1.

Write a pl/sql program which executes a

loop 3 times using exit statement
DECLARE
counter NUMBER := 0; -- Initialize the counter
BEGIN
LOOP
counter := counter + 1; -- Increment the counter
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Iteration: ' || counter); -- Output the current iteration

-- Exit the loop if the counter reaches 3

IF counter = 3 THEN
EXIT; -- Exit the loop
END IF;
END LOOP;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Loop exited after ' || counter || ' iterations.');

END;
/
 2.Write a pl/sql program which executes a
loop 3 times using exit when statement
DECLARE
v_counter NUMBER := 0; -- Initialize a counter variable
BEGIN
LOOP
v_counter := v_counter + 1; -- Increment the counter

-- Output the current value of the counter

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Iteration: ' || v_counter);

-- Exit the loop when the counter reaches 3

EXIT WHEN v_counter = 3;
END LOOP;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Loop has exited after ' || v_counter || ' iterations.');

END;
/
 3. Write a pl/sql program to print the series of number
starting from number n

DECLARE
n NUMBER := 5; -- Starting number (you can change this to any number)
limit NUMBER := 10; -- Number of terms to print
v_counter NUMBER; -- Counter variable
BEGIN
-- Loop to print numbers starting from n
FOR v_counter IN 0 .. limit - 1 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(n + v_counter);
END LOOP;
END;
/
 4. Write a pl/sql program to print the table of number

DECLARE
n NUMBER := 7; -- The number for which the multiplication table will be printed
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Multiplication Table for ' || n);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('--------------------------------');

-- Loop to print the multiplication table

FOR i IN 1 .. 10 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(n || ' x ' || i || ' = ' || (n * i));
END LOOP;
END;
/
 5.Write a pl/sql program to calculate the
simple interest
DECLARE
v_principal NUMBER := 1000; -- Principal amount
v_rate NUMBER := 5; -- Rate of interest (in percentage)
v_time NUMBER := 3; -- Time period (in years)
v_simple_interest NUMBER; -- Variable to store the calculated simple interest
BEGIN
-- Calculate simple interest
v_simple_interest := (v_principal * v_rate * v_time) / 100;

-- Output the result

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Principal Amount: ' || v_principal);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Rate of Interest: ' || v_rate || '%');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Time Period: ' || v_time || ' years');
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Simple Interest: ' || v_simple_interest);
END;
/
 6. Write a pl/sql program to print the series

DECLARE
n NUMBER := 5; -- Starting number
step NUMBER := 3; -- Step value for increment
count NUMBER := 10; -- Number of terms to print
v_value NUMBER; -- Variable to hold the current value in the series
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Series starting from ' || n || ' with step ' || step || ':');

-- Loop to print the series

FOR i IN 0 .. count - 1 LOOP
v_value := n + (i * step); -- Calculate the current value in the series
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_value); -- Print the current value
END LOOP;
END;
/
 7.Write a pl/sql program to handle
too_many_rows exceptions
DECLARE
v_employee_id NUMBER := 101; -- Example employee ID
v_employee_name VARCHAR2(100);
v_employee_salary NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- Attempt to select employee details
SELECT employee_name, salary
INTO v_employee_name, v_employee_salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = v_employee_id;

-- Output the employee details

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_employee_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Salary: ' || v_employee_salary);

EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with ID: ' || v_employee_id);
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: More than one employee found with ID: ' ||
v_employee_id);
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An unexpected error occurred: ' || SQLERRM);
END;
/
 8.Write a pl/sql program that shows the
functioning of pragma exception_init
DECLARE
-- Define a user-defined exception
unique_violation EXCEPTION;

-- Associate the user-defined exception with the ORA-00001 error

PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(unique_violation, -1); -- ORA-00001 is represented as -1

v_employee_id NUMBER := 101; -- Example employee ID

v_employee_name VARCHAR2(100) := 'John Doe'; -- Example employee name
BEGIN
-- Attempt to insert a new employee record
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, employee_name)
VALUES (v_employee_id, v_employee_name);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee inserted successfully.');

EXCEPTION
WHEN unique_violation THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Unique constraint violation. Employee ID ' ||
v_employee_id || ' already exists.');
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An unexpected error occurred: ' || SQLERRM);
END;
/
 9.Write a pl/sql program to demonstrate the
use of raise_application_error
DECLARE
v_employee_id NUMBER := 101; -- Example employee ID
v_employee_name VARCHAR2(100) := 'John Doe'; -- Example employee name
v_employee_salary NUMBER := 25000; -- Example employee salary
v_min_salary NUMBER := 30000; -- Minimum valid salary
v_max_salary NUMBER := 100000; -- Maximum valid salary

-- Custom procedure to check salary

PROCEDURE check_salary(p_salary NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
IF p_salary < v_min_salary OR p_salary > v_max_salary THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Salary must be between ' || v_min_salary ||
' and ' || v_max_salary || '.');
END IF;
END check_salary;

BEGIN
-- Check the employee's salary
check_salary(v_employee_salary);

-- If salary is valid, insert the employee record

INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, employee_name, salary)
VALUES (v_employee_id, v_employee_name, v_employee_salary);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee inserted successfully.');

EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred: ' || SQLERRM);
END;
/
 10. write a pl/sql program to show cursor
DECLARE
-- Define a cursor to select employee details
CURSOR employee_cursor IS
SELECT employee_id, employee_name, salary
FROM employees;

-- Variables to hold the values fetched from the cursor

v_employee_id employees.employee_id%TYPE;
v_employee_name employees.employee_name%TYPE;
v_salary employees.salary%TYPE;
BEGIN
-- Open the cursor
OPEN employee_cursor;

-- Fetch each row from the cursor

LOOP
FETCH employee_cursor INTO v_employee_id, v_employee_name, v_salary;

-- Exit the loop when no more rows are found

EXIT WHEN employee_cursor%NOTFOUND;

-- Output the employee details

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || v_employee_id ||
', Name: ' || v_employee_name ||
', Salary: ' || v_salary);
END LOOP;

-- Close the cursor

CLOSE employee_cursor;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred: ' || SQLERRM);
-- Ensure the cursor is closed in case of an error
IF employee_cursor%ISOPEN THEN
CLOSE employee_cursor;
END IF;
END;
/
 11. write a pl/sql program to show implicit
cursor
DECLARE
v_employee_id NUMBER := 1; -- Example employee ID
v_employee_name VARCHAR2(100);
v_salary NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- Perform a SELECT statement to retrieve employee details
SELECT employee_name, salary
INTO v_employee_name, v_salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = v_employee_id;

-- Output the employee details

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || v_employee_id);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_employee_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Salary: ' || v_salary);

EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with ID: ' || v_employee_id);
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An unexpected error occurred: ' || SQLERRM);
END;
/
 12. write a pl/sql program to show explicit
cursor
DECLARE
-- Define an explicit cursor to select employee details
CURSOR employee_cursor IS
SELECT employee_id, employee_name, salary
FROM employees;

-- Variables to hold the values fetched from the cursor

v_employee_id employees.employee_id%TYPE;
v_employee_name employees.employee_name%TYPE;
v_salary employees.salary%TYPE;
BEGIN
-- Open the cursor
OPEN employee_cursor;

-- Fetch each row from the cursor

LOOP
FETCH employee_cursor INTO v_employee_id, v_employee_name, v_salary;

-- Exit the loop when no more rows are found

EXIT WHEN employee_cursor%NOTFOUND;

-- Output the employee details

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || v_employee_id ||
', Name: ' || v_employee_name ||
', Salary: ' || v_salary);
END LOOP;

-- Close the cursor

CLOSE employee_cursor;
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred: ' || SQLERRM);
-- Ensure the cursor is closed in case of an error
IF employee_cursor%ISOPEN THEN
CLOSE employee_cursor;
END IF;
END;
/
 13. Write a pl/sql program to show trigger
CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
employee_name VARCHAR2(100),
salary NUMBER,
last_updated TIMESTAMP
);
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_update_last_updated
BEFORE UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
:NEW.last_updated := SYSTIMESTAMP; -- Set the last_updated column to the current
timestamp
END;
/
-- Insert a sample employee record
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, employee_name, salary, last_updated)
VALUES (1, 'Alice', 50000, SYSTIMESTAMP);

-- Update the employee's salary

UPDATE employees
SET salary = 55000
WHERE employee_id = 1;

-- Select the employee record to see the last_updated timestamp

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 1;