a i } AM ee oa classinte . 20) | —___* bogie and Prooks ive. aie Ute, ra Anlst |_ —__A_prepositian is a—declarokive stotement ae EAE eae tothe ___ | , Aa § You wee amazing) No: Paine = | | nvegatian t-Conjuchioy jon, Di, Zeon} q dove Sreasesg he mble2: byt 9° wes Then As py He stdurort 6 videss- TAS: 3 duvide 4 and td hoat dé oat, i fee ta int Granpale & ld pF om a sinhegen 4: § wot on 2 Vag AH hm BY o as sles and 5, hob wT ch 9 oF i bg b F We Gawnile 7 a d divides bol, y ang Abo; pla + 6s an wtege but $ rub an odd on gv ny not ln ml mt eh hm me os i a itm emt See ery en ey | wp penee-pompEO pis ieee ee 18 slate aman eek Sesed M(atwed))=-P er 5 ee feeey Pf gine 2 OQ AP sive dr > - tet asad ee vod ot ‘ = N operator is cummutative-both =p ond .. yg Daren ay 2 Ae PY ESA on a dwe othowy ° Fan given wo Alademerls p ond gy we Gn qoun Re slademont Y "y Hin word Mon” belwan the Slademanly i a ve = eres J od teost one of He | : h alemaa pong» PME” Tatler, €romblel: pd pr isa gate Hes Hon Vg: te vi Hes, pa TAQ HF, rede i Plan Hel pq. ds awe en | SPP NEAT [PRI de P| Snap \ fag? Fiangexen infec 4: ato? om oft into | Than Yq 21d ih on even whe oh 213° 4 am odd inkeger ° OB we on aby wile ‘ Pg: ith 243° 5 an even ing or ie aniadl nl e PNg: lg 243 by on even integer 0 a Noo 21: Naat 21. aan toddlinte bla [pve Fos ane aay (Sn hus; ve oR) ae pisjunction_ot two preposition 2- = i Let 2 and_q_be_+wo_prepositton_th-en—disfuncior st Pand_q is denat. ed_by Pvq_andiit ts.false t_both_the statement are fals.e-—— —————_ ’ aN of ay Truth talole $i tiat eit ie e T te F Tr eo Be: E ele BEV Vp B vfs yoy es Ly Gurnmutadive Assosiattyer enh fi dind ai wa 34 disiunction = Tncliisive convient sin woot an Poth pate eth Addin ai vind ain. up AT sad - - pe 8 snilvnt ey iExc — = - ‘ate Ne oR: ® (yor) “Cilher Po” 4 astwe [not bolt] yHon 4 dy we Sone bs Stodent who hove taken Caledus (an toke | jh Ua 4: Student who fave token Compuler Science am Jake this ans PNG: Slodlent who fove Laken colby 0% Gmpola Suene HN foke this clans - P@q: Stodant ho rot both Gn take His Lona A oh Tt ( Ggetiel A= bo Vo cdlleosl 1 T jot @ faodly 11v Rove taken calculus or Compoke Saene tub Aly ene Tv we atleast Bne + Gnditional Clatemedy: 7 Convene ea patie a ie oa ditionel propasinons thn “if Ps fan 9) a impbication , of condition, usstlen a p74, ws file when pais trve ond & lot p and q be two a stedoment Called am The conditional stensnt p> 4 a fole , oihousipe ib in Conidend tue - ax 4y Re impliakion pg) p 4 rs tho hypothe (i (eee of 2 4* concLunisn (o+ ee | Srverre, |ClaSsHate, iliac : i lniva sor gas ,i UEP and g be tuo stabi eps YY The aclemant sy Cal Ho gouene of implicolion P?9" oe snitinal sllemerd UViTheelalena ahr > old tho Srwese af the condifinal oy Ui) The alloned wq7e srctedte Gonhaposthve » * FOP | “amie Consider fe statement wap Jodo wb Sondoy Hon f will 90 fo owelk” kp X g be the (alt slafemont § b: Today is Sondoy : 4: J will ge for q walk. E bog : | Groene (q-2p): HF J will go fora wsalk 5 Han footy Sundley- 4 ue Sree (bg): df Today is nol Sondoy then J ol not 90 fe ae ey , d Comoabosibive (mg rh)? 4? J will not go fon a walk Hon oo Popsitie (og >of ae pei ty[Fates cre cg Se ee nene Inverse: (op @) eta ee ede pe Seta ll what are the cenafan and Inverse. inns ithanst®t ¢ Theithome: teama Aains ltghéneber si tig si ee a a is PalTtuts taining wx py bests Yori 9b eect ae soled 3h cute 20a esas fk — Sv@)s TF it is not taining then hom team Living bis 14 dags ot -usin. wav aed yy SN ST batho, dab ne atm Bobe two sfodemonts, thon etsy ol: ; Sh if and only 4” wuiten @ Pg, ' ey }, Clad Vconditonad adlemend GP OMG donly af ‘ Lxomble: You this chat gon ry et ie comm sity pe will Compile if ond only i ‘ syst One inclaaive or) Fer boo schements( propestion) ) PAG np vegation j bag: Geapochin 4) bg? dajoncisn FOG Ceclusneon 5 fog? ndiheral 5 Pg 1 bitondi kone froical Gnnechive Fresyn ANG Al ot Called Sag 2 See ee ) : elacedene aa ml a ‘New Ay Au 2 oe pr) pylt — 4 Hs < |5 4p b> 5 bAg VA — (paayvr ve AAV) X Some other wey b ee peg MiP is fica ond uffuent fog! ‘ in 3 fing Vises:ped in And Kee aval wrens v(Pv@)= “pan [pe eae v(e q a) “(P40 O)= “py “@ cose Ce Rect, tes at ee et i ional sep colt on pt 2 nnd_Wott donated ‘hy © & @ and it is true, Se oe eae hae Same. bist Yalu otherwise it lis False. aa Tanto ogy: A Combound broposibion thal is alle te, No mailer what the Lwth valve of He pomp Pad ocean in id ® Conbradichion: Compound proposition tRat is wae ple wb (allkd & Contradichon. * Contingency: A tompoond boroposihion Rol i reitha, a tavtelogy non a Contradicten As Called @ Contingay. | 0 ct”) Yramflel wee eitiney wp | bib | baw Tejas reba fi |e. fate Jaa hue A BY~p lh he, Aoi ® 0 duholo iy: F bib is aly Godse, v0 d wv 0 Contradichen. rambler: pig o> (o(t-9) obha| >P Awe {au lology—— oo —_ i é@éi ii i@ falences,: alonces: Compound, propositions tol flove the Aame fwth Velves in old possible Coxe + called fogical equivalln . e The Comboond — probosii sition, p and q ore cold Logically 9 v1 vallant P poqg ao Loutology - d 1 denaled 5 J qiol Gy viv ft a rot qe chook whether p £ m an logical viv allen ns the ge Ceneeed.. : 1 at (bvg) and wpAng mt Jog oSly equivaledbAT=p iby Lames ‘et | ubVE sb Pits Qomin akien Laub PVT Sra | PARES denpolent law’ | PVP= Pe Ars Dee asc web Commulabive Laws’ pvg= =9Vp [vi ae gay 1a) Associadive Laws (bvg)vn = pVQVH) (bAg)An = PAGAn) Dishribolive Louw — | PV(qAn) = (bvg abn), palqun) = (PAG) V(bAn) Xe Oe hows (V4) = = mphng Absoxphion [aa bvteng)= | Negabon Lowey= a ial (Qe) it sot , ‘Probe thineal Yo vivalbar os pee et ee ag Soe ae ee PAT sta peg: (pq) n. er PA [Apt PR Birk efheraed af (ena)v (gar) (ev@)a(qvrj cia wleay sWerit itC—O Bale ref 4 ih pies subject? T 3 fe ne cfositnal podten ~ )> value f mposibonal fon chen Pok — ®Whun'x? ja Vortable, we Gano! decide hathax Px) an pripostion a 1 nol Awe awign Some Valu bo we yf proposihin « e gl my 5 PA 473 : > Ha tue e * Alx-a ; P):273 2 St io felbe propasiten Example 2: B Lt ali,4) denote the shatement “ ey 43, what ae fhe e: ttf valu to fropositms OU24 a63,92 | gbry)sa-yr3 | Now Oli): 1= 243 A alas 3013 E a 125 which ts fob Por b whidh Jr ut Soy, we Con ft Rli,y 2) dunole tha aladement ayee” i ae a by ayy,2 , HRs shdement fas abh vl » Who axe Value yoposition R Zz : Rly): con gi (29 Re,o,)) Mss R(I,2,3) 3 12-3 Rl0,0,)) : 0t0=| 1 323 > OF] “Sb hwth Value & te Mb hth ville is falseJpsdicobes & Qworkifivs cap Staten mvoluny -Veweldy 4020, Ghee aa "E58 “xsyy" tye th preposition. B Medicate din senteae depending On Weebl afi become a proposition opin subplilolig, values in 4 tran P(s)S 72 gies ee e 5 i ae ed i =) Bredieabes—|-— BS lcs lhe 5 ‘ , Bnew Oe gie.s\s S23 iv ola aval op A ayy a Pen genssal o_statemert aly 4 tall attmeeaat Fite | on_"n- saileaevr hOd Ueveeral. d 4 sfocinls 4 alodent in 12 Se J 4n section AID PCR): x iy Taser i go) BE Sy PUEDE x) i Wenert in elo 7 a twe COV a sohbet ht Me ty» obpent PC: ays Payent ve elo 7 in clos Remark: Genealy 00 implied cusvmphion vrode that all domains of dlacowne or guanhfies aan Mon emi” Note if she domain empl Hun Vx Plo) a ue for ony pot PA) heme Ko au 10 ara oa ela) a Ff J oeee peel ) RL domain for which Pla) foe % AY fhe domain i emphy , than 72) @ ata) hetame whin the domo omply > How er ‘ Q(t) ve grat oF, f + jot qeee et. element x an He domain eeclassmate x)- ator endt ot c¥ Gd Hd be Me leona Gi Sit had is Re. both “vac quanlifiahon el): ee nse ee Canal Fol seal wip gen Jae went awittaaG 35 dorany ainainh hes oo. a J gtwi xtra“gute [lee O60): 28% x hab isthe fnuth rasa | el pr Pt a =] gti xtnx = ier te Ses ae ett | txt x? 2» oe 35 jain Mey i Ba lishere wei ee bn pet aed VxQlx) }5 true here xem ttt j i | git L 1 i agg. wt ee mia 4s yee = P(x x Achy yA p(ajz_1<10 (1) fost A cas Poo): 4 10 plal: ¥? 710 q7 to (FD 70 CY “a4 Be uke Plt) a free: HR vale {* Fxela) # te soy PUY PLIV PL VELY) an Hue Lif any g Pl) thug So, in exislonsial quewifiar , we ja naad to find one Value, Jet which PL) & true. We for tuonhi fos —Stalomont | __ when Tune 2 when False. ro fac asta ERE DIVE e ls) 4 gale feirey G Debeomine the tavth valve fo fllowirg sfalemanl Aoving sal cleroin ) Fx(x8-1) 09 2 x=1 woh Red WIL 2 Fx) AT Naraicy) uw rh (sey) y bet (OV (Cae) A Vx, Ka stall Md 9 Hoa A ¥a(ex>x) if x1 j dn -aFQ © dopabe Siem| Ther exist am element x tn the omSit: avcrthal Ply)! we “ue Me 2) Vexiskenkta Quanti tiers olohion: cd PCL) : fox_the exishompiel quanky [ae tan ant Sich a tras 2) | P(x): 2 : - | ela): 4>2 (Tred + i inant tng Pree iano when! all -element: int thesdomain scan rie: rae tase 21a, Xa=--te_then this Th sany value raer tne truth Nolue is by uies Avett een Ms dh Senay ’ ‘Some, Terminale oien Teorem; hoi rem; Fema, Patti sslalement Het Con be hh 4 be true Sbesitjons: fecina ice yen somafimes Ae Colled proposition. Proof: A prof Ba valid axgontt Hal eababliphes te twit a & HRaoren Aroma o¢ Pastolabes » The slabemenls used In prood Gm node cojomg, whrch ot aledemanh we anume to be se. Lemma A lay impor tont fan 4 Aabrful wn the ooo ¢ is Clbed a ae tet ee uvally easien 4 understand when ae | Joma, whire each Lomma in proved, proved using a erica q Indiividally,. Corcllny A cofollay 2s a Heorem Hhal Can be established dinsel . fiom Whedon fel le fos been proved - : Cons che: A Gnjechre a a sldemonl Hat Js bet propoped sonal sideman , usvally on the dla 4 seme aati) evidence, a fusristic oxgument ae uhm & pred 0 lorjechie a 4 becomws a theorem. » of He intuition 9 an ound, tho ergot1 poof ts a abid (Bt a cased Diffesd oor] mathute mend thed cle hte tt — iit ‘foe. (ondihonol Pee cand Direct TBios bum ehod.s - fo sien SE ae Hn sag [a eal oo cee direct_praot_o! ta _theott vem _it-oisodd_i nhege land_o*is_oddit inbegets te tb ee || pin is odd _integer. osm is. nll ga on nce ee ear ae De ok#} eee fos. BEAy eG ean eee Boag? Senet Kaa rie santsaet! = a (avian) +) Sa (eee deers [Reed eZ ta Se io 2b+l hence. p= yee ut = Grane afin the ale ENE Sead te a are-tnnl£080 ennndab él? att et iiiab ez tt ‘ 4 it bis5 lat 2 ; ees utaig eteacthg ream I A Om As a and b are raHanal numbers. Z ore be tei nt Prat rp s-es7: end | f _— see othe Par GS iiss a ad OO se 7 ta | 2 pst gh fgets hia, Psd de: 2 | QS oi sus i atupse grea gto, s%o0india * Prt by cokaplon sy Pg ‘al p of know Cu 7 he ecbamel, np ped ae conbaesibtt> ack thal He Cont sik Tl ier showirg that * Ic oe hy in : ib conhaposihve, (AAA) 2 eyoeein take So, dn jroo by nro by bergomene. = ; Es a (a “a a mre 2 provi nly ¥ et thom, to: q snfvanté, we shou te xP & Her we we pag = aya yan inleyr F Snag is odd, then n iy odd: daect proof: 2 me ie Twn Prove Hot if n Firpl we atlempl it by lat p= 3nd 2 odd inhepet when nb an Iinlega he nb onodd ee | Site po te | Fe 3ntd dr on odd inheger get some infeger ™ * 3nt X= Qk+tl fer some indegur kK =>) 3n+> ak j e =7 3n-ak-l or ne gk-l foy Some int: k- 3 e so: New Hf k=l, md, which as-net 40 ode malaga. Grr, ne | Se his «dd thre does ast seam to be omy decd way to conch de Hl naj ee i gu Proot by ‘condita asttive methad 2 —————— 2 aaa Sitobachs ssible to af iy eee —-then_wie apply cantrapasitive methods ———— z ' { a « iF L 4 wee hate Crave the tn eH is an integer ond::2042 1s og Bnto =2k4+I KEZ ; Bo = 2kt leo. doer beieniins a1 $ Fe Fasp 3 2k-) 1 7t for kad 4 ast She arn Mai n is not dddi te 9 is evens [ws Ash is even * bawion sawed N=2k Kez Shto s°B(akygrood ey ip de kie gz Nw es =GK Er f Peeve Lpvcenl tn? pub ak ti sh in ndai taal Bani hiibte nh 169 sabia wi Snb2 2 rhiisint Sian Pie | ut Rn to 1S eae i “gave: P3Sepa ee j ue v tem aba eve p oo Roce nak ~ % asmy bale e ian mp snlacrry be aneet ~tbsth) {8 Magee Og > arin bun Raza and bd 2? abn {male yng abwe ? obéin ~p 2 agp = pre jf n=ah thon aatn o bath Z & iquchors] oa fe b= 9 e conditonol dedemes) fog ane when = |p Tg dove: T = Dis fodke, whslever value 4 : UWhethn9 ' in true o gabe, if ba fule Ci Y pg » tue | Ss wen hao thd po fale Ren ve fe 0) Sa proof, Gil a vacvour proof, 4 He Conditional stedoment Tatviel Bool & showing Rot q as bwe , it pplbup thal “ning a lho awe pon peg Hol we ki goat had 4 jo trwe dn Collbd o Arivead pow: Ou ( « 4 itive an! wih a>b, Heo Fe oN a ghia: tel tue - 4a ee —— net tisha. ah integer_and_3n+2 javodducthe—O ca feo : net\2 g § Teele 4, od". y - ee proel y confeadichon ag Sn4gQ jp oddly on Sol l Selsion. Sy giedonerh:. gf grit ib oddly then 4 odd Hore be 3nrd as old |e day iam ae Po nd odd, * bob, = ~yV ke & > ~(bab)s~(~byb) = bAebs SOM Bn4Q in odd ond n Bs we Sal Se, Gonsiden, Sane i» odd ond nb even: nN ih wo a meat, 162 So, 3ntd= alata - S46 = a(at+)) AK ; what keattl EZ 2 3nd en even mul: ve So,we Rave a Contradiction - QF Bur onowmphen dy hong: > Jf dnt in odd, Hem nis od1 O=2k Ge south ts Si Wee (2b) = apr AR Shona & an oh sssnal incu ps lites att BRS bes fay ot of! ; Poe arb) 2\/ &ho# Legal Rui voditonal, Shere” * — sng wth? pang Poyeobvy 2 pM) ei pa) “PVy = a ~ (pyi7e hay = rb og) 2» ae yz (py spognth « tpogv chan * oo1eyur S107 * Lagiall e equivalence _invalvi invol ung ian A = Lbdalerd pestle pod poy = bend + peog = (pag) feeb) rire “Geonies 5G) iy Lost equivalinces; show thot equivalbnd Sat Gowen (bg) = “a = (mp) Ary (whiry (b29) and PAWL Wad 65:66: ezozwvery De- Hoge law) \ SE shoo that ~(pv(~PAg) = “Pang ) gh ge’ n(pvlebiy)= =p Arch) (ene = wp A(eoDV ~9) = “bal bell = (bab) v [~PAnt] S — Fv [~pA q) bing L— a 4 Logiol equivalnces show shal (bAg)-7 (pvg) % «eet. SH ag) up SoC) VOD, Cobras pug) = (mbvog) v(PV4) ’ z(phview) id Sy VT =a