Feature Geocoding Reverse Geocoding

Input Address or place name Latitude and longitude coordinates

Output Geographic coordinates (lat, long) Human-readable address
Purpose To get location coordinates from To get address from location
address coordinates
Use Case Entering a city name to find it on a Finding the address of a clicked
Example map map location

1. SensorManager is a system service in Android that allows an app to access the

device's sensors, such as accelerometer, gyroscope, or light sensor. It is used to
manage and control sensor-related functions like registering or unregistering sensor
listeners and getting the list of available sensors.

SensorEventListener is an interface in Android that must be implemented to receive

updates from sensors. It contains callback methods such as onSensorChanged() and
onAccuracyChanged() which are triggered when sensor data changes or when sensor
accuracy updates.

2. Use of Intent in Android:

An Intent in Android is used to start a new activity, send data between activities, or
request an action from another app or component, such as opening the camera, browser,
or dialer. It acts as a messaging object for communication between components.

Intent intent = new Intent(CurrentActivity.this, TargetActivity.class);

startActivity(intent);

3. RadioGroup in Android – Explanation with Example

Definition:
A RadioGroup in Android is a container that holds multiple RadioButton elements. It
ensures that only one RadioButton can be selected at a time, making it useful for multiple-
choice options like gender, age group, or preferences.
Key Features:
• Ensures single selection among RadioButtons.
• Automatically handles the deselection of the previously selected option.
• You can use getCheckedRadioButtonId() to find the selected option.
RadioGroup radioGroup = findViewById(R.id.radioGroup); (MainActivity.java)
int selectedId = radioGroup.getCheckedRadioButtonId();

RadioButton selectedRadioButton = findViewById(selectedId);

String choice = selectedRadioButton.getText().toString();
Toast.makeText(this, "Selected: " + choice, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="24dp"
android:gravity="center">

<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Select Gender:"
android:textSize="18sp"
android:layout_marginBottom="16dp" />

<RadioGroup
android:id="@+id/radioGroup"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">

<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/radioMale"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Male" />

<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/radioFemale"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Female" />
</RadioGroup>

<Button
android:id="@+id/btnSubmit"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Submit"
android:layout_marginTop="24dp" />

</LinearLayout>

4. Audio Capture in Android – Detailed Explanation

Definition:
Audio capture refers to the process of recording sound using the device’s microphone. In
Android, this is done programmatically using classes like MediaRecorder or AudioRecord,
which allow developers to capture audio input and store it as a file (e.g., .mp3, .3gp, .wav) or
process it in real time.
Purpose of Audio Capture:
• To record voice notes or memos.
• For use in chat apps, podcasts, or music recording apps.
• To enable features like voice search, voice commands, or speech recognition.
Common Classes Used:
➢ MediaRecorder – Used for high-level audio recording. Saves audio directly to a file.
 ➢ AudioRecord – Offers more control and is used for low-level audio processing (e.g.,
real-time audio analysis or streaming).
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />

5. Location Based Service Methods

A. getLastLocation()
Gets the last known location from GPS or network.
fusedLocationClient.getLastLocation().addOnSuccessListener(location -> {
double lat = location.getLatitude();
double lon = location.getLongitude();
});

B. requestLocationUpdates()
Continuously gets updated location at intervals.
fusedLocationClient.requestLocationUpdates(locationRequest, locationCallback,
Looper.getMainLooper());

C. getLatitude() / getLongitude()
Extracts latitude and longitude from a Location object.
double lat = location.getLatitude();
double lon = location.getLongitude();

D. Geocoder.getFromLocation()
Converts latitude and longitude to a readable address.
Geocoder geo = new Geocoder(this);
List<Address> list = geo.getFromLocation(lat, lon, 1);
String address = list.get(0).getAddressLine(0)

6. Significance of Broadband Receiver

A broadband receiver is a device or system that can receive and process a wide
range of frequencies over a broad spectrum.
• Wide Frequency Coverage:
It can receive signals over a large frequency range, making it suitable for monitoring
multiple communication channels (e.g., radio, satellite, cellular).
• Faster Data Reception:
Supports high data rate applications like video streaming, online gaming, and large
file transfers due to its ability to handle broad bandwidth.
• Multiservice Support:
Can simultaneously receive different types of services like voice, video, and data over
the same connection.
• Flexibility in Communication Systems:
Used in systems that need to dynamically switch between multiple frequencies or
technologies (like LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi, etc.).
 • Military and Surveillance Use:
Essential for intelligence gathering, where monitoring a wide spectrum of potential
enemy communication is needed.

7. DVM vs JVM
Feature Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Architecture Register-based architecture Stack-based architecture
Bytecode Dalvik Executable (DEX) files Standard Java bytecode files
Format
Optimization Optimized for low memory usage Optimized for general-purpose
on mobile devices computing (desktops, servers)
Multi-core Limited multi-core support Better support for multi-core
Support processors

8. Describe Permission required for Android Application Development

In Android application development, there are various permissions that an
app may request from the user to access specific features or resources on the device.
a) Normal Permissions
Normal permissions are those that pose little risk to the user’s privacy or security.
These permissions are automatically granted by the system when the app is installed, and
the user does not have to explicitly approve them.
Examples of normal permissions:
• ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE: Allows the app to check the status of network
connections.
• INTERNET: Allows the app to open network sockets.
• VIBRATE: Allows the app to control the vibrator hardware.
b) Dangerous Permissions
Dangerous permissions are those that potentially affect the user’s privacy or the
functioning of other apps. For example, permissions that grant access to sensitive data like
location, contacts, and camera.
These permissions require explicit user approval during the app’s runtime (for
Android 6.0/API level 23 and above).
Examples of dangerous permissions:
• CAMERA: Allows the app to access the camera hardware to capture photos or videos.
• READ_CONTACTS: Allows the app to read the user's contacts data.
• READ_SMS: Allows the app to read SMS messages.
c) Signature Permissions
Signature permissions are granted to apps that are signed with the same certificate
as the app that declared the permission. These permissions allow secure access between
apps that share the same developer certificate.
Examples of signature permissions:
• com.example.permission.SIGNATURE_PERMISSION: A custom permission that
can only be granted to apps signed with the same certificate.
d) Special Permissions
Special permissions are permissions that are related to specific features or
hardware in Android devices. These permissions are usually less common but may be
required in specific use cases.
Examples of special permissions:
• SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW: Allows the app to display system-level alerts (e.g.,
overlay screens).
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE: Required for starting foreground services (services that
run while the app is in the background).

9. Steps for installation and configuration of Android Studio

A. Download Android Studio:

• Go to Android Studio website and download the installer for Windows.

B. Run the Installer:

• After downloading, run the .exe file to begin the installation.

• Select the installation location and ensure both Android Studio and Android
Virtual Device options are selected.

C. Install SDK Components:

• During installation, Android Studio will automatically download and install

necessary SDK components like the Android SDK and Emulator.

D. Launch Android Studio:

• After installation, open Android Studio and select Do not import settings.

E. Complete Initial Setup:

• Choose the Standard setup and agree to terms and conditions.

• Android Studio will download additional required files.

F. Install Emulator (AVD):

 • Open AVD Manager (Tools > AVD Manager) and create a virtual device for
testing your app.

In Android, a Service is a component used to perform background tasks without a

user interface. There are two main types of services: Unbounded Service and Bounded
Service.
onCreate()
• Called once when the service is first created.
• Used to initialize resources (e.g., setting up database, variables).
onStart() (for Unbounded Service)
• Called each time startService() is called.
• Used to start the actual work of the service (e.g., playing music).
onBind() (for Bounded Service)
• Called when a client binds to the service using bindService().
• Returns an interface for client-service communication.
 onUnbind()
• Called when all clients disconnect from the service.
• Can be used to clean up or release resources related to client interaction.
onRebind()
• Called when a previously unbound client rebinds to the service.
• Useful if the service needs to handle reconnected clients differently.
onDestroy()
• Called when the service is no longer needed and is being shut down.
• Used to release resources and clean up tasks.

10. Explain how frame and linear layout used to design an android application with
suitable example
FrameLayout
FrameLayout is a simple layout in Android used to display a single view or to stack multiple
views on top of each other. It places all child views at the top-left corner by default.
FrameLayout is useful for creating overlapping views, such as displaying a TextView on top
of an ImageView. It is also commonly used as a container for fragments. Some key attributes
of FrameLayout include:
1. android:layout_width – sets the width of the layout,
2. android:layout_height – sets the height of the layout,
3. android:foreground – sets a drawable that appears on top of the content,
4. android:layout_gravity – controls the alignment of child views inside the frame.
<FrameLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<ImageView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:src="@drawable/background" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Welcome"
android:textSize="24sp"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
</FrameLayout>
LinearLayout
LinearLayout is a layout in Android that arranges its child elements either vertically or
horizontally in a single direction. It is simple and ideal for creating clean, structured layouts
like forms or button groups. The orientation is controlled using the android:orientation
attribute. Some key attributes of LinearLayout include:
1. android:orientation – sets the layout direction (vertical or horizontal),
2. android:layout_weight – distributes space among child views,
3. android:gravity – aligns child elements within the layout,
4. android:layout_gravity – aligns the view within its parent layout.
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="16dp">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Username" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter username" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Login" />
</LinearLayout>
 11. Four Student Data Insertion Program
activity_main.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:padding="16dp">

<TableLayout
android:id="@+id/studentTable"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:stretchColumns="*"
android:background="#E0E0E0">

<!-- Table Header Row -->

<TableRow>
<TextView android:text="ID" android:padding="8dp" android:textStyle="bold"/>
<TextView android:text="Name" android:padding="8dp" android:textStyle="bold"/>
<TextView android:text="Course" android:padding="8dp" android:textStyle="bold"/>
<TextView android:text="Marks" android:padding="8dp" android:textStyle="bold"/>
</TableRow>
</TableLayout>
</LinearLayout>

MainActivity.java
package com.example.studenttable;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.*;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

String[][] students = {
{"1", "Rahul", "Android", "85"},
{"2", "Sneha", "Java", "90"},
{"3", "Amit", "Python", "88"},
{"4", "Priya", "Web Dev", "92"}
};

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

TableLayout table = findViewById(R.id.studentTable);

for (String[] s : students) {

TableRow row = new TableRow(this);
for (String data : s) {
TextView cell = new TextView(this);
cell.setText(data);
cell.setPadding(8, 8, 8, 8);
row.addView(cell);
}
table.addView(row);
}
}
}
12. Explain importance of developer console.

The Developer Console (now known as Google Play Console) is a crucial tool for
Android app developers. It is a web-based platform provided by Google that allows
developers to publish, manage, monitor, and monetize their Android applications on the
Google Play Store.

• App Publishing and Updates:

It allows developers to upload APK or AAB files, set release tracks (internal, beta,
production), and roll out updates to users efficiently.
• Performance Monitoring:
Developers can track app performance metrics like crash reports, ANRs
(Application Not Responding), device compatibility, and app size warnings,
helping improve stability.
• User Analytics:
The console provides insights into user behavior, installs, uninstalls, retention rates,
and demographics to help developers understand their audience better.
• Monetization Tools:
It supports managing in-app purchases, subscriptions, and ad integration for
generating revenue from apps.
• Store Listing Management:
Developers can edit app details like title, description, screenshots, icons, and
localized content to attract more users.
• Testing and Pre-Release Reports:
The console supports closed testing, open testing, and provides pre-launch reports
that identify potential issues on various devices.
• Policy and Compliance Tools:
It helps developers ensure their apps follow Google’s policies and shows alerts or
violations to prevent app removal or suspension.

13. Explain Android Architecture

Android architecture is the structure or layers that make up the Android Operating
System. It is divided into four main layers, and each layer has specific functions that help
the system and apps work properly.
1.Linux Kernel (Bottom Layer)

• This is the core layer of Android.

• It handles hardware interaction.
• It includes important drivers such as:

➢ Display Driver
➢ Camera Driver
➢ WiFi Driver
➢ Audio Driver
➢ Power Manager
➢ Keypad Driver
➢ Flash Memory Driver
➢ IPC (Inter-Process Communication) Driver

• It provides basic system services like security, memory management, process

management, and network stack.

2. Libraries and Android Runtime

• This layer provides core functionalities to Android apps.

A) Libraries

• Written in C/C++, used by various components.

• Includes:
o Surface Manager – For display and rendering.
o Media Framework – For audio and video playback.
o SQLite – For local database.
o Webkit – For web browsing.
o SSL, libc, FreeType – For graphics, font rendering, and secure connection.
o OpenGL, SGL – For 2D and 3D graphics.

B) Android Runtime

• Core Libraries – Provide Java-based libraries used by developers.

• DVM (Dalvik Virtual Machine) – Executes Android applications (now
replaced by ART in newer versions).
14. Activity Life Cycle