the magnitudes of its Fourier series coefficients, remain unaltered.

22.State Parseval’s theorem for continuous time periodic signals.


Parseval’s relation for continuous time periodic signals is

1/T ∫ ‫׀‬x(t)2‫ ׀‬dt =∑‫ ׀‬ak2‫׀‬

Parseval’s relation states that the total average power in a periodic signal equals the sum
of the average power in all its harmonic components

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