ST AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

WORKSHOP TRAINING AT DIT

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020/2021

PRACTICAL REPORT BASED ON POWER ELECTRONICS

HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 18/08/2021

GROUP 01- MEMBERS

S/No NAMES REG. No SIGNATURE

1 ADIL SALUM BSCEE 59439
2 MASANJA STEPHANO BSCEE 62392
3 JOHN MWIKA BSCEE 66594
4 MALEMI YAZUNYA BSCEE 61360
5 KILAULI M KILAULI BSCEE 66592
6 DEOGRATIUS B. MAYUNGA BSCEE 66584
 PRACTICAL REPORT NO 1
POWER ELECTRONICS

1.0 HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

 Rectification is the process of converting an oscillating sinusoidal AC voltage source into

a constant current DC voltage supply by means of diodes, thyristors, transistors, or
converters. This rectifying process can take on many forms with half-wave, full-wave,
uncontrolled and fully-controlled rectifiers transforming a single-phase or three-phase
supply into a constant DC level. In this part, we will look at single-phase rectification.

Figure below shows a diode is connected to an ac source and to a load resistor, RL.

Figure: Half wave rectifier circuit

Figure; Input and Output wave forms of half wave rectifier

1.2 OBJECTIVES

 To construct a half-wave rectifier

 To analyze the characteristics waveforms of half wave rectifier circuits with resistive and resistive-
capacitive loads.

1.3 INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS USED

 Dual-trace oscilloscope
 Digital multmeter
 Bread board
 Power supply
 Diodes
 Load resistor
 Capacitor
 Connecting wires

CICUIT DIAGRAM
a) With resistive load

b) With resistive-capacitor
BASIC THEORY OF HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION

 When low AC voltage is applied to the diode (D), during the positive half cycle of the
signal, the diode is forward biased and allows electric current to flow, whereas during the
negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and blocks electric current to pass through
the diode. In simple words, the diode allows the positive half-cycle of the input AC signal
and blocks the negative half-cycle of the input AC signal.
 Therefore, in the negative half-cycle of the supply, no current flows in the load resistor as
no voltage appears across it.
 The circuit is sometimes referred as SINGLE PULSE CONVERTER

IN PURELY RESISTIVE LOAD

𝐕𝐦
1. Average value of output voltage ………………………………...Vave = Vdc =
𝚷
Where Vm(in) = 1.414Vrms
Vm(in) is the maximum input voltage
Vrms is root mean square

2. Peak inverse voltage (Max reverse voltage across diode) …………. PIV= Vm (in)

3. Peak to peak ripple voltage…………………………………𝐕𝐫(𝐩𝐩) = 𝐕𝐦 − 𝟎. 𝟕

𝐕𝐫(𝐩𝐩)
4. Ripple factor……………………………………………………. r =
𝐕𝐝𝐜(𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭)

IN RESISTIVE-CAPACITIVE LOAD
𝟏
1. Average value of output voltage …………….…...Vave = Vdc = (𝟏 − 𝟐𝐟𝐑𝐂) 𝐕𝐦(𝐢𝐧)

𝟏
2. Peak to peak ripple voltage…………………………………𝐕𝐫(𝐩𝐩) = (𝐟𝐑𝐂)𝐕𝐦(𝐢𝐧)

𝟐
3. Ripple factor……………………………………………………. r =
𝟐𝐟𝐑𝐂−𝟏

4. Peak inverse voltage (Max reverse voltage across diode) …………. PIV= Vm (in)
PROCEDURES
1) Configure half wave rectifier circuit as shown on a circuit diagram (start with
resistive load) note all the values of the components being used
2) Connect the appropriate ac supply to the circuit
3) Feed the input and output to the two channel of oscilloscope
4) Measures the input ac voltage and output ac and dc voltage using multimeter and
oscilloscope
5) Calculate the Vdc using formula Vdc= Vmax/Π
6) Calculate the ripple factor from measured values and compare with the calculated
one
7) Connect the capacitor across the output for each load resistor and measure the
output ac and dc voltage once again and calculate the ripple factor
8) Connect the capacitor across the output for each load resistor and measure the
output ac.
 1.4.1 TABLE OF VALUE OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

S/N LOAD RIPPLE RIPPLE

RESISTANCE OUTPUT VOLTAGE FACTOR FACTOR
(R) (M) (C)

Vr(p-p) Vr(p-p) Vdc Vdc

(Measured) (Calculated) (Measured) (Calculated)
1 22k / 2W 33.3 33.24 10.26 10.8 3.313 3.08
2 100k / 2W 33.7 32.85 10.27 10.68 3.28 3.075
3 1M / 2W 34.1 32.75 10.34 10.65 3.30 3.074

1.4.2 TABLE OF VALUE OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD

AND CAPACITOR (1 𝜇f)

S/N LOAD RIPPLE RIPPLE

RESISTANCE OUTPUT VOLTAGE FACTOR FACTOR
(R) (M) (C)

Vr(p-p) Vr(p-p) Vdc Vdc

(Measured) (Calculated) (Measured) (Calculated)
1 22k 17.7 30.53 23.97 18.32 0.738 1.67
2 100k 8.19 0.45 30.2 2.03 0.271 0.22
3 1M 2.5 0.043 32.57 2.11 0.0767 0.0203
 1.4.3 TABLE OF VALUE OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
AND CAPACITOR (100 𝜇f )

S/N LOAD RIPPLE RIPPLE

RESISTANCE OUTPUT VOLTAGE FACTOR FACTOR
(R) (M) (C)

Vr(p-p) Vr(p-p) Vdc Vdc

(Measured) (Calculated) (Measured) (Calculated)
1 22k 0.96 0.019 31.84 2.10 0.03 0.0091
2 100k 2.88 0.0042 32.89 2.12 0.88 0.002
3 1M 2.83 4.04X10^2 32.54 2.02 0.87 0.0002
LAB answers

1. The values of components used for setting up the experiments

 Capacitor is 1.0𝜇f
 Capacitor is 100.0𝜇f
 R1 is 22k-ohms
 R2 is 100k-ohms
 R3 is 1M-ohms

2. The significance of the PIV parameter in selection of diode for rectification;

PIV is the maximum peak voltage that a diode can withstand in the reverse non-conducting
region. By withstand, it means that, up to this voltage the diode blocks conduction of current in the
reverse direction

Significance

 To withstand in a reverse biased direction before breakdown

 It is good practice to always select the diode with PIV rating double of the maximum reverse
voltage to ensure safety.

3. We calculate ripple factor of the rectifier due to different reasons;

 This factor is essential to measure rate fluctuation within the resolved output
 This factor helps to select the good value of a capacitor in order to reduce the ripples within the
output voltage.
5. The ripples can be reduced by smoothing capacitor which convert the ripple voltage into a smoother
dc voltage. Also the capacitor can be reduces the ripple factor through smoothing the output ripples.
Therefore, it provides the pulse energy at a constant dc voltage.

Observations
The value of the PIV of the diode used in the experiment

Code number of diode 1N4007

Input voltage Vac = Vrms= 24 V
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 = 1.414𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝐼𝑉 = 1.414𝑥24

PIV = 33.94
Figure; input and output wave form of half wave rectifier with load resistor
Figure; input and output wave form of half wave rectifier with resistive load and different capacitors
 ST AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

WORKSHOP TRAINING AT DIT

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020/2021

PRACTICAL REPORT BASED ON POWER ELECTRONICS

SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 19/08/2021

GROUP 01- MEMBERS

S/No NAMES REG. No SIGNATURE

1 ADIL SALUM BSCEE 59439
2 MASANJA STEPHANO BSCEE 62392
3 JOHN MWIKA BSCEE 66594
4 MALEMI YAZUNYA BSCEE 61360
5 KILAULI M KILAULI BSCEE 66592
6 DEOGRATIUS B. MAYUNGA BSCEE 66584
 PRACTICAL REPORT NO 2
POWER ELECTRONICS

2.0 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

2.1 INTRODUCTION

An AC voltage controller is a type of AC converter that use a Thyristors to convert a fixed voltage,
fixed frequency ac input supply to obtain a variable ac output voltage.

The RMS value of the ac output voltage and ac power flow to the load is controlled by varying the
trigger angle

Single phase full wave rectifier uses two SCRs or a single TRIAC. The power flow to the load can
be controlled in both the half cycles by varying the trigger angle.

2.2 OBJECTIVES

To study the single phase AC voltage controller circuits.

To construct and analyze the characteristic waveforms and performance parameters of single phase
full wave AC voltage controller using TRIACS.

2.3 INSTRUMENTS

 Resistor
 Potentiometer
 Capacitor
 DIAC
 Thyristors
 Dual-trace Oscilloscope
 Digital Multimeter
 Bread board
 Connecting wire
2.4 Circuit diagram

Figure: single phase full wave AC voltage controller circuit diagram

2.5 Procedures

i) The components were prepared and connections made as per circuit diagram
ii) The circuit was then powered by an appropriate ac supply
iii) The input and output were fed to the two channels of the oscilloscope
iv) The firing angle was varied through the potentiometer and the values for the voltage across
load for different values of firing angle was recorded and tabulated as shown in the table
below

2.6 Table of readings

Table of readings AC output voltage controller without capacitor

Vin= 23.5V T = 1/f = 20ms

Delay time Delay angle (degree) Vac (measured) Vac (calculated)

4.8ms 86.4 12.65 20.84
5ms 90 12.45 20.72
5.2ms 93.6 12.0 20.60
5.4ms 97.2 11.7 20.48
5.6ms 108 11.0 20.36
Table of readings AC output voltage controller with capacitor

Vin= 23.5V T = 1/f = 20ms

Delay angle (degree) Vac (r.m.s) Vac (average) Ripple factor

162 1.63 0.22 6.41
148.5 5.52 1.42 2.88
121.5 10.3 3.94 1.61
90 14.9 7.42 1.01
54 18.3 11.8 0.55
36 19.2 14.0 0.37
18 19.3 15.9 0.21
9 19.3 16.5 0.16

2.7 Wave forms

2.8 Graph
 PRACTICAL REPORT NO 3
POWER ELECTRONICS

3.0 CONTROLLED BRIDGE RECTIFIER

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Controlled full wave rectification circuits use bridge circuits which are of two types: -

 Semi controlled, using two SCRs and two diodes.

 Totally controlled, using four SCRs.

In this experiment, we have done totally controlled, using four SCRs. In order to operate correctly
the bridge needs a firing circuit, which delivers input pulses simultaneously to SCR gates. Current
starts decaying and so generates a voltage in the impedance coil from the circuit diagram, both
SCRs are kept in a conducting state until the energy stored in L is depleted.

3.2 OBJECTIVES

Analysis of rectification with a controlled bridge rectifier circuits and analysis of bridge
performance with different loads

3.3 INSTRUMENTS

 Digital multi-meter.
 Dual trace oscilloscope.
 Trainer kit MCM11/EV.
 Connecting jumpers.
3.4 Circuit diagram

Figure: Graphs for single phase full wave AC voltage controller

3.5 Procedures followed

i. Connections were made as per circuit diagram by connecting the required jumpers on the
trainer kit MCM11/EV.
ii. The multi-meter connected (function of VAC) at terminals 33 and 34,to measure the Vrms
value of the output voltage.
iii. Varying the switching angle of the SCRs by SET-POINT power meter and observe the
variation of the voltages displayed on the oscilloscope and measured by multi-meter.
iv. Setting the multi-meter (function VDC). Measure the Vo voltage across terminals 33 and
34 or the load and record the required values as indicated in the tabular form.
v. Varying the switching angle of the SCRs by SET-POINT power meter and observe the
variation of the voltages measured on the multi-meter and record the required values as
indicated in the tabular form
vi. Plotting the graph of delay angle versus DC output voltage.
3.6 Table of readings

S/N: Delay angle α Output voltage Ripple factor

Vac (rms) Vdc (average)
𝑉 2 𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑟=√ 2 −1
𝑉 𝑑𝑐

1. 153o 3.49V 1.30V 1.68

2. 135o 7.35V 3.50V 1.10
3. 126o 10.0V 5.35V 0.869
4. 108o 12.3V 7.05V 0.75
5. 94.5o 15.0V 9.30V 0.61
6. 81o 18.2V 12.9V 0.41
7. 54o 19.6V 14.8V 0.32
8. 36o 20.7V 17V 0.22
9. 22.5o 20.9V 18V 0.16
10. 4.5o 20.8V 18.1V 0.15
Table 1: Table of readings for controlled bridge rectifier

Lab questions and answers

i. 4SCRs required for a completely controlled bridge.

ii. At maximum value of the supply voltage, the current in the inductor reach its
maximum value
iii. The current is not at its maximum when the ac voltage reverses in polarity because it
depends on the firing angle
iv. The voltage across the load become part negative because the input voltage is an ac
voltage.
v. In a rectifier with R-L load ,the SCR peak current depend on R and α
3.7 Wave forms
3.8 Graph