1. Explain about arithmetic operations on numbers with its neat sketch?

Binary arithmetic is an essential part of various digital systems. You can add, subtract, multiply, and divide
binary numbers using various methods. These operations are much easier than decimal number arithmetic
operations because the binary system has only two digits: 0 and 1.
Binary additions and subtractions are performed as same in decimal additions and subtractions. When we
perform binary additions, there will be two outputs: Sum (S) and Carry (C).
1. There are four rules for binary addition:

2. There are four rules for binary subtraction:

Here 0-1 should be 1 and 1

Borrow 1 is required from the next higher order bit to subtract 1 from 0. So, the result became 0.
3. There are four rules for binary multiplication:

Multiplication is always 0, whenever at least one input is 0.

4. There are four parts in any division: Dividend, Divisor, quotient, and remainder.
The result is always not defined, whenever the divisor is 0.
2.Explain about logical operation with its neat logic gates?
In a circuit, logic gates will make decisions based on a combination of digital signals coming from its inputs. Most
logic gates have two inputs and one output. Logic gates are based on Boolean algebra. At any given moment,
every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions, false or true. False represents 0, and true represents 1.
Depending on the type of logic gate being used and the combination of inputs, the binary output will differ. A
logic gate can be thought of like a light switch, wherein one position the output is off -- 0, and in another, it
is on -- 1. Logic gates are commonly used in integrated circuits (IC).
Basic logic gates
There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.
AND gate
The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true," the gate acts in the same way
as the logical "and" operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic combinations
for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.) The output
is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false." In other words, the output is 1 only
when both inputs one AND two are 1.

Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR gate
The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of the logical inclusive "or." The
output is "true" if either or both of the inputs are "true." If both inputs are "false," then the output is
"false." In other words, for the output to be 1, at least input one OR two must be 1.

Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 0
 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
XOR gate
The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The output is "true" if either,
but not both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if both inputs are
"true." Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is 1 if the inputs are different, but
0 if the inputs are the same.

Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOT gate
A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types of electronic inverter
devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic state. If the input is 1, then the output is 0. If the input is 0,
then the output is 1.

Input Output
1 0
0 1
NAND gate
The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner of the logical operation
"and" followed by negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "true."

Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR gate
The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if both inputs are "false."
Otherwise, the output is "false."

Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
XNOR gate
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if the
inputs are the same, and "false" if the inputs are different.

Input 1 Input 2 Output

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Complex operations can be performed using combinations of these logic gates. In theory, there is no limit to the
number of gates that can be arrayed together in a single device. But in practice, there is a limit to the
number of gates that can be packed into a given physical space. Arrays of logic gates are found in digital ICs.
As IC technology advances, the required physical volume for each individual logic gate decreases and digital
devices of the same or smaller size become capable of performing ever-more-complicated operations at ever-
increasing speeds.