CENGR 3250 - HYDROLOGY

HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
ENGR. JHOREENE A. JULIAN
ENGR. ERICKA V. MARCOS
Instructor
Department of Civil Engineering, CLSU
COURSE OUTLINE:

1. Define Water Footprint

2. Define what is Hydrology.
3. Discuss the Hydrological Cycle
4. Introduce Watersheds and Water Balance
5. Sample Problems
WATER FOOTPRINT
48 to 108 l/c/d – according to Philippine
Institute for Developmental Studies (2023)
 HYDROLOGY

Hydrology is a multidisciplinary
subject that deals with the
occurrence, circulation, storage, and
distribution of surface water and
groundwater on the Earth. It also
includes the chemical and physical
properties of water and its reaction
with the environment.

Bedient, P.B., et al,

Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Hydrologic Cycle is a continuous
process in which water is
evaporated from water surfaces
and the oceans, moves inland as
moist air masses, and produces
precipitation that falls from clouds
onto the land surface of the Earth
and is dispersed to the hydrologic
cycle via several ways.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
1. Evaporation
• Evaporation occurs when the
physical state of water is changed
from a liquid state to a gaseous
state.
• Evaporation can occur on
raindrops, and on free-water
surfaces such as seas and lakes. It
can even occur from water settled
on vegetation, soil, rocks, and snow.
• Evaporated moisture is lifted into
the atmosphere from the ocean,
land surfaces, and water bodies as
water vapor.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
2. Condensation
• Condensation is the process by
which water vapor changes its
physical state from a vapor, most
commonly, to a liquid.
• Water vapor condenses onto
small airborne particles to form
dew, fog, or clouds.
• Condensation is brought about
by cooling the air or by
increasing the amount of vapor
in the air to its saturation point.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
3. Precipitation
• Precipitation is the process that
occurs when all forms of water
particles fall from the
atmosphere and reach the
ground.
• The portion of precipitation that
appears in surface streams is
called runoff. Runoff may consist
of component contributions
from such sources as surface
runoff, subsurface runoff, or
groundwater runoff.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
4. Interception
• Interception is the process of
interrupting the movement of
water in the chain of
transportation events leading to
streams.
• The interception can take place
by vegetal cover or depression
storage in puddles and land
formations such as rills and
furrows.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
5. Infiltration
• Infiltration is the physical
process involving the movement
of water through the boundary
area where the atmosphere
interfaces with the soil.
• Water that is infiltrated and
stored in the soil can also
become water that later is
evapotranspired or becomes
subsurface runoff.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
6. Percolation
• Percolation is the movement of
water through the soil, and its
layers, by gravity and capillary
forces.
• The prime moving force of
groundwater is gravity.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
7. Transpiration
• Transpiration is the biological
process that occurs mostly in the
day. Water inside of plants is
transferred from the plant to the
atmosphere as water vapor
through numerous individual
leave openings.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
8. Runoff
• Runoff is a flow from a drainage
basin or watershed that appears
in surface streams. It generally
consists of the flow that is
unaffected by artificial
diversions, storages, or other
works that society might have
on or in a stream channel.
WATERSHED
A watershed is a contiguous area that
drains to an outlet, such that
precipitation that falls within the
watershed runs off through that single
outlet. The term catchment is
sometimes used synonymously for just
the surface portion of the watershed.
 WATERSHED
Scenarios in Watershed

• The rainfall rate over a watershed area

is less than the rate of infiltration and
if there is ample storage in soil
moisture, then direct runoff from the
surface and resulting streamflow will
be zero.

• Antecedent or previous rainfall has

filled soil storage and if the rainfall
rate is so large that infiltration and
evaporation can be neglected, then the
volume of surface runoff will be equal
to the volume of rainfall.
 WATER BALANCE
The balance between inputs and outputs is known as
the water balance or budget.

P – R – G – E – T = ∆S
P + I – O – E = ∆S
where:
P = precipitation
R = surface runoff
G = groundwater flow
E = evaporation
T = transpiration
I = inflow
O = outflow
∆S = change in storage in a specified time
 WATER BALANCE
Take Note:
Infiltration: It is a loss from the surface
system and a gain to groundwater and
thus cancels out from the overall budget
equation.
Units: The units of inches(mm) represent (flow rate)(time)(conversion factor)
depth =
(watershed area)
a volume of water when multiplied by the
surface area of the watershed.
Conversion factor:
Volume: There are two ways of denoting
the volume of water that is added, either (30days/month)(24hr/day)(3600sec/hr) (1 acre/43,560 ft²)(12
in./ft)
as a flow rate for a specified time or as a
water depth across an area. 1 cu.ft./sec ≈ 1.008 ac-in

Volume = (flow rate) (time) = (depth)

(watershed area)
 Sample Problem No. 1
Water Balance in a Lake. For a given month, a 300-acre lake has 15 ft³/s of inflow,
13 ft³/s of outflow, and a total storage increase of 16 ac-ft. A USGS gage next to the
lake recorded a total of 1.3 in precipitation for the lake for the month. Assuming
that infiltration loss is insignificant for the lake, determine the evaporation loss, in
inches, over the lake for the month.
 Sample Problem No. 2
Water Balance in a Swimming
Pool. A swimming pool (20ft x
20ft x 5ft) has a small leak at the
bottom. Measurements of
rainfall, evaporation, and water
level are taken daily for 10 days
to determine what should be
done for repair. Estimate the
average daily leakage out of the
swimming pool in ft³/day.
Assume the pool is exactly 5ft
(60 inches) deep at the end of
day 1.
Thank you!