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Operating System BCA Sem4 Detailed Notes

The document provides detailed notes on Operating Systems, covering fundamentals, core functions, types, process management, memory management, I/O and file management, and advanced OS concepts. Key topics include process scheduling, memory techniques, deadlock concepts, disk scheduling, and the structure of distributed and real-time operating systems. It also includes a case study on Linux OS, highlighting its kernel, shell, and file system features.

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11 views4 pages

Operating System BCA Sem4 Detailed Notes

The document provides detailed notes on Operating Systems, covering fundamentals, core functions, types, process management, memory management, I/O and file management, and advanced OS concepts. Key topics include process scheduling, memory techniques, deadlock concepts, disk scheduling, and the structure of distributed and real-time operating systems. It also includes a case study on Linux OS, highlighting its kernel, shell, and file system features.

Uploaded by

faizanhameed690
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Operating System - BCA 4th Semester Notes (Detailed)

Unit-I: Fundamentals of Operating Systems


Operating System (OS) is the most essential software that acts as a bridge between the user and the
computer hardware. It controls all hardware resources and provides essential services for computer
programs. The primary objective of an OS is to make the computer system convenient and efficient to
use.

Core Functions of OS:

- Process Management: Manages process creation, scheduling, and termination.

- Memory Management: Keeps track of each byte in a computer’s memory and manages
allocation/deallocation.

- File System Management: Handles the reading/writing of files, access control, and directory
structure.

- Device Management: Communicates with device controllers using drivers.

- Security and Protection: Ensures secure access to resources through authentication and
authorization.

- User Interface: Provides interaction via CLI (e.g., shell) or GUI (e.g., Windows).

Types of OS:

- Batch OS: Executes batch jobs without user interaction.

- Time-Sharing OS: Allows multiple users to share system resources simultaneously.

- Real-Time OS (RTOS): Provides real-time responses for embedded systems.

- Distributed OS: Manages multiple systems as a single cohesive unit.

- Mobile OS: Specialized for mobile environments (e.g., Android, iOS).

Process Management:

- A process is a program in execution.

- Process Control Block (PCB): Stores process state, process ID, program counter, registers, memory
limits, etc.

- States: New, Ready, Running, Waiting, Terminated.

- Threads: Lightweight subprocesses that share memory space. Types include user-level and
kernel-level threads.

- Context Switching: Switching CPU from one process/thread to another.

Synchronization & CPU Scheduling:

- Synchronization: Ensures correct sequence in multi-process scenarios using semaphores, monitors,


etc.

- Scheduling Algorithms:

- FCFS: Simple, non-preemptive.

- SJF: Minimizes average waiting time.

- Round Robin: Time-sliced for fairness.

- Priority & Multilevel Queue: Based on importance and process type.

Unit-II: Memory Management


Memory Management is critical in a multiprogramming system to allocate memory to various
processes efficiently.

Address Binding:

- Logical vs Physical Address: Logical is used by programs; physical is the actual location in RAM.

- Binding occurs at compile-time, load-time, or execution-time.

Memory Techniques:

- Paging: Divides memory into fixed-size frames and processes into pages.

- Segmentation: Divides memory into segments like code, data, and stack.

- Virtual Memory: Uses disk space as additional RAM. Demand paging loads pages only when
needed.

Page Replacement Algorithms:

- FIFO: Removes the oldest page.

- LRU: Replaces least recently used page.

- Optimal: Replaces page not needed for longest time (theoretical).


Deadlock Concepts:

- Occurs when processes wait for resources held by each other indefinitely.

- Conditions: Mutual Exclusion, Hold and Wait, No Preemption, Circular Wait.

- Prevention: Eliminate any of the four conditions.

- Avoidance: Banker's algorithm ensures system stays in a safe state.

- Detection & Recovery: Resource Allocation Graph, preemptive resource release, or rollback.

Unit-III: I/O and File Management


I/O Management:

- I/O devices communicate via device controllers.

- I/O handled by device drivers interfaced through system calls.

Disk Scheduling:

- FCFS: Processes requests in order.

- SSTF: Chooses request closest to current head position.

- SCAN: Moves head in one direction, then reverses.

File System:

- File Operations: Open, Read, Write, Close, Delete.

- Access Methods: Sequential and Direct.

- Directory Structures: Single-Level, Two-Level, Tree-Structured, Acyclic Graph.

- Protection: Access rights (read, write, execute) maintained for users.

Remote File Access:

- Files can be accessed over a network using protocols (e.g., NFS).

Unit-IV: Advanced Operating Systems


Distributed OS:

- Integrates multiple computers to appear as one.


- Manages resources, ensures fault tolerance, and process synchronization.

Multiprocessor OS:

- Multiple CPUs share a common OS.

- Types: Symmetric (equal roles), Asymmetric (master-slave).

- Issues: Synchronization, communication, and load balancing.

Real-Time Operating Systems:

- Hard RTOS: Fails if deadlines are missed (e.g., medical systems).

- Soft RTOS: Allows occasional deadline misses (e.g., video streaming).

- Scheduling: Prioritizes tasks based on urgency using EDF, RMS.

Linux OS Case Study:

- Kernel: Core manager of system operations.

- Shell: User command interface (e.g., Bash).

- File System: Hierarchical, supports permission-based security.

- Open-source: Community-driven enhancements and high customization.

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