Transmission Media

1. Student Name: Debanshu Badyakar

2. Student Roll Number: 14400121012
3. Subject Code: PCC-CS602
4. Subject Name: Computer Networks
5. Academic Session: 2023 - 2024 (EVEN Semester)
6. Department: Computer Science and Engineering
7. College Name: Neotia Institute of Technology, Management and Science (144)
Abstract—Abstract—The transmission which leads to the delay distortion.
medium Noise: When data is travelled over a
provides a link between the transmitter
transmission medium, some unwanted
and
the receiver in a communication system. signal is added to it which creates the
Keywords— component, style noise.
Classification of Transmission Media
INTRODUCTION
Transmission Media is a method of
establishing a communication medium to
transmit and receive information in the
form
of electromagnetic signal waves. Since
different physical components operate it,
it
is put under the physical layer while
being
Guided Media
worked on by physical elements from the
physical layer. A LAN, or local area It is defined as the physical medium through
network, is the physical setup where a which the signals are transmitted. It is also
transmitter and receiver communicate known as Bounded media.
utilizing a Transmission medium.
Copper based or fiber-based
transmission media are used to carry Types Of Guided media:
either electric or optical signals. The Twisted pair:
transmission medium is also known as a
communication channel.

Twisted pair is a physical media made up of

a pair of cables twisted with each other. A
twisted pair cable is cheap as compared to
other transmission media. Installation of the
twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a
lightweight cable. The frequency range for
Attenuation: Attenuation means the
loss of twisted pair cable is from 0 to 3.5KHz.
energy, i.e., the strength of the signal Coaxial Cable
decreases with increasing the distance Coaxial cable is very commonly used
which causes the loss of energy. transmission media, for example, TV wire is
Distortion: Distortion occurs when usually a coaxial cable.
there is a change in the shape of the The name of the cable is coaxial as it
signal. This type of distortion is contains two conductors parallel to each
examined from different signals having
different frequencies. Each frequency other.
component has its own propagation It has a higher frequency as compared to
speed, so they reach at a different time Twisted pair cable.
The inner conductor of the coaxial cable is Fibre optics provide faster data transmission
made up of copper, and the outer conductor than copper wires.
is made up of copper mesh. The middle Basic elements of Fibre optic cable:
core is made up of non-conductive cover
that separates the inner conductor from the Core: The optical fibre consists of a narrow
outer conductor. strand of glass or plastic known as a core. A
The middle core is responsible for the data core is a light transmission area of the fibre.
transferring whereas the copper mesh The more the area of the core, the more light
prevents from the EMI(Electromagnetic will be transmitted into the fibre.
interference). Cladding: The concentric layer of glass is
known as cladding. The main functionality
of the cladding is to provide the lower
refractive index at the core interface as to
Coaxial cable is of two types: cause the reflection within the core so that
Baseband transmission: It is defined as the light waves are transmitted through the
the process of transmitting a single signal at
high speed. fibre.
Broadband transmission: It is defined as Jacket: The protective coating consisting of
the process of transmitting multiple signals plastic is known as a jacket. The main
simultaneously. purpose of a jacket is to preserve the fibre
Advantages Of Coaxial cable: strength, absorb shock and extra fibre
The data can be transmitted at high speed. protection.
It has better shielding as compared to Advantages of fibre optic cable over copper:
twisted pair cable. Greater Bandwidth: The fibre optic cable
It provides higher bandwidth. provides more bandwidth as compared
Disadvantages Of Coaxial cable: copper. Therefore, the fibre optic carries
It is more expensive as compared to twisted more data as compared to copper cable.
pair cable. Faster speed: Fibre optic cable carries the
If any fault occurs in the cable causes the data in the form of light. This allows the
failure in the entire network. fibre optic cable to carry the signals at a
Fibre Optic higher speed.
Fibre optic cable is a cable that uses Longer distances: The fibre optic cable
electrical signals for communication. carries the data at a longer distance as
Fibre optic is a cable that holds the optical compared to copper cable.
fibres coated in plastic that are used to send Better reliability: The fibre optic cable is
the data by pulses of light. more reliable than the copper cable as it is
The plastic coating protects the optical fibre immune to any temperature changes while it
from heat, cold, electromagnetic can cause obstruct in the connectivity of
interference from other types of wiring. copper cable.
Thinner and Sturdier: Fibre optic cable is Microwave
thinner and lighter in weight so it can
withstand more pull pressure than copper
cable.
Unguided Transmission
An unguided transmission transmits the
electromagnetic waves without using any
Terrestrial Microwave Transmission
physical medium. Therefore it is also Terrestrial Microwave transmission is a
known as wireless transmission.
technology that transmits the focused beam
In unguided media, air is the media through of a radio signal from one ground-based
which the electromagnetic energy can flow microwave transmission antenna to another.
easily Microwaves are the electromagnetic waves
Unguided transmission is broadly having the frequency in the range from
classified into three categories: 1GHz to 1000 GHz.
Microwaves are unidirectional as the
Radio waves sending and receiving antenna is to be
Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves aligned, i.e., the waves sent by the sending
that are transmitted in all the directions of antenna are narrowly focused.
free space. In this case, antennas are mounted on the
towers to send a beam to another antenna
which is km away.
Satellite Microwave Communication
A satellite is a physical object that revolves
around the earth at a known height.
Satellite communication is more reliable
nowadays as it offers more flexibility than
Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the cable and fibre optic systems.
signals are propagated in all the directions. We can communicate with any point on the
The range in frequencies of radio waves is globe by using satellite communication.
Infrared
from 3Khz to 1 khz In the case of radio An infrared transmission is a wireless
waves, the sending and receiving antenna technology used for communication over
are not aligned, i.e., the wave sent by the
short ranges.
sending antenna can be received by any
receiving antenna. The frequency of the infrared in the range
from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
An example of the radio wave is FM radio. It is used for short-range communication
Advantages Of Radio transmission: such as data transfer between two cell
Radio transmission is mainly used for wide phones, TV remote operation, data transfer
between a computer and cell phone resides
area networks and mobile cellular phones.
in the same closed area.
Radio waves cover a large area, and they Characteristics Of Infrared:
can penetrate the walls. It supports high bandwidth, and hence the
Radio transmission provides a higher data rate will be very high.
transmission rate Infrared waves cannot penetrate the walls.
Therefore, the infrared communication in
one room cannot be interrupted by the
nearby rooms.
An infrared communication provides better
security with minimum interference.
Infrared communication is unreliable
outside the building because the sun rays
will interfere with the infrared waves.

References

1.Behrouz A. Forouzan, "Data

Communications and Networking",
McGraw-Hill, 5th Edition, 2007.
2.David M. Pozar, "Microwave Engineering",
Wiley, 4th Edition, 2011.
3.Theodore S. Rappaport, "Wireless
Communications: Principles and Practice",
Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, 2001.