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LEC-1-Introduction

The document provides an overview of remote sensing, focusing on radar and photogrammetry technologies. It explains the principles, types, advantages, and disadvantages of radar systems and Lidar, as well as the differences between digital photogrammetry and traditional methods. Additionally, it discusses the applications of these technologies in various fields, highlighting their capabilities and limitations.

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falahala91
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7 views

LEC-1-Introduction

The document provides an overview of remote sensing, focusing on radar and photogrammetry technologies. It explains the principles, types, advantages, and disadvantages of radar systems and Lidar, as well as the differences between digital photogrammetry and traditional methods. Additionally, it discusses the applications of these technologies in various fields, highlighting their capabilities and limitations.

Uploaded by

falahala91
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction:

Remote Sensing:
• What is meant by remote sensing?
• Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects
or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites.
Radar system:
• Radar techniques:
1- What is Radar?
It is an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging.
- Refers to a portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum with
wavelengths (1mm- 1m)
- The term Microwave is sometimes used interchangeably
with the term Radar (misnomer, these wavelengths are about 2.5
million times the short visible light wavelengths).
Radar sensors.

• Radar sensors.
a) Passive sensors.
Passive systems record the microwave region wavelengths
emitted from the earth’s surface (e.g microwave radiometers
they record thermal emissions from the ground and
atmosphere.
b) Active systems record the reflected signals of microwave they
transmit.
Radar sensors:

• Radar sensors:
Real Aperture Radar (RAR):
A radar whose signal beam width is controlled by the physical
length of the antenna
Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR):
An airborne radar system that uses an antenna fixed below
the aircraft and pointed to the side
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR):
A radar whose antenna length is synthesized using
sophisticated processing techniques.
Advantages of using Radar signals.

• Advantages of using Radar signals.


- They penetrate haze, light rain, clouds, and other atmospheric
particulates.
- Radar views can be obtained at any time of day (at night) and
under most any conditions.
- Radar images are different from those taken in other wavelengths
so they reveal supplementary information about the terrain
surface.
- Radar images appear smoother than visible light images
(longer wavelengths).
Photogrammetry:
• What is photogrammetry in remote sensing?
• Photogrammetry. By definition photogrammetry refers to any
measurements taken using photographs as the prime non-contact
medium. This could be analog or digital format photography.
Types of photogrammetry:
• What are the types of photogrammetry?
• Two general types of photogrammetry exist: aerial (with the camera
in the air) and terrestrial (with the camera handheld or on a tripod).
Terrestrial photogrammetry dealing with object distances up to ca.
200 m is also termed close-range photogrammetry.
Digital photogrammetry :
Digital photogrammetry is a well-established technique for
acquiring dense 3D geometric information for real-world
objects from stereoscopic image overlap and has been shown
to have extensive applications in a variety of fields.
What is the difference between digital photogrammetry and the
analogue/analytical types?
The main difference between digital photogrammetry and its
predecessors (analogue and analytical) is that it deals with
digital imagery directly rather than (analogue) photographs.
What are the components of a digital photogrammetry work
station?
DPW consists of a graphics workstation with enhanced image
processing, memory and display capabilities including, in most
but not all cases, a facility for stereoscopic viewing. A powerful
processor (CPU) and a very large memory are required to
handle the large volumes of image data.
Difference between Lidar and photogrammetry:

• What is the difference between Lidar and photogrammetry?


• Lidar is an example of “active” data collection. You're taking a direct
measurement by physically hitting a feature with light and measuring
the reflection to gather distance data. Drone photogrammetry, on the
other hand, is an example of “passive” data collection.
The fundamental principle used by
photogrammetry is triangulation. By taking
photographs from at least two different
locations, so-called “lines of sight” can be
developed from each camera to points on the
object.
Workflow steps of the used digital photogrammetry
procedure are:
(a) Overlapping digital aerial photographs and ground
control points are imported into the software package;
(b) Features within the images are automatically
detected, matched, and used to calculate locations ...
Lidar system:
What is the basic concept of Lidar?
Lidar, which stands for Light Detection and
Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses
light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure
ranges (variable distances) to the Earth.
Multi-spectral lidar system:

• Multi-spectral lidar system:


• Adding additional laser wavelength channels to a lidar, creating a
multi-spectral lidar, enables active spectroscopy of permanently
shaded regions of the moon, i.e. craters near the lunar south pole,
trace gas measurement of planetary atmospheres, and spectroscopy
of surface composition.
Types of Lidar:
• Based on functionality (What are the types of lidar based on
functionality):
• Airborne.
• As the name suggests, Airborne LiDARs are mounted on top of a
helicopter or drone. ...
• Topographic LiDAR.
• Bathymetric LiDAR.
• Bathymetric LiDARs are used in measuring the depth of water
bodies. ...
• Terrestrial LiDAR.
Lidar classification:
• What is lidar classification?
• Every lidar point can have a classification assigned to it that defines
the type of object that has reflected the laser pulse. Lidar points can
be classified into a number of categories including bare earth or
ground, top of canopy, and water.
Uses of Lidar:
• What is Lidar best used for?
• Lidar data supports activities such as inundation and storm surge
modeling, hydrodynamic modeling, shoreline mapping, emergency
response, hydrographic surveying, and coastal vulnerability analysis.
Principle of Lidar:
• What is the principle of Lidar?
• Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a technology similar to radar,
using laser instead of radio waves. LiDAR principle is pretty easy to
understand: it emits a laser pulse on a surface. catches the reflected
laser back to the LiDAR pulse source with sensors.
Lidar detection:
• How far can Lidar detect?
• A lidar's detection capability significantly decreases as the reflectivity
declines. Roughly converted, a Max Range of 250m at 10% reflectivity
represents the same detection capability of 500m at 40% or 750m at
90%. Therefore, reflectivity makes a huge difference and must be
specified along with range.
Advantages of Lidar:
• What are the advantages of Lidar?
• Data can be collected quickly with very high accuracy. Surface data
has a higher sample density. The high sample density improves results
for certain applications such as floodplain delineation.
Disadvantages of Lidar:

• Disadvantages of Lidar:
• Higher cost of equipment and maintenance.
• Vulnerable to interference from external light sources.
• Limited range compared to Radar in some scenarios.

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