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 Table Of Content
DISCLAIMER
INTRODUCTION
Part 1: Introduction to Python Programming
Chapter 1: Welcome to the World of Game Development with
Python!
What will you learn in this book?
Setting Up Your Development Environment
Installing Python
Choosing a code editor or IDE
Chapter 2: Building Blocks of Python Programming
Variables and Data Types (Numbers, Strings, Booleans)
Operators (Arithmetic, Comparison, Logical)
User Input and Output (Print function, Input function)
Chapter 3: Control Flow and Decision Making
Loops (for loops, while loops)
Chapter 4: Functions - Building Reusable Blocks of Code
Defining and Calling Functions
Parameters and Arguments
Returning Values from Functions
Chapter 5: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Concepts
Classes and Objects
Attributes and Methods
Encapsulation and Data Hiding
Chapter 6: Lists, Tuples, and Dictionaries - Organizing Your
Data
Lists (Mutable Ordered Collections)
Tuples (Immutable Ordered Collections)
 Dictionaries (Unordered Key-Value Pairs)
Chapter 7: Putting it All Together: Your First Python Game
Building a Simple Text-Based Adventure Game
Part 2: Introduction to Game Development with Python
Chapter 8: Game Design Fundamentals
Core Game Mechanics And Loops
Player Input and Interaction
Designing Levels and Challenges
Chapter 9: Introduction to Pygame (Our Game Development
Library)
Initializing Pygame and Creating a Game Window
Working with Pygame Display Modules
Chapter 10: Sprites and Images in Pygame
Loading and Displaying Images
Drawing and Manipulating Sprites on the Screen
Animation Techniques (Sprite Sheets and Flipping)
Chapter 11: Adding Sound Effects and Music to Your Games
Loading and Playing Sound Effects with Pygame Mixer
Background Music with Pygame Mixer
Chapter 12: Game Physics and Collisions
Understanding Basic Game Physics Concepts (Position,
Velocity)
Collision Detection Techniques (Bounding Boxes, Pixel
Perfect)
Chapter 13: Adding User Input and Game Controls
Handling Keyboard and Mouse Events in Pygame
Implementing Player Movement and Controls
Part 3: Building Your Game Projects
Chapter 14: Project 1: Building a Space Shooter Game
 Designing the Core Mechanics (Movement, Shooting)
Adding Enemies and Collisions
Scoring System and Health Management
Level Design and Power-Ups
Chapter 15: Project 2: Creating a Platformer Game
Implementing Character Jumping and Gravity
Level Design with Platforms and Obstacles
Introducing Enemies and Power-Ups
Boss Battles and Level Completion
Chapter 16: Project 3: Building a Text-Based RPG (Role-Playing
Game)
Character Creation and Inventory Management
Combat System and Enemy Encounters
Exploration, Quests, and Storytelling
Saving and Loading Game Data
Part 4: Taking Your Games Further
Chapter 17: Advanced Pygame Techniques
Working with Text and Fonts
Drawing Shapes and Lines
Particle Systems and Visual Effects
Chapter 18: Optimizing Your Game Performance
Profiling Code and Identifying Bottlenecks
Memory Management Techniques
Chapter 19: GUI (Graphical User Interface) Design in Games
Creating Menus and User Interfaces with Pygame
Event Handling and User Interaction
Chapter 20: Deployment and Sharing Your Games
Packaging Your Game for Distribution
Sharing Your Game Online
Appendix
Answers to Selected Exercises
Glossary of Key Terms
Resources for Further Learning
 DISCLAIMER
Python Programming Workbook for Game Development is intended
for informational purposes only and does not guarantee the creation
of commercially successful games or proficiency in professional
game development. While the workbook strives to provide accurate
and up-to-date information, the field of game development is
constantly evolving. The authors and publisher cannot be held liable
for any errors or omissions within the content.
Use of Code Examples and External Resources:
The code examples and project ideas presented within this
workbook are for educational purposes only. The functionality and
performance of these examples might not be suitable for production-
ready games. It's recommended to conduct thorough testing and
adapt the code based on your specific game requirements.
The workbook references external resources like libraries, online
tutorials, and asset websites. These resources are subject to change
or become unavailable over time. The authors and publisher are not
responsible for the content or functionality of these external
resources.
Copyright and Intellectual Property:
The content of this workbook, including code examples and project
ideas, is protected by copyright. You are free to utilize the provided
code and concepts for personal, non-commercial game development
projects. However, reproducing or distributing the content of this
workbook for commercial purposes without written permission from
the publisher is strictly prohibited.
Learning is an Ongoing Process:
This workbook serves as a stepping stone on your game
development journey. While it equips you with essential skills,
continuous learning and exploration are crucial for success. Stay
updated with the latest advancements in Python, Pygame, and game
development practices through online resources, communities, and
further learning materials.
By using this workbook, you acknowledge and agree to the terms
outlined in this disclaimer.
 INTRODUCTION
Dive into the World of Game Creation with Python Programming
Workbook for Game Development!
Have you ever dreamt of turning your game ideas into reality? With
Python Programming Workbook for Game Development, you can!
This comprehensive guide empowers you to unlock the potential of
Python, a powerful and versatile programming language, and
embark on your game development journey.
No prior programming experience? No problem! This workbook
takes you on a step-by-step adventure, starting from the
fundamentals of Python and progressively equipping you with the
skills to create engaging games. Through clear explanations, hands-
on exercises, and exciting projects, you'll:
● Master the basics: Grasp core Python concepts like
variables, data types, loops, and conditional statements -
the building blocks of any program.
● Unleash the power of Pygame: Discover Pygame, a popular
Python library specifically designed for game development.
Learn to render graphics, create animations, and handle
user input to bring your game world to life.
● Craft interactive experiences: Implement core game
mechanics like object collision detection, scoring systems,
and level design to make your games truly engaging.
● Explore different game genres: The workbook guides you
through the creation of various game types, from classic
arcade games to mind-bending puzzles, giving you a well-
rounded understanding of game development principles.
Python Programming Workbook for Game Development is
more than just a coding manual. It's a treasure trove of:
● Engaging exercises: Solidify your learning by tackling
practical exercises that reinforce the concepts you've
grasped.
 ● Challenging projects: Put your newfound skills to the test
by building progressively complex games that showcase
your creativity and problem-solving abilities.
● Valuable tips and tricks: Learn valuable best practices and
insights from experienced game developers to streamline
your workflow and enhance your projects.
So, are you ready to unleash your inner game developer? With
Python Programming Workbook for Game Development as your
guide, the world of game creation awaits! Grab your coding tools,
unleash your imagination, and get ready to transform your game
ideas into playable realities!
Part 1: Introduction to Python Programming
 Chapter 1: Welcome to the World of Game
Development with Python!
Welcome, aspiring game developer! Have you ever dreamt of
creating your own games, bringing your ideas to life and letting
others experience them? If so, you've come to the right place. This
book will guide you through the exciting world of game development
with Python, a powerful and versatile programming language that's
perfect for beginners and experienced programmers alike.
Why Python for Game Development?
There are many reasons why Python is an excellent choice for
getting started with game development:
● Beginner-Friendly: Python is known for its clear and concise
syntax, making it easier to learn compared to other
languages often used in game development, such as C++
or C#. This allows you to focus on the core concepts of
game programming without getting bogged down in
complex language mechanics.
● Rapid Prototyping: Python excels at rapid prototyping. With
its ease of use, you can quickly write code, test your ideas,
and iterate on your game design. This allows you to
experiment, receive feedback, and refine your game
concept much faster.
● Extensive Libraries and Frameworks: Python boasts a vast
ecosystem of libraries and frameworks specifically designed
for game development. Popular options like Pygame,
Pyglet, and Arcade provide pre-built functionality for
handling graphics, sound, physics, and more. This saves
you time and effort by avoiding the need to write
everything from scratch.
● Versatility: Python's not limited to just 2D games. While it
might not be the most performant choice for cutting-edge
 3D titles, you can create impressive 3D games with
libraries like PyOpenGL. Additionally, Python's general-
purpose nature makes it useful for scripting tasks within
larger game development projects built with other
languages.
● Large and Active Community: The Python community is
massive and highly supportive. There are countless online
resources, tutorials, forums, and communities dedicated to
Python programming. This means you'll find plenty of help
and guidance when you encounter challenges during your
development journey.
● Cross-Platform Compatibility: Python code is generally
portable across different operating systems, allowing you to
develop games that can run on Windows, macOS, and
Linux without major modifications.
In summary, Python offers a perfect blend of ease of learning,
powerful functionality, and a supportive community. Whether you're
a complete beginner or an experienced programmer looking for a
new language for game development, Python is a fantastic choice.
This book will equip you with the fundamental Python programming
skills and game development knowledge to turn your game ideas
into reality!

What will you learn in this book?

This book is your comprehensive guide to embarking on the exciting
journey of game development with Python. We'll equip you with the
essential programming skills and game development knowledge to
transform your creative game ideas into playable experiences.
Here's a detailed breakdown of what you'll learn throughout this
adventure:
Part 1: Building Your Programming Foundation
 ● Core Python Programming Concepts: We'll begin by
establishing a solid foundation in Python programming.
This includes mastering fundamental concepts like
variables, data types, operators, user input and output,
conditional statements (if/else), and loops (for and while).
By the end of Part 1, you'll be comfortable writing basic
Python programs and manipulating data effectively.
● Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Fundamentals: You'll
delve into the world of Object-Oriented Programming
(OOP), a powerful paradigm for structuring your game
code. Learn about classes, objects, attributes, and
methods – the building blocks for creating reusable and
well-organized game components.
● Data Structures: We'll explore essential data structures in
Python, including lists, tuples, and dictionaries. These
structures will become instrumental in organizing game
elements like character stats, inventories, level layouts, and
more.
Part 2: Unveiling the World of Game Development Libraries
● Introduction to Pygame: Get ready to unleash your
creativity with Pygame, a popular and beginner-friendly
library specifically designed for game development in
Python. We'll delve into initializing Pygame, creating game
windows, and working with display modules to build the
visual foundation of your games.
● Mastering Sprites and Images: Sprites, the visual building
blocks of your games, will come to life as you learn to load
and display images within your Pygame window. Animation
techniques, sprite manipulation, and creating smooth visual
experiences will be explored in detail.
● Adding Sound and Music: Dive into the captivating world
of game audio! Learn how to load and play sound effects
and background music using Pygame's Mixer module. This
will add another dimension of immersion and engagement
to your games.
 ● Game Physics and Collisions: Games are all about
interaction! We'll introduce you to the fundamentals of
game physics, including concepts like position, velocity, and
collision detection. Learn to implement collision mechanics
to create realistic interactions between game elements.
● Player Input and Game Controls: Master the art of player
control! We'll guide you through handling keyboard and
mouse events within Pygame. This empowers you to
create responsive controls for your game characters and
interact with the game world.
Part 3: Building Your Game Portfolio
● Project-Based Learning: Get ready to put your newfound
skills to the test! This section features three exciting game
development projects that will progressively challenge you
and solidify your learning. We'll walk you through the
development process, from initial design concepts to
building core mechanics and polishing your games.
● Project 1: Space Shooter: Blast off into the thrilling world
of space shooters! You'll build a classic space shooter
game, implementing movement, shooting mechanics,
enemy encounters, and scoring systems.
● Project 2: Platformer Game: Explore the world of
platformer games! Jump, climb, and navigate your
character through levels, introducing obstacles, enemies,
power-ups, and boss battles.
● Project 3: Text-Based RPG: Craft a captivating text-based
RPG (Role-Playing Game). Design character creation,
combat systems, exploration mechanics, and story
elements to create an immersive narrative adventure.
Part 4: Expanding Your Game Development Horizons
● Advanced Pygame Techniques: Take your Pygame skills to
the next level! Here, you'll learn advanced techniques like
working with text and fonts, drawing shapes and lines, and
 implementing particle systems for visual effects. These
skills will add depth and polish to your game creations.
● Optimizing Game Performance: Efficiency is key! This
section will equip you with strategies for optimizing your
game's performance. Learn to profile your code, identify
bottlenecks, and implement memory management
techniques to ensure a smooth and enjoyable gaming
experience.
● Graphical User Interface (GUI) Design: Explore the realm
of GUI (Graphical User Interface) design for games. Learn
to create user-friendly menus and interfaces with Pygame,
making your games more intuitive and accessible.
● Deployment and Sharing Your Games: Ready to share your
creations with the world? We'll guide you through
packaging your game for distribution and explore various
avenues for sharing your masterpiece online.
Beyond the Book: Continuous Learning
This book is just the beginning of your exciting game development
journey! Throughout the book, we'll provide you

Setting Up Your Development Environment

Before we embark on our game development adventure with
Python, it's crucial to set up your development environment. This
involves installing the necessary software and configuring your
system to write and run Python code effectively. Here's a detailed
breakdown of the steps involved:
1. Installing Python
● Downloading Python: Head over to the official Python
website ([https://www.python.org/downloads/]
(https://www.python.org/downloads/)) and download the
latest stable version of Python that's compatible with your
operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).
 ● Installation Process: Follow the on-screen instructions
during the installation process. It's generally recommended
to keep the default installation options unless you have
specific requirements.
Verifying Python Installation (Optional):
- Once installed, open a terminal window (Command
Prompt on Windows, Terminal on macOS/Linux).
- Type `python --version` (or `python3 --version` on some
systems) and press Enter. This command should display the
installed Python version on your system.
2. Choosing a Code Editor or IDE
A code editor or Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is
where you'll write, edit, and run your Python code. Here are some
popular options:
● Visual Studio Code: A free and open-source code editor by
Microsoft, known for its versatility, extensibility, and large
community. It offers excellent Python support with features
like syntax highlighting, code completion, and debugging
tools.
● PyCharm: A powerful IDE specifically designed for Python
development by JetBrains. It provides advanced features
like intelligent code completion, refactoring tools, and built-
in version control support. However, PyCharm has a free
Community Edition with limited features, and the
Professional Edition requires a paid subscription.
● Thonny: A beginner-friendly IDE created with education in
mind. Thonny offers a simple and intuitive interface,
making it a great choice for those new to programming.
● Sublime Text: A popular and lightweight code editor
known for its speed and customization options. Sublime
Text supports Python syntax highlighting and plugins can
be installed for additional features. However, it requires a
paid license after an evaluation period.
 ● Choosing the Right Editor: The best choice depends on
your personal preference and experience level. For
beginners, Visual Studio Code or Thonny are excellent
options. As you progress, PyCharm offers advanced
functionalities to streamline your development workflow.
### 3. Installing a Code Editor or IDE
Once you've chosen your preferred editor/IDE, download and install
it following the provided instructions. Most code editors/IDEs offer
clear installation guides on their official websites.
4. Verifying your Development Environment (Optional):
- Open your chosen code editor/IDE.
- Create a new Python file (usually by selecting "New" ->
"Python File" or similar options).
- Write a simple Python program, for example:
```python
print("Hello, World!")
```
- Save the file (e.g., "hello_world.py").
- Run the program within your code editor/IDE. This
usually involves clicking a "Run" button or selecting a "Run"
option from the menu.
If everything is set up correctly, you should see the output "Hello,
World!" printed in the console or output window of your code
editor/IDE.
Additional Tips:
● Virtual Environments (Optional): For larger projects,
consider using virtual environments. These isolate project-
specific dependencies, preventing conflicts between
different projects that might require different Python
versions or libraries.
● Package Manager (Optional): Python uses a package
manager called `pip` to install additional libraries and
frameworks. These libraries can provide extended
 functionalities for game development, such as Pygame,
Pyglet, or Arcade. Instructions for installing `pip` and
managing packages can be found on the official Python
documentation
([https://docs.python.org/3/installing/index.html]
(https://docs.python.org/3/installing/index.html)).
Congratulations! You've successfully set up your development
environment and are ready to embark on your Python game
development journey.

Installing Python
Welcome aspiring game developer! The first step in our exciting
adventure is setting up your development environment. This crucial
step involves installing Python, the powerful programming language
that will fuel your game creations. Here's a detailed guide on
installing Python for your chosen operating system:
Downloading the Latest Python Version
We'll be using the latest stable version of Python to ensure you have
access to the newest features and functionalities. Head over to the
official Python downloads website:
[https://www.python.org/downloads/]
(https://www.python.org/downloads/)
Choosing the Right Installer:
The website offers various download options. Here's a breakdown to
help you choose the most suitable installer for your system:
Windows:
● Windows installer (.exe file): This is the recommended
option for most Windows users. It's a user-friendly installer
that guides you through the installation process.
● Python source code: For advanced users or those wanting
more control over the installation, you can download the
Python source code. However, this requires compiling the
code yourself, which involves additional steps.
macOS:
● macOS installer (.pkg file): This is the recommended option
for macOS users. It's a straightforward installer that
integrates Python into your system.
● Universal2 release: This installer can run on various macOS
versions. Choose this if you're unsure about your specific
macOS version.
Linux:
Linux distributions handle Python installation differently. It's
recommended to use your distribution's package manager (e.g., apt-
get, yum) to install Python. Consult your distribution's
documentation for specific instructions.
Downloading the Installer:
Once you've identified the appropriate installer based on your
operating system, click the corresponding download button. The
download should start automatically.
Installing Python
Windows:
1. Double-click the downloaded `.exe` file.
2. The installer window will appear. It's recommended to keep the
default installation options selected unless you have specific
requirements. These options typically include:
- Adding Python to PATH: This ensures you can run Python
commands from any directory in your command prompt.
Highly recommended for ease of use.
- Installing for all users: If you're the only user on your
system, you can leave this as default. If you want other
users to have access to Python, select this option.
3. Click "Install Now" to begin the installation process. The installer
will handle copying necessary files and configuring your system.
4. Once the installation is complete, click "Close" to exit the installer.
macOS:
1. Double-click the downloaded `.pkg` file.
2. The macOS installer window will appear. Follow the on-screen
instructions, which typically involve:
- Agreeing to the license agreement.
- Choosing an installation destination (usually the default
location is recommended).
- Entering your administrator password when prompted.
3. The installer will handle copying necessary files and configuring
your system.
4. Once the installation is complete, click "Close" to exit the installer.
Linux:
As mentioned earlier, Linux installation involves using your
distribution's package manager. Consult your distribution's
documentation for specific instructions. Typically, you'd open a
terminal window and use a command like `sudo apt-get install
python3` (on Debian-based systems) or `sudo yum install python3`
(on Red Hat-based systems).
Verifying Python Installation (Optional):
1. Open a terminal window (Command Prompt on Windows,
Terminal on macOS/Linux).
2. Type `python --version` (or `python3 --version` on some
systems) and press Enter.
3. If Python is installed correctly, you should see the installed Python
version displayed. This confirms successful installation.
Congratulations! You've now installed Python on your system and
are ready to delve into the exciting world of game development.

Choosing a code editor or IDE

As you embark on your path to becoming a game developer with
Python, selecting the right code editor or IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) is crucial. This software will be your
digital playground where you'll write, edit, and run your Python
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147 On the previous history of indulgences see Lea, History of the Inquisition, i, 41–47;
De Potter, Esprit de l’Église, vii, 22–39. For the later developments cp. Lea’s Studies in
Church History, 1869, p. 450; Vieusseux, History of Switzerland, 1840, pp. 121, 125. ↑
148 Sismondi, Crusades, pp. 28–29. ↑
149 Id. p. 23. ↑
150 Lea, i, 149. ↑
151For a modern Catholic defence of the whole proceedings see the Comte de
Montalembert’s Histoire de Sainte Elisabeth de Hongrie, 13e édit. intr. pp. 35–40. ↑
152 Sismondi, Crusades, p. 35, and refs.; Lea, i, 154. ↑
153 Sismondi, pp. 36–37, and refs. ↑
154 Id. pp. 37–43. ↑
155 Id. pp. 21, 41. Cp. p. 85 as to later treachery towards Saracens; and p. 123 as to the
deeds of the Bishop of Toulouse. See again pp. 140–42 as to the massacre of Marmande. ↑
156 As to the international character of the crusade see Sismondi, Crusades, p. 53. ↑
157 Sismondi, p. 62 sq. ↑
158 Pp. 77, 78. ↑
159 Pp. 74, 75. ↑
160 P. 87. “The worship of the reformed Albigenses had everywhere ceased” (p. 115). Cp.
p. 116 as to the completeness of the final massacres. It is estimated (Monastier, p. 115,
following De la Mothe-Langon) that a million Albigenses were slain in the first half of the
thirteenth century. The figures are of course speculative. ↑
161 Cp. Lea, ii, 159; Lenient, La Satire en France an moyen âge, 1859, p. 43. ↑
162 Lea, vol. ii, ch. i. ↑
163 Sismondi, pp. 115, 117. ↑
164 Id. p. 133. ↑
165 Id. pp. 235–39; Lea, ii, 247, 259, 319, 347, 429, etc. ↑
166 Sismondi, p. 236; Llorente, as cited, i, 60–64; Lea, ii, 200. ↑
167 Matthew Paris records that in 1249 four hundred and forty-three heretics were burned
in Saxony and Pomerania. Previously multitudes had been burned by the Inquisitor
Conrad, who was himself finally murdered in revenge. He was the confessor of Saint
Elizabeth of Hungary, and he taught her among other things, “Be merciful to your
neighbour,” and “Do to others whatsoever you would that they should do to you.” See his
praises recorded by Montalembert, as cited, vol. i, ch. x. Cp. Gieseler, Per. III, Div. iii, § 89
(ii, 567). ↑
168Lea, ii, 204. This was the “peace-maker” described by Dr. Lea as—in that capacity
—“so worthy a disciple of the Great Teacher of divine love” (i, 240). ↑
169 Ueberweg, i, 366; Poole, pp. 99, 100. ↑
170 As to the verbal confusion of Aristotle’s theory see Ueberweg. ↑
171 Id. i, 160. ↑
172 Id. i, 375. ↑
173 Cp. Mosheim’s note, Reid’s ed. p. 388. ↑
174 Ueberweg, i, 374. ↑
175 Poole, p. 104, note; Milman, Latin Christianity, 4th ed. i, 54. ↑
176 Hampden, Bampton Lectures, On the Scholastic Philosophy, 1848, p. 71. ↑
177 Mosheim, as cited, and refs. ↑
178 Hampden, p. 70. ↑
179 A. S. Farrar, Crit. Hist. of Freethought, 1862, p. 111. Farrar adds: “‘Neque enim
quaero intelligere ut credam, set credo ut intelligam’ are the words of the Realist Anselm
(Prolog. i, 43, ed. Gerberon): ‘Dubitando ad inquisitionem venimus; inquirendo veritatem
percipimus’ are those of the Nominalist Abailard (Sic et Non, p. 16, ed. Cousin).” ↑
180Cp. Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, i, ch. 19, as to orthodoxy among both
Nominalists and Realists. ↑
181 Hampden, pp. 70, 449. ↑
182 Cp. Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, iii, 550. ↑
183 Poole, Illustr. of the Hist. of Medieval Thought, pp. 104–105. ↑
184 Præfatio in Monologium. ↑
185 As to the various classes of doubters known to Anselm see Reuter, Gesch. der
religiösen Aufklärung im Mittelalter, i, 129–31, and refs. Anselm writes: Fides enim nostra
contra impios ratione defenda est. Epist. ii, 41. ↑
186 Ueberweg, i, 381. ↑
187 See it in Ueberweg, i, 384–85; cp. Ch. de Rémusat, Saint Anselme, 1853, pp. 61–62;
Dean Church, Saint Anselm, ed. 1888, pp. 86–87. As to previous instances of Anselm’s
argument cp. Poole, Illustrations, p. 338 sq. ↑
188 Cp. Ueberweg, i, 379–80. ↑
189 Cited by Hampden, Bampton Lect. p. 443. ↑
190 Metalogicus, vii, 2; Poole, p. 223. ↑
191 Gemma Ecclesiastica, Distinctio i, c. 51; Works, ed. Brewer, Rolls Series, ii, 148–49;
pref. p. xxxv. ↑
192 Cp. Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, Ptie. II (1880), i, 61. Hauréau points out
that Simon’s writings are strictly orthodox, whatever his utterances may have been. ↑
193 Distinctio, ii, c. 24; pp. liv, 285. ↑
194 Cp. Pearson, Hist. of England during the Early and Middle Ages, ii, 504. ↑
195 The Saynt Graal, ed. Furnivall, 1861, pp. 7, 84; History of the Holy Grail, ed.
Furnivall, 1874, pp. 5–7; Pearson, as cited, i, 606–607. ↑
196 Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, i, 1870, p. 502. ↑
197 Poole, pp. 141–42. ↑
198 “Humanas ac philosophicas rationes requirebant; et plus quæ intelligi quam quæ dici
possent efflagitabant” (Historia calamitatum mearum, ed. Gréard, p. 36). ↑
199 Id. ib. ↑
200 Ueberweg, i, 387. ↑
201 Ueberweg, i, 391. Cp. Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 111. ↑
202 Ueberweg, i, 394–95. ↑
203 Hampden, Bampton Lect. pp. 420–21. ↑
204 Poole, p. 175. It is not impossible that, as Sismondi suggests (Histoire des Français,
ed. 1823, v, 294–96), Abailard was persecuted mainly because of the dangerous anti-papal
movement maintained in Italy for fifteen years (1139–1155) by his doctrinally orthodox
pupil, Arnold of Brescia. But Hampden (p. 40), agreeing with Guizot (Hist. de Civ. en
Europe; Hist. mod. Leçon 6), pronounces that “there was no sympathy between the efforts
of the Italian Republics to obtain social liberty, and those within the Church to recover
personal freedom of thought.” ↑
205 Poole, pp. 117–23, 169. ↑
206 Ueberweg, i, 398. ↑
207 Poole, p. 173. ↑
208 Cp. Poole, p. 153. It is difficult to doubt that the series of patristic deliverances against
reason in the first section of Sic et Non was compiled by Abailard in a spirit of dissent. ↑
209 Cp. Hardwick, p. 279; and see p. 275, note, for Bernard’s dislike of his demand for
clearness: “Nihil videt per speculum et in aenigmate, sed facie ad faciem omnia
intuetur.” ↑
210 Poole, p. 161. Cp. Dr. Hastings Rashdall on the “pious scurrility” of Bernard. The
Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 1895, i, 57, note. Contrast the singularly
laudatory account of St. Bernard given by two contemporary Positivists, Mr. Cotter
Morison in his Life and Times of St. Bernard, and Mr. F. Harrison in his essay on that work
in his Choice of Books. The subject is discussed in the present writer’s paper on “The
Ethics of Propaganda” in Essays in Ethics. ↑
211 Erdmann, History of Philosophy, Eng. tr. 3rd ed. i, 325. ↑
212 Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, i (1872), 534–46. ↑
213 Id. citing the Polycraticus, l. vii, c. 2. ↑
214 Polycraticus, l. vii, c. 7. ↑
215 Cp. Poole, pp. 220–22; the extracts of Hampden, pp. 438–43; and the summing-up of
Hauréau. Hist. de la philos. scolastique, i (1870), 357. ↑
216 Historia calamitatum, as cited. Cp. p. 10 for Abailard’s own opinion of Anselm of
Laon, whom he compares to a leafy but fruitless tree. ↑
217 Matthew Paris, sub. ann. 1201. There is a somewhat circumstantial air about this
story, Simon’s reply being made to begin humorously with a Jesule. Jesule! Matthew,
however, tells on this item the story of Simon’s miraculous punishment which Giraldus
tells on a quite different text. Matthew is indignant with the scholastic arrogance which has
led many to “suppress” the miracle. ↑
218 Ueberweg, i, 419, 430; Hampden, p. 443 sq. Cp. Renan, Averroès, p. 173 sq. ↑
219 Ueberweg, i, 418. The Karaïtes may be described as Jewish Protestants or Puritans.
Cp. Schechter, Studies in Judaism, 1896, pp. 252–54. ↑
220 Schechter (as cited, pp. 197, 417) gives two sets of dates, the second being 1135–
1204. ↑
221 For a good survey of the medieval Hebrew thought in general see Joel, Beiträge zur
Gesch. der Philos. 1876; and as to Maimonides see A. Franck’s Études Orientales, 1861;
Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, Ptie II, i, 41–46; and Renan, Averroès, pp. 177–
82. ↑
222 Schechter, Studies in Judaism, pp. 422–23. ↑
223 Id. p. 208. ↑
224 Ueberweg, i, 428; Schechter, p. 424. ↑
225 Renan, Averroès, p. 183. ↑
226 Schechter, pp. 83–85. ↑
227 Hauréau pronounces (II, i, 29–34) that Avicebron should be ranked among the most
sincere and resolute of pantheists. His chief work was the Fons vitæ. ↑
228 Renan, Averroès, pp. 100, 175. ↑
229 Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, c. 8, ad init. ↑
230 Mémoires de Joinville, ed. 1871, ii, 16. ↑
231 Renan, Averroès, pp. 222–24. ↑
232 Huber, Johannes Scotus Erigena, p. 435; Christlieb, Leben und Lehre des Johannes
Scotus Erigena, 1860, p. 438. Copies of John’s writings were found in the hands of the
sectaries of Amalrich and David; and in 1226 the writings in question were condemned and
burnt accordingly. Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, i, 175. ↑
233 Ueberweg, i, 388, 431; Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 112–14; Renan, p. 223; Hahn,
Geschichte der Ketzer im Mittelalter, 1845–50, iii, 176–92. ↑
234 Mosheim, 13 Cent. pt. ii, ch. v, § 12. ↑
235 Poole, p. 225; Ueberweg, i, 431. ↑
236 Lecky’s description (Rationalism in Europe, ed. 1887, i, 48) of Averroïsm as a “stern
and uncompromising infidelity” is hopelessly astray. ↑
237 Summa Theologica, Prima Secundae, Quæst. LXXXV, Art. 6. Compare Hauréau, Hist.
de la philos. scolastique, i, 189, for a trace of the idea of natura naturans in John Scotus
and Heiric, in the ninth century. ↑
238 Renan, p. 236 sq. ↑
239 Cp. Reuter, Gesch. der religiösen Aufklärung im Mittelalter, ii, 130. ↑
240 Milman, Latin Christianity, 4th ed. ix, 133. ↑
241 Robins. A Defence of the Faith, 1862, pt. i, pp. 38–39. Compare Rashdall,
Universities in the Middle Ages, i, 264; and Maurice, Medieval Philosophy, 2nd ed. pp.
188–90. It is noteworthy that the Summa of Thomas was a favourite study of Descartes,
who read hardly any other theologian. ↑
242 Cp. Milman, ix, 143. ↑
243 See the comments of Giraldus Cambrensis in the proem to his Speculum Ecclesiæ
Brewer’s ed. in Rolls Series, i. 9; and pref. pp. xii–xiii. ↑
244 Cp. Renan. Averroès, p. 267, as to the polemic of William of Auvergne. ↑
245 Renan, pp. 567–68. ↑
246 Id. pp. 269–71, and refs. ↑
247 Renan, pp. 273–75, and refs.; Ueberweg, i, 460, and refs.; Maywald, Die Lehre von
der zweifachen Wahrheit, 1871, p. 11; Lange, i, 182 (tr. i, 218). ↑
248 Of John XXI, who had in 1276 condemned the doctrine of a twofold truth. ↑
249 Cp. Gebhart, Origines de la Renaissance, pp. 29–44. And see above, p. 308. ↑
250 Berington, Lit. Hist. of the Middle Ages, p. 245. See above, p. 310. ↑
251 See the Summa of the Inquisitor Bartholomæus Fumus, Venet. 1554, s.v. Infidelitas,
fol. 261, § 5; and the Summa of Thomas, Secunda Secundæ, Quæst. X, Art. 2. ↑
252 It is sometimes described as a formidable product of doubt; and again by M. de
Rémusat as “consecrated to controversy rather than to skepticism.” Cp. Pearson, Hist. of
England in the Early and Middle Ages, 1867, i. 609. The view in the text seems the just
mean. Cp. Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, i. 57. In itself the book is for a modern reader a
mere collection of the edifying contradictions of theologians; but such a collection must in
any age have been a perplexity to faith; and it is not surprising that it remained unpublished
until edited by Cousin (see the Ouvrages inédits, intr. pp. clxxxv–ix). That writer justly
sums up that such antinomies “condamnent l’esprit à un doute salutaire.” The Rev. A. S.
Farrar pronounces that “the critical independence of Nominalism, in a mind like that of
Abailard, represents the destructive action of freethought, partly as early Protestantism,
partly as skepticism” (Crit. Hist. of Freethought, p. 12). ↑
253 Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, i, 421–22, 556–58, 575; U. Burke, Hist. of Spain, Hume’s
ed. 1900, ii, 351–52. For a detailed description of the methods of ecclesiastical torture,
Burke refers to the treatise, De Catholicis Institutionibus, by Simancas, Bishop of Beja,
Rome, 1575, tit. lxv, De Tormentis, p. 491 sq. ↑
254 Torture was inflicted on witnesses in England in 1311, by special inquisitors, under
the mandate of Clement V, in defiance of English law; and under Edward II it was used in
England as elsewhere against the Templars. ↑
255 Istorie fiorentine, iv, 29. ↑
256 See below, p. 325. ↑
257 Villari, Two First Centuries of Florentine History, Eng. tr. 1901, pp. 110–12. ↑
258 Reuter, Gesch. der religiösen Aufklärung im Mittelalter, i, 167. ↑
259 Id. i, 164–66. ↑
260 The Moslems were inclined to regard him as of their creed “because educated in
Sicily.” Cantù, Gli Eretici d’Italia, 1865, i, 66. ↑
261 See Gieseler, as cited below; and Reid’s Mosheim, p. 437, note. ↑
262 Milman, Latin Christianity, vi, 150; Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, i, 221. ↑
263 Milman, vi, 150, 158. ↑
264 Renan, Averroès, p. 289. ↑
265 Renan, Averroès, pp. 205–10. Michael Scotus may have been, like John Scotus, an
Irishman, but his refusal to accept the archbishopric of Cashel, on the ground that he did
not know the native language, makes this doubtful. The identification of him with a
Scottish knight, Sir Michael Scott, still persisted in by some scholars on the strength of Sir
Walter Scott’s hasty note to The Lay of the Last Minstrel, is destitute of probability. See the
Rev. J. Wood Brown’s Inquiry into the Life and Legend of Michael Scot, 1897, pp. 160–61,
175–76. ↑
266 Inferno, xx, 515–17. ↑
267 Cantù, Gli Eretici d’Italia, i, 65–66; the Pope’s letter, as cited; Renan, Averroès, pp.
287–91, 296. ↑
268 See the verdict of Gieseler, Eng. tr. iii (1853), p. 103, note. ↑
269 Milman, vi, 158–59. ↑
270 Id. p. 154. Cp. the author’s Evolution of States, 1912, p. 382. ↑
271 G. Villani, Istorie fiorentine, vi, 46. ↑
272 Mosheim, 13 Cent. pt. i, ch. ii, § 2, citing in particular Moneta’s Summa contra
Catharos et Valdenses, lib. V, cc. 4, 11, 15; Tempier (bishop of Paris), Indiculum Errorum
(1272) in the Bibliotheca Patrum Maxima, t. xxv; Bulæus, Hist. Acad. Paris, iii, 433—as
to the Averroïsts at Paris, described above, p. 319. Cp. Renan, Averroès, pp. 230–31, citing
William of Auvergne, and pp. 283, 285; Ozanam, Dante, 6e édit. pp. 86, 101, 111–12;
Gebhart, Origines de la Renais, pp. 79–81; Lange, i, 182 (tr. i, 218); Sharon Turner, Hist. of
England during the Middle Ages, 2nd ed. v, 136–38. ↑
273 Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, iii, 560–61. ↑
274 Perrens, La civilisation florentine du 13e au 16e siècle, 1892, p. 101. Above, p. 322. ↑
275 Inferno, Canto x, 14–15, 118. ↑
276 Ottavio Ubaldini, d. 1273, of whom the commentators tell that he said that if there
were such a thing as a soul he had lost his for the cause of the Ghibellines. ↑
277 As to whom see Renan, Averroès, p. 285, note; Gebhart, Renaissance, p. 81. His son
Guido, “the first friend and the companion of all the youth of Dante,” was reputed an
atheist (Decameron, vi, 9). Cp. Cesare Balbo, Vita di Dante, ed. 1853, pp. 48–49. But see
Owen, Skeptics of the Ital. Renais., p. 138, note. ↑
278 In the Convito, ii, 9, he writes that, “among all the bestialities, that is the most foolish,
the most vile, the most damnable, which believes no other life to be after this life.” Another
passage (iv, 5) heaps curses on the “most foolish and vile beasts ... who presume to speak
against our Faith.” ↑
279 Cp. Ozanam, Dante, 6e édit. pp. 111–12, as to anti-Christian movements. ↑
280 Lecky, Rationalism in Europe, i, 83, note; Renan, Averroès, pp. 326–27; Cantù, Gli
Eretici d’Italia, i, 177. and note 13 on p. 196. ↑
281 Cp. Labitte, La Divine Comédie avant Dante, as cited, p. 139. ↑
282 Michelet argues that Italy was “anti-Dantesque” in the Renaissance (Hist. de France,
vii, Intr. § 9 and App.), but he exaggerates the common disregard of the Commedia. ↑
283 As to an element of doubt, even in Dante, concerning Divine government, see
Burckhardt, p. 497. But the attempt made by some critics to show that the “sins” to which
Dante confessed had been intellectual—i.e., heresies—falls to the ground. See Döllinger,
Studies in European History, Eng. tr. 1890, pp. 87–90; and cp. Cantù, Gli Eretici d’Italia, i,
144 sq. on the whole question. ↑
284 Cesare Balbo, Vita di Dante, ed. 1853, pp. 416–17, 433. ↑
285 Cantù. Eretici d’ Italia, i, 153. Cantù gives an account of the trial process. ↑
286 G. Villani, x, 39. It is to be noted that the horoscope of Jesus was cast by several
professed believers, as Albertus Magnus and Pierre d’Ailli, Cardinal and Bishop of
Cambrai, as well as by Cardan. See Bayle, art. Cardan, note Q; and cp. Renan, Averroès,
p. 326. ↑
287 Cp. Owen, pp. 128, 135–42; Hallam, Lit. Hist., i, 141–42; Milman, bk. xiv, ch. v,
end. ↑
288 Decam., Gior. i, nov. 2. ↑
289 Gior. i, nov. 3. ↑
290 Dr. Marcus Landau, Die Quellen des Dekameron, 2te Aufl. 1884, p. 182. ↑
291 The story is recorded to have been current among the Motecallemîn—a party kindred
to the Motazilites—in Bagdad. Renan, Averroès, p. 293, citing Dozy. Renan thinks it may
have been of Jewish origin. Id. p. 294, note. ↑
292 Schechter, Studies in Judaism, 1896, pp. 207–208. ↑
293 It is found some time before Boccaccio in the Cento Novelle antiche (No. 72 or 73) in
a simpler form; but Landau (p. 183) thinks Boccaccio’s immediate source was the version
of Busone da Gubbio (b. 1280), who had improved on the version in the Cento Novelle,
while Boccaccio in turn improved on him by treating the Jew more tolerantly. Bartoli (I
Precursori del Boccaccio, 1876, pp. 26–28) disputes any immediate debt to Busone; as
does Owen, Skeptics of the Ital. Renais., p. 29, note. ↑
294 Burckhardt (Renaissance in Italy, p. 493, note) points out that Boccaccio is the first to
name the Christian religion, his Italian predecessors avoiding the idea; and that in one
eastern version the story is used polemically against the Christians. ↑
295 Owen, p. 142, and refs. ↑
296 Id. pp. 143–45. He was even so far terrorized by the menaces of a monk (who
appeared to him to have occult knowledge of some of his secrets) as to propose to give up
his classical studies; and would have done so but for Petrarch’s dissuasion. Petrarch’s letter
(Epist. Senil., i, 5) is translated (Lett. xii) by M. Develay, Lettres de Péttrarque à
Boccace. ↑
297 Gasquet, The Great Pestilence, 1893, pp. 28, 32, 37, and refs. ↑
298 Id. pp. 11, 41. ↑
299 Probably 25,000 in England alone, including monks. Id. p. 204. ↑
300 Id. pp. 205–208, 213, 216. ↑
301 Below, § 11. ↑
302 As to his anti-clericalism, cp. Gebhart, Orig. de la Renais., p. 71, and ref.; Owen, p.
113. ↑
303 Cp. Rashdall, Universities in the Middle Ages, i, 264. ↑
304 See the exposition of Owen, pp. 109–28. and refs. on p. 113. ↑
305 Renan, Averroès, p. 328. ↑
306 Méziéres, Pétrarque, 1868, p. 362. ↑
307 It is to be noted that in his opposition to the scholastics he had predecessors. Cp.
Gebhart, Orig. de la Renais., p. 65. ↑
308 Owen, p. 113. It is to be remembered that Dante also (Convito, ii, 8, 9; iii, 14; iv, 7)
exalts Reason; but he uses the word in the old sense of mere mentality—the thinking as
distinguished from the sensuous element in man; and he was fierce against all resort to
reason as against faith. Petrarch was of course more of a rationalist. As to his philosophic
skepticism, see Owen, p. 120. He drew the line only at doubting those things “in which
doubt is sacrilege.” Nevertheless he grounded his belief in immortality not on the Christian
creed, but on the arguments of the pagans (Burckhardt, p. 546). ↑
309 Epist. sine titulo, cited by Renan, Averroès, p. 299. For the phrases put in Averroës’
mouth by Christians, see pp. 294–98. ↑
310 Inferno, iv, 144. ↑
311 Renan, Averroès, pp. 301–15. ↑
312 Id. pp. 333–37; Cantù, Gli Eretici d’ltalia, i, 176 and refs. ↑
313 Renan, pp. 326–27. ↑
314 Id. pp. 318–20. ↑
315 Justinger, cited in The Pope and the Council, Eng. tr. p. 298. ↑
316 Hardwick, p. 357, note. ↑
317 Cp. Bonnechose, Reformers before the the Reformation, Eng. tr. 1844, i, 40–43. ↑
318 “Janus” (i.e. Döllinger), The Pope and the Council, Eng. tr. 2nd ed. 1869, pp. 292–95.
This weighty work, sometimes mistakenly ascribed to Huber, who collaborated in it, was
recast by commission and posthumously published as Das Papstthum, by J. Friedrich,
München, 1892. ↑
319 Hallam, Middle Ages, 11th ed. ii, 218; Lea, Hist. of the Inquis., i, 5–34; Gieseler, § 90
(ii, 572); Freytag, Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit, 4te aufl. ii, 318–19. ↑
320 The Pope and the Council, p. 220. For proofs see same work, pp. 220–34. ↑
321 “La satire est la plus complète manifestation de la pensée libre au moyen âge. Dans ce
monde ou le dogmatisme impitoyable au sein de l’Église et de l’école frappe comme
hérétique tout dissident, l’esprit critique n’a pas trouvé de voie plus sûre, plus rapide et
plus populaire, que la parodie” (Lenient, La Satire en France au moyen âge, 1859, p. 14). ↑
322 Cp. Lenient, as cited, p. 21. ↑
323 See in Symonds’s Renaissance in Italy, vol. i (Age of the Despots), ed. 1897, pp. 361–
69, and Appendix IV, on “Religious Revivals in Medieval Italy.” Those revivals occurred
from time to time after Savonarola. ↑
324 Cp. Villari, Machiavelli, i, 138. ↑
325 Gieseler, Per. III. Div. iii, § 90; Lea, Hist. of Inquis., ii, 319–20. ↑
326 Kurtz, i, 435–36. ↑
327 Lea, i, 320–21. Cp. Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation, Eng. tr. ii, 15–22;
and Mosheim, 13 Cent. pt. ii, ch. v, § 11, and notes. The doctrine of the treatise De Novem
Rupibus is that of an educated thinker, and is in parts strongly antinomian, but always on
pantheistic grounds. ↑
328 Lea, i, 323–24. ↑
329 Cp. Reuter, Gesch. der religiösen Aufklärung, ii, 240–49. ↑
330 Mosheim, 13 Cent. pt. ii, ch. ii, §§ 40–43, and notes; ch. v, § 9. The names Beguin and
Beghard seem to have been derived from the old German verb beggan, to beg. In the
Netherlands, Beguine was a name for women; and Beghard for men. ↑
331 See the record in Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, bk. iii, chs. i-iii. ↑
332 Praised in the Roman de la Rose, Eng. vers. in Skeat’s Chaucer, i, 244; Bell’s ed. iv,
228. William was answered by the Dominican Thomas Aquinas. ↑
333 See Biog. Introd. to ed. of the Philobiblon by E. C. Thomas, 1888, pp. xliii–xlvii. ↑
334 C. 4, Querimonia librorum contra clericos jam promotos; C. 5, ... contra religiosos
possessionatos; C. 6, ... contra religiosos mendicantes. ↑
335 Ed. Thomas, as cited, pp. xlvi–vii. ↑
336 Cp. Mosheim, 13 C. pt. ii, ch. ii, §§ 18–40; Hallam, Middle Ages, ch. vii, pt. 2;
Gebhart, Origines de la Renais., p. 42; Berington, Lit. Hist. of the Middle Ages, p. 244;
Lea, Hist. of Inq., bk. iii, ch. i. The special work of the Dominicans was the establishment
everywhere of the Inquisition. Mosheim, as last cited, ch. v, §§ 3–6, and notes; Lea, ii,
200–201; Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 155–56; Llorente, Hist. Crit. de l’Inquis. en
Espagne, as cited, i, 49–55, 68, etc. ↑
337 As to the development of the Beguines from an original basis of charitable co-
operation see Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation, ii, 13; Lea, ii, 351. ↑
338 Lea, iii, 10. ↑
339 See the thirteenth-century memoirs of Fra Salimbene, Eng. tr. in T. K. L. Oliphant’s
The Duke and the Scholar, 1875, pp. 98, 103–104, 108–10, 116, 130. ↑
340 The Introduction to the book, probably written by the Franciscan Gerhard, made St.
Francis the angel of Rev. xiv, 6 ; and the ministers of the new order were to be his friars.
Mosheim, 13 Cent. pt. ii, ch. ii, §§ 33–36, and notes. Cp. Lea, as cited; and Hahn, Gesch.
der Ketzer im Mittelalter, 1845–50, iii, 72–175—a very full account of Joachim’s
teaching. ↑
341 Lea, iii, 20–25. ↑
342 Le Clerc, Hist. Litt. de la France, xx, 230; Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 155. ↑
343 Averroès, pp. 259–60. ↑
344 Cp. Mosheim, 14 Cent. pt. ii, ch. iii, § 5; and Burnet’s Letters, ed. Rotterdam, 1686, p.
31. ↑
345 Cp. Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 75–76. ↑
346 Lea, iii, 104. ↑
347 Hardwick, p. 316; Lea, iii, 109; Mosheim, 12 Cent. pt. ii, ch. v, §§ 14–16. A sect of
Apostolici had existed in Asia Minor in the fourth century. Kurtz, i, 242. Cp. Lea, i, 109,
note. Those of the twelfth century were vehemently opposed by St. Bernard. ↑
348 Lea, iii, 109–19. ↑
349 Lea, p. 121; Kurtz, i, 437; Hardwick, p. 315, note; Mosheim, 13 Cent. pt. ii, ch. v, §
14, and note. See Dante, Inferno, xxviii, 55–60, as to Dolcino. ↑
350 Lea, p. 125. ↑
351 As to the external movements connected with Joachim’s Gospel see Mosheim, 13
Cent. pt. ii, ch. v, §§ 13–15. They were put down by sheer bloodshed. Cp. Ueberweg, i,
431; Lea, pp. 25–26, 86. ↑
352 Hist. de France, vol. x; La Réforme, ed. 1884, p. 333. ↑
353 See the author’s notes to his ed. of Buckle (Routledge), 1904, pp. 539, 547. ↑
354 U. R. Burke, History of Spain, Hume’s ed. i, 109–10. ↑
355 McCrie, Reformation in Spain, ed. 1856, p. 41; Burke, as cited, ii, 55–56. ↑
356 Lea, Hist. of the Inquisition, i, 81. ↑
357 Burke, i, 218. ↑
358 Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, ii, 54–55. ↑
359 Id. ii, 58. ↑
360 Lea, iii, 560. ↑
361 Personally he discouraged heresy-hunting. Burke, ii, 66. ↑
362 Burke, i, 268–73; Dunham, Hist. of Spain and Portugal, 1832, iv, 260. ↑
363 Lea, iii, 24. ↑
364 Burke, ii, 65. ↑
365 Lea, ii, 183. ↑
366 Id. i, 221. ↑
367 Burke, ii, 66–67. ↑
368 Lea, iii, 85–86. ↑
369 Id. pp. 52–53; McCrie, Reformation in Spain, p. 20. ↑
370 Bonet-Maury, Les Précurseurs de la Réforme, 1904, pp. 114–19. ↑
371 Lea, iii, 86. ↑
372 Burke, ii, 57. ↑
373 Id. ii, 62–63. ↑
374 Lea, iii, 564. ↑
375 Id. ii, 187–88. ↑
376 Lea, ii, 287; Burke, ii, 67–69. ↑
377 Burke, ii, 77, citing Lafuente, ix, 233. ↑
378 Id. citing Bergenroth, Calendar, etc. i, 37. ↑
379 Even as late as 1591, in Aragon, when in a riot against the Inquisition the Inquisitors
barely escaped with their lives. Burke, ii, 80, note. ↑
380 Id. pp. 81–82. ↑
381 There had previously been sharp social persecution by the Cortès, in 1480, on “anti-
Semitic” grounds, the Jews being then debarred from all the professions, and even from
commerce. They were thus driven to usury by Christians, who latterly denounce the race
for usuriousness. Cp. Michelet, Hist. de France, x, ed. 1884, p. 15, note. ↑
382 The number has been put as high as 800,000. Cp. F. D. Mocatta, The Jews and the
Inquisition, 1877, p. 54; E. La Rigaudière, Hist. des Perséc. Relig. en Espagne, 1860, pp.
112–14; Prescott, Hist. of Ferdinand and Isabella, Kirk’s ed. 1889, p. 323; and refs. in ed.
of Buckle cited, p. 541. ↑
383 Llorente, Hist. Crit. de l’Inquis. en Espagne, ed. 1818, i, 280. As to Llorente’s other
estimates, which are of doubtful value, cp. Prescott’s note, ed. cited, p. 746. But as to
Llorente’s general credit, see the vindication of U. R. Burke, ii, 85–87. ↑
384 Llorente, i, 281. ↑
385 McCrie, Reformation in Spain, ch. viii. ↑
386 Cp. La Rigaudière, pp. 309–14; Buckle, as cited, pp. 514, 570; U. R. Burke, i, 59,
85. ↑
387 Cp. Émile Charles, Roger Bacon, Paris, 1861, p. 23. ↑
388 Cp. Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, Ptie. ii, 1880, vol. ii, p. 79. ↑
389 This sum of libri has been taken by English writers to stand for English “pounds.” It
may however have represented Parisian livres. ↑
390 Prof. Brewer, Introd. to Opera Inedita of Roger Bacon, 1859, pp. xiv–xxiii. ↑
391 Id. p. xlvi. ↑
392 Id. p. xxx, sq. ↑
393 Id. pp. liv-lv. ↑
394 Compendium Philosophiæ, cap. i, in Op. Ined., pp. 398–401. ↑
395 Id. p. 401. Cp. p. 412 as to the multitude of theologians at Paris banished for
sodomy. ↑
396 Id. p. 422. ↑
397 Id. cc. ii–v, pp. 404–32. ↑
398 Brewer, p. xciii, note, cites this in an extract from the Chronicle of Antoninus,
Archbishop of Florence, a late writer of the fifteenth century, who “gives no authority for
his statement.” Dr. Bridges, however, was enabled by M. Sabatier to trace the passage back
to the MS. Chronica xxiv Generalium Ordinis Minorum, which belongs to the first half of
the fourteenth century; and the passage, as M. Sabatier remarks, has all the appearance of
being an extract from the official journal of this Order. (Bridges, The “Opus Majus” of
Roger Bacon, Suppl. vol. 1900, p. 158.) ↑
399 “Il etait né rebelle.” “Le mépris systématique de l’autorité, voilà vraiment ce qu’il
professe.” (Hauréau, Ptie. II, ii, 76, 85.) ↑
400 See the sympathetic accounts of Baden Powell, Hist. of Nat. Philos. 1834, pp. 100–12;
White, Warfare of Science with Theology, i, 379–91. ↑
401 Erdmann, History of Philosophy, Eng. tr. 3rd ed. i, 476. ↑
402 Humboldt, Examen Crit. de l’hist. de la Géographie, 1836–39, i, 64–70, gives the
passages in the Opus Majus and the Imago Mundi, and paraphrase of the latter in
Columbus’s letter to Ferdinand and Isabella from Jamaica (given also in P. L. Ford’s
Writings of Christopher Columbus, 1892, p. 199 sq.). Cp. Ellis’s note to Francis Bacon’s
Temporis Partus Masculus, in Ellis and Spedding’s ed. of Bacon’s Works, iii, 534. It should
be remembered in this connection that Columbus found believers, in the early stage of his
undertaking, only in two friars, one a Franciscan and one a Dominican. See Ford’s ed. of
the Writings, p. 107. ↑
403 Cp. Hauréau, Ptie. II, ii, 95. ↑
404 Opus Majus, Pars ii, cap. 5. ↑
405 Renan, Averroès, p. 263. Bacon mentions Averroës in the Opus Majus, P. i, cc. 6, 15;
P. ii, c. 13; ed. Bridges, iii (1900), 14, 33, 67. In the passage last cited he calls him “homo
solidae sapientiae, corrigens multa priorum et addens multa, quamvis corrigendus sit in
aliquibus, et in multis complendus.” ↑
406 See the careful notice by Prof. Adamson in Dict. of Nat. Biog. Cp. Milman, Latin
Christianity, ix, 152–60; Lewes, Hist. of Philos. ii, 77–87. ↑
407 Two Englishmen, the Carmelite John of Baconthorpe (d. 1346) and Walter Burleigh,
were among the orthodox Averroïsts; the latter figuring as a Realist against William of
Occam. ↑
408 Legend of Good Women, ll. 1039–43; Parliament of Fowls, ll. 199–200. ↑
409 Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, 438 (440). ↑
410 Id. 653–61 (655–63). Cp. Tale of the Wife of Bath; 1–25. ↑
411 Legend of Good Women, prol. ll. 1–9; Knight’s Tale, ll. 1951–56 (2809–14 of MS.
group A). ↑
412 The notion connects with the spurious Ploughman’s Tale and Pilgrim’s Tale, as to
which see Lounsbury, as cited, i, 460–73; ii, 460–69. ↑
413 Vision of Piers Ploughman, ll. 5809 sq. Wright’s ed. i, 179–80. ↑
414 Chaucer’s Boece, B. I. Prose iv. ll. 223–26, in Skeat’s Student’s Chaucer. ↑
415 Mosheim, 14 Cent. Pt. ii, ch. ii, § 36, and note. Cp. Green, Short History of the
English People, ch. v, § 3, ed. 1881, p. 235. ↑
416 Cp. Green, Short Hist. ch. v, § 5; Massingberd, The English Reformation, p. 171. ↑
417 Cited by Lechler, Wycliffe and his English Precursors, Eng. tr. 1-vol. ed. p. 440. ↑
418 Cp. Prof. Montagu Burrows, Wiclif’s Place in History, 1884, p. 49. Maitland (Eight
Essays, 1852) suggested derivation from the movement of Abbot Joachim and others of
that period. ↑
419 Wilkins’ Concilia, ii, 124. ↑
420 Cp. Vaughan, as cited by Hardwick, Church History: Middle Age, p. 402. ↑
421 Hardwick, pp. 417, 418. The doctrine of purgatory was, however, soon renounced by
the Lollards (id. p. 420). ↑
422 See the passages cited in Lewis’s Life of Wiclif, ed. 1820, pp. 224–25. Cp. Burrows, as
cited, p. 19; Le Bas, Life of Wiclif, 1832, pp. 357–59. ↑
423 Lechler, Wycliffe and his Eng. Precursors, pp. 371–76; Hardwick, p. 412. ↑
424 Cp. Green, Short History, ch. v, § 4. ↑
425 Lechler, p. 236. It forms bk. vi of Wiclif’s theological Summa. ↑
426 Baxter, in his address “To the doubting and unbelieving readers” prefixed to his
Reasons of the Christian Religion, 1667, names Savonarola, Campanella, Ficinus, Vives,
Mornay, Grotius, Cameron, and Micraelius as defenders of the faith, but no writer of the
fourteenth century. ↑
427 Cp. Le Bas, pp. 342–43; and Hardwick, Church Hist.: Middle Age, p. 415. ↑
428 Lechler, p. 236. ↑
429 Blunt, Reformation of the Church of England, 1892, i, 284, and refs. ↑
430 It is noteworthy that French culture affected the very vocabulary of Dante, as it did
that of his teacher, Brunetto Latini. Cp. Littré, Etudes sur les barbares et le moyen âge, 3e
édit. pp. 399–400. The influence of French literature is further seen in Boccaccio, and in
Italian literature in general from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. Gebhart, pp. 209–
21. ↑
431 Saintsbury, Short Hist. of French Lit. 1882, p. 57. ↑
432 Passage not translated in the old Eng. version. ↑
433 Cp. Lenient, pp. 159–60. ↑
434 Lenient, p. 169. ↑
435 This declaration, as it happens, is put in the mouth of “False-Seeming,” but apparently
with no ironical intention. ↑
436 Lanson, Hist. de la litt. française, p. 132. ↑
437 Id. p. 135. ↑
438 Duruy, Hist. de France, ed. 1880, i, 440–41; Gebhart, Orig. de la Renais. pp. 2, 19,
24–29, 32–35, 41–50; Le Clerc and Renan, Hist. Litt. de la France au XIVe Siècle, i, 4; ii,
123; Littré, Études, as cited, pp. 424–29. ↑
439 Duruy, i, 409 sq., 449; Gebhart, pp. 35–41; Morin, Origines de la Démocratie: La
France au moyen âge, 3e édit. 1865, p. 304 sq. ↑
440 Cp. Michelet, Hist. de France, vii, Renaissance, Introd. § ii. Between the thirteenth
and the fifteenth centuries, he insists, “le jour baisse horriblement.” ↑
441 Ozanam, Dante, 6e édit. pp. 47, 78, 108–10. ↑
442 Littré, Études, as cited, pp. 411–13. ↑
443 Le Clerc, as cited, p. 259; Gebhart, pp. 48–49. ↑
444 Sir James F. Stephen, Horæ Sabbaticæ, 1892, i, 42. ↑
445 The Italians said of the French Pope Clement VI (1342–52) that he had small religion.
M. Villani, Cronica, iii, 43 (ed. 1554). ↑
446 Cp. Dr. T. Arnold, Lect. on Mod. Hist. 4th ed. pp. 111–18; Buckle, 3 vol. ed. i, 326–27
(1-vol. ed. p. 185); Stephen, as cited, i, 121. “It is hardly too much to say that Comines’s
whole mind was haunted at all times and at every point by a belief in an invisible and
immensely powerful and artful man whom he called God” (last cited). ↑
447 Buckle, i, 329 (1-vol. ed. p. 186). ↑
448 Buckle, ii, 133 (1-vol. ed. p. 361); Hallam, Middle Ages, iii, 395–96. Religious
ceremonies were attached to the initiation of knights in the 13th century. Seignobos, Hist.
de la Civilisation, ii, 15. ↑
449 Duruy, i, 368, 373–74. Cp. J. Jolly, Philippe le Bel, 1869, l. iii, ch. iv, p. 249. It is to
be remembered that Philippe had for years been sorely pressed for money to retrieve his
military disasters. See H. Hervieu, Recherches sur les premiers états généraux, 1879, pp.
89 sq., 99 sq. He used his ill-gotten gains to restore the currency, which he had debased. Id.
pp. 101–102. ↑
450 Hauréau, Hist. de la philos. scolastique, Ptie II, vol. ii, 359–60. ↑
451 Poole, Illustrations, p. 265. Cp. Villari, Life and Times of Machiavelli, ii, 64–67; Tullo
Massarani, Studii di politica e di storia, 2a ed. 1899, pp. 112–13; Neander, Ch. Hist. Eng.
tr. 1855, ix, 33. ↑
452 Poole, pp. 266–76. Cp. Hardwick, Church History, Middle Age, 1853, pp. 346–47. ↑
453 Ueberweg, i, 461–62. ↑
454 “His (Occam’s) philosophy is that of centuries later.” (Milman, Latin Christianity, ix,
148. Cp. pp. 150–51.) ↑
455 Cp. Hardwick, p. 377, and Rettberg, as there cited. ↑
456 Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 75–76; Mosheim, 14 C. pt. ii, ch. iii, § 5. As to his
religious bigotry, see Milman, p. 142, notes. ↑
457 Ueberweg, i, 460–64; cp. Poole, Illustrations, pp. 275–81. ↑
458 James Mill, Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind, ed. 1869, i, 250–51. ↑
459 Cp. Ueberweg, p. 464. Mr. Poole’s judgment (p. 280) that Occam “starts from the
point of view of a theologian” hardly does justice to his attitude towards theology. Occam
had indeed to profess acceptance of theology; but he could not well have made less account
of its claims. ↑
460 Ueberweg, pp. 465–66. ↑
461 Id. p. 466. ↑
462 Id. ib. ↑
463 Poole, p. 281. ↑
464 Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation, i, 37, citing John of Goch, De libertate
Christiana, lib. i, cc. 17, 18. Compare the Averroïst propositions of 1269–1277, given
above, pp. 319–20. ↑
465 Lange, Gesch. des Materialismus, i, 187–88 (Eng. tr. i, 225–26). ↑
466 Reuter, Gesch. der religiösen Aufklärung im Mittelalter, i, 164. ↑
467 Gervinus, Gesch. der deutschen Dichtung, 5te Ausg. i, 489–99. Even in the period
before the Minnesingers the clerical poetry had its anti-clerical side. Id. p. 194. Towards
the end of the 12th century Nigellus Wireker satirized the monks in his Brunellus, seu
speculum stultorum. Menzel, Gesch. der Deutschen, Cap. 252. See Menzel’s note, before
cited, for a remarkable outbreak of anti-clerical if not anti-Christian satire, in the form of
sculpture in an ancient carving in the Strasburg Cathedral. ↑
468 Reuter, Gesch. der relig. Aufklärung, ii, 62–63; Gervinus, i, 523; ii, 69; Kurtz, Gesch.
der deutschen Litteratur, 1853, i, 428, col. 2. ↑
469 Milman, Latin Chr., ix, 125. Albert was an Aristotelian—a circumstance which makes
sad havoc of Menzel’s proposition (Geschichte, Cap. 251) that the “German spirit” did not
take naturally to Aristotle. Menzel puts the fact and the theory on opposite pages. ↑
470 Milman, Latin Christianity, ix, 258. Cp. p. 261. ↑
471 For a full account of Eckhart’s teaching see Dr. A. Lasson’s monograph (§ 106) in
Ueberweg’s Hist. of Philos., i, 467–84; also Ullmann, Reformers before the Ref., ii, 23–31.
Cp. Lea, Hist. of Inquis., ii, 354–59, 362–69, as to the sects. As to Tauler, see Milman, ix,
255–56. He opposed the more advanced pantheism of the Beghards. Id. p. 262. ↑
472 In the 400 years following its publication there were published over 6,000 separate
editions. ↑
473 Bk. i, ch. ii, 1, 2. ↑
474 Bk. i, ch. iii. 1, 2. ↑
475 Id. § 5. ↑
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