UNIT-VMEMORY /STORAGEDEVICE)

Memoryis a storage in computer specially usedfor storethe data. In

area
memory systemall data orinformation is storeor processin the sequenceof 0
&1this 0 &1 is called binary digit/bit.
Binasy Digit (o,1) 1 bit smailest unt)
4 bi+ 1 Nibble

1by+e
1kb (Kilo by*)
mB mesa bye)
1 CB
CGh*ga byte)
o2 GB 1TB (Tesa byte)
02y TB 2 PB Rta byte)
 Memoxy| stoxage Device

maim_mem0U Secomdaxymemoa
pximasy memosy AUxiltaiy rmemoxy

RA RoM Magnehc ticol

PUXe RoM,
5 RA DRAM P RoM
EPRo MLMagreHeMagmetkc
LDisk J Casd
LEEPRoM pen Dsive
MÍC3oH Coxd
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DiSk Disk{
Permanence ofStorage:-The memory categories into two category on the
basis of permanence of storage.
Volatile Memory & Non -
Volatile Memory
1. Volatile Memorv:- In volatile memory it power is off then data is loss.
So volatile memory is not a permanently storage device it is a temporary
storage devices e.g.-"RAM".
2 Non-Volatile Memorv: Where as non-Volatile memory is a
permanently storage device in which when data is store then it is not
loss after power failure. The data is always store when user want to
delete the data then data is loss. E.x.- All Secondary storage device:
Hard disk, floppy disk, CD, Memory Card etc.

Access Method: There are three types of Access Method are used.
Sequential Access, Random Access & Direct Access

Sequential Access: In this access method data is access one by one.

Random Access: Data access from any location at any time.
(ii) Direct Access: It is the combination of Random & Sequential.

There are twotvpes of Memory

Primary Memory
(it) Secondary Memory
 DiEkexence between psima8y
secomdaxy memo &y ?
Psima Secomday
y 13 also Called
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also auxi l a 8 mems&

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( IH +empaasy memo
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computes combutea
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t is volodile memoy is vdai le memo8
non

Ex RAM, Ro M ExHDD, DVD, pen daive etc

 Primary Memory: It is also called main memory. It is must for operate the
computer There are two types of Primary Memory- () RAM, (i) ROM

1. RAM:- It stands for Random Access Memory. It is a Semi conductor

memory made up of flip flop. The RAM is internally divided into several
memory locations. Each memory location has a unique address and can be
addressed independently.

The entire user program where get start for execution then it is must be loaded
in the "RAM". This technique is called Memory Management technique. RAM
is a volatile Memory
There are two types of RAM.

SRAM DRAM
i. Static RAM i. Dynamic RAM
ii. No require any Periodic refreshing i. Periodic refreshing of data is
(Periodic) -(After some time) require
ii.Slow
iv. Costly ii. Fast
v. SD RAM iv. Cheaply
v. DDR RAM
2 ROM Rom stands for Read only Memory. It is a combinational circuit. It
store Boot strapping program, which are help in booting process of the
computer or starting the computer. ROM is commonly called (BIOS). Basic
Input Output system.
There are four types of ROM
0 Pure ROM: - Data write only once time at the time of manufacturing.
PROM: - It stands for Programmable ROM. Data write after manufacturing
only once time with help of PROM Programmer.
EPROM: It stands for Erasable programmable ROM. Data delete from
EPROM with expose of Ultra violet rays. Then written again hundred
times
)EEPROM: Electrically Erasable programmable ROM. Data delete with
expose of high voltage of electricity then written again thousands time.
 Dskesence
Ang betweem RAm& RoM
RAm
RoM
ORAm Stand s ox Rondom Rom Stands ox Read Only
0nly
Acces Memo Memosy
RAM clata i Vdatile Rom data s fesmamemt
(3 Data cam be mrdiid Dota Com be mocdibied
CPu camaaccess dasta Stoxed DaBa to be Copred bsom RoM to
On RAM RAM
30, +het CPU
Com access its doa
RAM 3 fastex memox Rom slowes hom
RAM
RAm i9 mose expensive Rom is checpex thamn RAM
Tpe 7 DRA) T e o PRATm
iD EPRoIM
SRAm
Secondary Memorv: Itis a non volatilememory. Soitis also called
pemanently storage device.
There are two types of secondary memory.
) Magnetic Memory
(i) Optical Memory
Magnetic Memory:- In magnetic Memary data store with help of magnetic
technology. There are three types of Magnetic Memory

Magnetic Tape
i) Magnetic Disk
(ii) Magnetic Card

Magnetic Tape: It is just like audio cassette. Data store in Magnetic tape on
the ribbon. In Magnetic tape sequential accessing is used. The capacity of
magnetic tape is depend on the length
of ribbon.
wVT ICTO101 TRACK 1
The Ribbon is internally divided into 9
tracks is longitudinal way. The gap
PARALLEL
between two adjacent track is called
inter track gap the tracks are internally
divided into multiple equal size sectors.
The gap between two adjacent sector is
called inter sector gap. Data store in
magnetic tape in sector wise. The eight
track is used for store the data and
Tracks Sectors
ninth track is used for store the
parity bit for error checking

Magnetic disk: - t is made up of

circular plastic or metal platter with
double side of coated by magnetic
material The platter is internally
divided into multiple circular tracks.
The gap between two adjacent
track is called inter track gap. The
tracks are internally divided into
several sectors. The gap between two adjacent sector is called inter sector
gap. Data read or write sector wise. Head move not surround it move only
from inter most track to outer most track in longitudinal way. The time require
for read data is called Access Time.

Access time =Seek time+Latency time

Seek time - Head move on particular track

Latency time - Platter move than the particular sector go under the head.
Ihere are two types of Magnetic disk.
Floppy Disk (FDD) Floppy Disk Drive
-

Hard Disk (HDD) -Hard Disk Drive

Floppy Disk: In Floppy Disk only one platter is used. Made up of plastic.
There are two size of floppy Disk.

32 Inch Size store 1.44 MB data.

54 inch Size store 360 K.B. data.
Hard disk: In Hard Disk Multiple platters
are used. These are made up of Metal. All yinder c

platters are attached on a rotating shaft on

fixed distance. All Platters have two head
on both sides. All head are commonly
attached on a movable arm. The
longitudinal arrangement of sectors on all
platters is called cylinder. Data read or
write cylinder wise. The upper most
rte
surface or lower most surfaces is not used oyinder ¢
for store the data. In Hard disk the
capacity is not fixing he capacity Hard
disk is vary from % GB to 2 T.B.

Magnetic Card: It is a small chip used for store the data in very fast and
efficient way. There are two types of magnetic card.

Pen Drive
(i) Micro SD card (Memory Card)

In Pen Drive the read or writer is used with Memory. Where as in Micro SD
card the reader or writer is extemally used.

OPTICAL Memory:The optical Memory is

a part of secondary memory in which data
Jec lor
access (read or write) with help of light. The
optical memory is made up of hard Plastic l lengi

single sided coated with transparent liquid. In

Optical memory only one track arange in spiral
way. The track is internally divided into several
equal size sectors. But in magnetic disc there
are multiple circular tracks and these tracks are
internally divided into equal no. of sector the
size is gradually increased to outer most sector. But all sector store same
amount of data. In magnetic disk in inner most sectors the density of data is
high where as in outer most sector the density of data in low but in optical
memory, all sector store same amount of data and the size of all sector is
same so the density of data in all sector is equal.

There are two types of optical Memory

CD-Compact Disk Capacity 700 MB

(i) DVD Digital versatile Disk Capacity--4.7 GB

The optical Memory is two types writable & Rewritable. In writable Optical
Memory data write only one time but in Re- writable optical memory a special
magneto-optical technology is used so we read or write multiple times.

In optical memory data read with help of low power laser beam. Whereas
data write with help of high power laser beam

Cache Memorv: - It is also called high speed memory it is logically placed

between the CPU and main memory because the main memory speed is ten
times slower than the C.P.U. so an intermediate cache memory is placed
between the CPU and main memory for balancing the speed. The cache
memory speed is generally similar to the speed of CPU. The Concept of cache
memory is comes from Intel 486 machine.

There are two types of cache memory. L cache and La cache. The L
cache is placed the outside the CPU. Whereas the L2 cache is placed inside
the CPU. In these days La cache is generally used.
wsite Shoxts moBes om the followin ems

aImpact psimkes
RAM
HDD
aMagnetic Disk
Mmagmetic Tape

6eeite the dibkexence between

RAM and RoM
example
what iss +he meaning og Volatile memosy? Also give an

o vojatile memasy with explanaton.

What is Cache memosy