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STATISTICAL MODELLING FOR MACHINE LEARNING Course Code : 313307

Programme Name/s : Artificial Intelligence/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Data Sciences
Programme Code : AI/ AN/ DS
Semester : Third
Course Title : STATISTICAL MODELLING FOR MACHINE LEARNING
Course Code : 313307

I. RATIONALE
Machine Learning refers to the automated identification of patterns in data. This course is included in
curriculum to establish foundation for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Statistic, Probability,
Interpolation and sampling methods are the core components of AI/ML. This course will enable students to
implement mathematical concepts using R-Programming which will enhance the knowledge and skills to use the
methodology for solving AI/ML based problems of various domains.

II. INDUSTRY / EMPLOYER EXPECTED OUTCOME

Apply Mathematics to solve real-world problems using AI/ML concept and principles to enhance decision-
making, design and innovation with precision and efficiency.

III. COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS)

Students will be able to achieve & demonstrate the following COs on completion of course based learning

CO1 - Solve the given problem based on Statistic Techniques using R-Programming.
CO2 - Implement Statistic methods using R-Programming.
CO3 - Use Principles of Probability to solve given Problem.
CO4 - Implement appropriate method based on the Interpolation.
CO5 - Apply Sampling Methods to solve given problem using R-Programming.

IV. TEACHING-LEARNING & ASSESSMENT SCHEME

Learning Scheme Assessment Scheme
Actual
Contact Based on LL & TL Based
Hrs./Week Theory on SL
Course Course Title Abbr Course Credits Paper
Code Category/s SLH NLH Practical Total
Duration Marks
CL TL LL FA- SA- Total FA-PR SA-PR SLA
TH TH
Max Max Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
STATISTICAL
MODELLING FOR
313307 SML DSC 3 1 4 2 10 5 3 30 70 100 40 25 10 50@ 20 25 10 200
MACHINE
LEARNING
Total IKS Hrs for Sem. : Hrs
Abbreviations: CL- ClassRoom Learning , TL- Tutorial Learning, LL-Laboratory Learning, SLH-Self Learning
Hours, NLH-Notional Learning Hours, FA - Formative Assessment, SA -Summative assessment, IKS - Indian
Knowledge System, SLA - Self Learning Assessment
Legends: @ Internal Assessment, # External Assessment, *# On Line Examination , @$ Internal Online
Examination
Note :

1. FA-TH represents average of two class tests of 30 marks each conducted during the semester.
2. If candidate is not securing minimum passing marks in FA-PR of any course then the candidate shall be
declared as "Detained" in that semester.
3. If candidate is not securing minimum passing marks in SLA of any course then the candidate shall be
declared as fail and will have to repeat and resubmit SLA work.
4. Notional Learning hours for the semester are (CL+LL+TL+SL)hrs.* 15 Weeks
5. 1 credit is equivalent to 30 Notional hrs.
6. * Self learning hours shall not be reflected in the Time Table.
7. * Self learning includes micro project / assignment / other activities.

V. THEORY LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ALIGNED COURSE CONTENT

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Theory Learning Outcomes Learning content mapped with Theory Suggested Learning
Sr.No
(TLO's)aligned to CO's. Learning Outcomes (TLO's) and CO's. Pedagogies.
Unit - I Statistical Techniques
1.1 Frequency Distribution: Definition,
Basic terms.
1.2 Classification of Data: Raw, Ungroup and
Group data.
TLO 1.1 Solve problems based on 1.3 Measures of Central Tendency: Mean,
Frequency Distribution. Median and Mode for all types of data.
TLO 1.2 Calculate Mean, Median and 1.4 Concept of Quartiles, Deciles and
Mode for all types of data. Percentiles for all types of data.
TLO 1.3 Find Mode and Median using 1.5 Geometric mean and Harmonic mean
Classroom Lecture
Graphical method. and Combined mean for given data.
1 Flipped Classroom
TLO 1.4 Find Karl Pearson's and 1.6 Graphical Representation to find Mode
Demonstration
Bowley’s Co-efficient of Skewness for (Histogram) and Median (Ogive curve ).
the given data. 1.7 Measures of Dispersion: Range, Mean
TLO 1.5 Calculate the Measures of Deviation, Standard Deviation, Variance.
Kurtosis based on moment for given 1.8 Skewness: Types of skewness, Test of
data. skewness, Co-efficient of skewness-Karl
Pearson’s and Bowley’s coefficient.
1.9 Types of skewness in terms of Mean and
Mode.
1.10 Measures of Kurtosis using central
moment.
Unit - II Statistical Methods
2.1 Fitting of Straight Line y = a+bx using
TLO 2.1 Fit straight line and second- method of least square.
degree polynomial using Least Square 2.2 Fitting of second degree polynomial
method. y=a+bx+cx2 using method of least square. Classroom Lecture
TLO 2.2 Calculate Coefficient of 2.3 Covariance of the data.
2 Flipped Classroom
correlation using Karl-Pearson’s and 2.4 Correlations, Types of Correlations.
Demonstration
Spearman’s Rank methods. 2.5 Scatter Or Dot-Diagram.
TLO 2.3 Obtain the equation to the 2.6 Karl-Pearson’s and Spearman’s Rank
Line of Regression for the given data. Coefficient of Correlation.
2.7 Regression Equation of line in two
variables.
TLO 3.1 Solve problems using
Unit - III Probability of Random Variable
addition and multiplication
3.1 Probability : Definition, Terminologies.
probability theorem. Classroom Lecture
3.2 Theorem of Probability: Addition,
3 TLO 3.2 Solve problems using Flipped Classroom
Multiplication.
Conditional Probability. Demonstration
3.3 Conditional probability.
TLO 3.3 Solve problems using Bayes'
3.4 Bayes' theorem.
theorem.
Unit - IV Interpolation
TLO 4.1 Solve problems using
4.1 Introduction.
Lagrange’s interpolation formula.
4.2 Lagrange’s Interpolation formula.
TLO 4.2 Construct forward and
4.3 Finite Differences: Forward difference,
backward difference table.
Backward difference, Shift operator,
TLO 4.3 Solve problems using Classroom Lecture
Inverse shift operator.
4 Forward, Backward, Shift, Inverse Flipped Classroom
4.4 Relation between forward, backward,
shift operators. Presentations
shift and inverse shift operator.
TLO 4.4 Solve problems on Forward
4.5 Newton’s Gregory forward and
and Backward Interpolation.
backward difference Interpolation
TLO 4.5 Solve problems on
Formula.
Extrapolation.
4.6 Concept of Extrapolation.

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Theory Learning Outcomes Learning content mapped with Theory Suggested Learning
Sr.No
(TLO's)aligned to CO's. Learning Outcomes (TLO's) and CO's. Pedagogies.
Unit - V Sampling Methods
5.1 Population, Sampling, Aim of Sampling,
Parameters and Statistic, Types of Sampling,
Standard Error.
5.2 Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis and
TLO 5.1 Solve the given problem
Alternating Hypothesis.
using Sampling distribution
5.3 Level of Significance, Test of
proportion.
Significance and Confidence Limits.
TLO 5.2 Test samples using t- Classroom Lecture
5.4 Test of Significance of Large Samples
5 Distribution. Presentations
(N>30).
TLO 5.3 Test samples using chi-Square Demonstration
5.5 Sample Distribution of the proportion.
Distribution.
5.6 Comparison of Large Samples.
TLO 5.4 Use Chi-Square test to test the
5.7 The t-Distribution (For Small Samples).
Independence.
5.8 Chi-Square Distribution, Condition for
Chi Square test.
5.9 Degree of freedom.
5.10 Chi-Square Test of Goodness of fit and
Chi-Square test as a test of Independence.

VI. LABORATORY LEARNING OUTCOME AND ALIGNED PRACTICAL / TUTORIAL EXPERIENCES.

Practical / Tutorial / Laboratory Sr Laboratory Experiment / Practical Titles / Number Relevant
Learning Outcome (LLO) No Tutorial Titles of hrs. COs
LLO 1.1 Download and Install R studio * Download R Studio.Install and configure R
1 2 CO1
and R Packages. studio and R Packages.
Write Program to-
a. Demonstrate the use of R-Numbers.
(numeric, integer, complex).
b. Convert number from one type to other
LLO 2.1 Implement basic using functions.
mathematical operations in R 2 c. Perform following operations. 2 CO1
programming. i. Addition and Subtraction on numbers.
ii. Find Square root using of number using
built-in function.

Write Program to-

a. Print any built-in data set of R.
b. Get information about the data set.
c. Find the dimensions of the data set and
view the names of the variables.
LLO 3.1 Perform given operation on Hint: Use dim( ) and names( ) function.
3 2 CO1
Datasets using R programming. d. Find the name of each row in the first
column.
Hint: Use the rownames( ) function.
e. Print all values that belong to a variable.
f. Sort the values of variable.
g. Get the statistical summary of the data.
Write a program to-
a. Find the lowest or highest value in a data
LLO 4.1 Find lowest and highest set.
values and index position of max and Hint: Use min( ) and max( ) functions.
4 2 CO1
min value from dataset using R b. Find the index position of the max and min
Program. value in the table.
Hint: use which.max( ) and which.min( )
functions.

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Practical / Tutorial / Laboratory Sr Laboratory Experiment / Practical Titles / Number Relevant
Learning Outcome (LLO) No Tutorial Titles of hrs. COs
* Write programs to calculate Measures of
Central tendency.
a. Import data into R.
b. Calculate the Mean (Average value) of a
LLO 5.1 Calculate Measures of Central variable from the given data set.
tendency including Quartiles using R c. Find the Median (Mid-Point value) of the
Program.. 5 variable from the given data set. 4 CO1
LLO 5.2 Calculate Deciles and d. Calculate the mode for the variable from
Percentiles using R Program. the given data set.( by sorting the column of
the dataframe and by using the ‘modest’
package).
e. Calculate the Percentile of the variable
from the given data set.
* Write programs to-
a. Print Original Data Frame, Modified
Frequency Table, Cumulative Frequency
LLO 6.1 Create Frequency Distribution Table, Relative Frequency Table.
6 2 CO1
table using R Programming. b. Create the Frequency Table by using
multiple arguments.
c. Plot the frequency table using ggplot
function.
* Write programs to calculate-Variance,
LLO 7.1 Calculate measures of
7 Standard Deviation, Range, Mean Deviation 2 CO1
Dispersion using R Program.
for the given data.
* Write Programs to graphically represent
LLO 8.1 Draw Histogram and Ogive
mode and median of the given data.
Curve to graphically represent Mode 8 2 CO1
a. Draw Histogram for the given data.
and Median for the given data.
b. Draw Ogive Curve for the given data.
LLO 9.1 Calculate Skewness for the * Write a Program to calculate Skewness for
9 2 CO1
given data using R Program. the given data.
LLO 10.1 Draw a scatterplot for the Write a Program to draw a scatterplot for two
10 2 CO1
given data using R Program. variables for the given dataset.
Write Program to perform the correlation
test to evaluate the association between two
LLO 11.1 Perform the correlation test or more variables.
to evaluate the association between a. Install and load required R packages.
11 2 CO2
two or more variables using R b. Compute correlation in R.
Program. c. Visualize your data using scatter plots.
d. Perform Preliminary test to check the test
assumptions.
* Write Program to perform the correlation
test to evaluate the association between two
LLO 12.1 Perform the correlation test or more variables.
to evaluate the association between a. Pearson correlation test.
12 4 CO2
two or more variables using R b. Interpretation of the result.
Program. c. Use Spearman rank correlation coefficient
to estimate a rank-based measure of
association.
LLO 13.1 Find the Line of Regression * Write a Program based on Line of
13 2 CO2
for two variables using R Program. Regression using two variables.
* Write Programs to-
a. Calculate the probability of getting heads
LLO 14.1 Implement Classical
14 when flipping a fair coin. 4 CO3
Probability using R Program.
b. Calculate the probability of drawing a
spade from a standard deck of 52 cards.
LLO 15.1 Implement Classical Write a program to calculate the probability
15 2 CO3
Probability using R Program. of rolling a 3 on a fair six-sided die.

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Practical / Tutorial / Laboratory Sr Laboratory Experiment / Practical Titles / Number Relevant
Learning Outcome (LLO) No Tutorial Titles of hrs. COs
LLO 16.1 Compute probability using R Write a program to compute probability
16 2 CO3
Program. using prob( ) function.
LLO 17.1 Calculate the conditional Write a program to calculate the conditional
17 2 CO3
probability using R Program. probability.
LLO 18.1 Calculate the probability of
* Write a program to use Bayes’ Theorem in
an event based on given information 18 4 CO3
R-Programming.
using R Program.
LLO 19.1 Find forward Interpolation * Write a Program to interpolate using
19 2 CO4
using R Program. newton forward interpolation.
LLO 20.1 Find backward Interpolation * Write a Program to interpolate using
20 2 CO4
using R Program. newton backward interpolation.
LLO 21.1 Find Extrapolation using R * Write a program for the implementation of
21 2 CO4
Program. extrapolation.
LLO 22.1 Generate Samples for the Write a program to generate Samples using
22 2 CO5
given dataset using R Program. the Sampling Functions.
Write programs to perform following types of
sampling-
LLO 23.1 Perform the given type of a. Simple Random Sampling.
23 2 CO5
sampling using R program. b. Stratified Sampling.
c. Systematic Sampling.
d. Biased Sampling.
LLO 24.1 Generate Sampling
* Write a program to generate a Sampling
Distribution proportion using R 24 2 CO5
Distribution proportion.
program.
LLO 25.1 Perform Hypothesis Testing * Write a program based on t-Distribution
25 2 CO5
by t-Distribution using R program. using dt, pt, qt & rt functions.
LLO 26.1 Perform Hypothesis Testing * Write a program based on Chi-Square
by Chi-Square Distribution using R 26 Distribution using dchisq, pchisq, qchisq & 2 CO5
program. rchisq functions.
Note : Out of above suggestive LLOs -
'*' Marked Practicals (LLOs) Are mandatory.
Minimum 80% of above list of lab experiment are to be performed.
Judicial mix of LLOs are to be performed to achieve desired outcomes.

VII. SUGGESTED MICRO PROJECT / ASSIGNMENT/ ACTIVITIES FOR SPECIFIC LEARNING / SKILLS
DEVELOPMENT (SELF LEARNING)
Assignment
Collect data of at least 05 real world examples and test the Hypothesis of sampling distribution.
Collect data of at least 05 real world examples and calculate Measures of skewness and kurtosis and prepare t
document.
Collect data of at least 05 real world examples and draw/fit straight line and second-degree polynomial.
Collect data of at least 05 real world examples and calculate probability using Bayes’ theorem.
Collect data of at least 03 city like cost of living and temperature data etc. and interpolate the missing index
number for it and prepare the document.

Micro project
Analyze Uber Data: Analyze different parameters like the number of trips made in a day, the number of trips
during a particular month, average passenger that uber can have in a day, the peak hours where more customer
are available, maximum number of trips found on day of the month, etc.
Implement each least squares regression technique using a programming language such as Python or R. Utiliz
libraries like scikit-learn or stats models for implementation, ensuring proper parameter tuning and
regularization settings for each technique.
Collect temperature data from different locations at various times of the day. Use interpolation techniques suc
as linear interpolation or spline interpolation to estimate the temperature at specific times and locations where
data is not available.
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Design a simple hypothesis testing scenario where you simulate data under different conditions and perform
chi-square tests to assess the significance of observed difference.
Perform case Study on probabilistic model for predicting relations in social websites system.

Note :
Above is just a suggestive list of microprojects and assignments; faculty must prepare their own bank of
microprojects, assignments, and activities in a similar way.
The faculty must allocate judicial mix of tasks, considering the weaknesses and / strengths of the student in
acquiring the desired skills.
If a microproject is assigned, it is expected to be completed as a group activity.
SLA marks shall be awarded as per the continuous assessment record.
For courses with no SLA component the list of suggestive microprojects / assignments/ activities are
optional, faculty may encourage students to perform these tasks for enhanced learning experiences.
If the course does not have associated SLA component, above suggestive listings is applicable to Tutorials
and maybe considered for FA-PR evaluations.

VIII. LABORATORY EQUIPMENT / INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS / SOFTWARE REQUIRED

Relevant LLO
Sr.No Equipment Name with Broad Specifications
Number
Open-source software like SageMaths, MATHS3D, GeoGebra, Graph, DPLOT, and
1 Graphing Calculator ( Graph Eq 2.13), ORANGE can be used for Graph theory and tree, All
Statistics respectively.
Minimum Hardware requirement: Personal computer, (i3-i5 preferable), RAM minimum
2 All
4 GB onwards.
Minimum system requirement: 64-bit operating system such as Windows 10, macOS
3 All
10.13, or a recent version of Linux.
4 Software: R-Studio All

IX. SUGGESTED WEIGHTAGE TO LEARNING EFFORTS & ASSESSMENT PURPOSE (Specification Table)
Sr.No Unit Unit Title Aligned COs Learning Hours R-Level U-Level A-Level Total Marks
1 I Statistical Techniques CO1 10 2 6 12 20
2 II Statistical Methods CO2 10 2 4 8 14
3 III Probability of Random Variable CO3 7 2 2 4 8
4 IV Interpolation CO4 10 2 4 8 14
5 V Sampling Methods CO5 8 2 4 8 14
Grand Total 45 10 20 40 70

X. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES/TOOLS
Formative assessment (Assessment for Learning)
Laboratory Performance, Unit Tests , Midterm Exam, Self-learning, Term Work, Seminar/Presentations.
Continuous assessment based on process and product related performance indicators.
Each practical will be assessed considering 60% weightage to process and 40% weightage to product.

Summative Assessment (Assessment of Learning)

End Semester Exam, Practical exam, viva voce.

XI. SUGGESTED COS - POS MATRIX FORM

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Programm
Specific
Programme Outcomes (POs)
Outcomes*
(PSOs)
Course PO-5
Outcomes PO-1 Basic Engineering
(COs) and PO-2 PO-3 Design/ PO-4 Practices for PO-7 Life
PO-6 Project PSO- PSO- PS
Discipline Problem Development Engineering Society, Long
Management 1 2 3
Specific Analysis of Solutions Tools Sustainability Learning
Knowledge and
Environment
CO1 3 1 1 - - - 1
CO2 3 2 1 1 1 - 1
CO3 3 2 2 1 - 1 2
CO4 3 2 2 1 - 1 1
CO5 3 2 2 1 1 1 2
Legends :- High:03, Medium:02,Low:01, No Mapping: -
*PSOs are to be formulated at institute level

XII. SUGGESTED LEARNING MATERIALS / BOOKS

Sr.No Author Title Publisher with ISBN Number
Higher Engineering S. Chand Technical
1 H.K.Dass, Er.Rajnish Verma
Mathematics ISBN: 9788121938907,9788121938907
A.C. Srivastava, P.K. PHI Publication, New Delhi
2 Engineering Mathematics
Srivastava ISBN: 9788120342934
Higher Engineering Khanna Publication New Delhi, 2013
3 Grewal B. S.
Mathematics ISBN: 8174091955
Tata Mcgraw Hill Education private
Higher Engineering
4 B. V. Ramana limited, New Delhi.
Mathematics
ISBN: 9780070634190, 9780070634190
Marvin L. Bittinger David J. Addison-Wesley 10th Edition
5 Calculus and Its Applications
Ellenbogen Scott A. Surgent ISBN-13: 978-0-321-69433-1
Andrie de Vries and Joris Wiley Publisher
6 R For Dummies
Meys ISBN-13: 978-8126562183
Beginner's Guide for Data Khanna Book Publishing, First Edition
7 Jeeva Jose
Analysis using R Programming ISBN-13: 978-9386173454

XIII . LEARNING WEBSITES & PORTALS

Sr.No Link / Portal Description
Online Learning Initiatives by IITs and
1 http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106102064/1
IISc
2 https://ocw.mit.edu/ MIT Open courseware
Concept of Mathematics through video
3 https://www.khanacademy.org/math
lectures and notes
Applications of concepts of
4 www.mathworks.com/
Mathematics to coding.
5 https://amser.org/b920509/science--mathematics AMSER (Interpolation. Extrapolation
6 https://www.coursera.org/learn/r-programming R Programming: Free online Course
Open Education Resources (OER) in
7 https://libguides.furman.edu/oer/subject/mathematics Mathematics. ( Interpolation.
Extrapolation
Solving Mathematical Problems,
8 https://www.wolframalpha.com/ performing calculations, visualizing
mathematical concepts.
9 https://brilliant.org/ Interactive Learning in Mathematics
R Programming Basic, Exercises,
10 https://www.w3resource.com/r-programming-exercises/basic/
Practice, Solution
11 www.datamentor.io/r-programming/examples/ R Programming Examples
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Sr.No Link / Portal Description
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/r_programming_language/index.
12 R-Programming Online Course
asp
https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/all-the-math-you-need-in-a
13 Mathematics in AI
rtificial-intelligence/
14 https://byjus.com/maths/least-square-method/ Least Square Method
https://www.w3resource.com/r-programming-exercises/basic/r-p R-Programming: Basic Exercises with
15
rogramming-basic-exercise-3.php Solution
Note :
Teachers are requested to check the creative common license status/financial implications of the suggested
online educational resources before use by the students

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