Introduction to Python

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 Agenda
● Jupyter Notebook
● Variables
● Data Types

○ Fundamental
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● Functions in Python – print()
● Operators
● Python Flow Control
● Pseudocodes

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 Jupyter Environment

● The Jupyter Notebook is an open-source

web-based development application that
allows you to create documents that can
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● Mainly used for data cleaning and Data

transformation, statistical modeling,
data visualization, machine learning,
deep learning and much more.

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 Jupyter Environment

● You can use Jupyter for over 40

programming languages. Within the
data science community, mainly used
for Python, R, Julia and Scala.
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● You can also use Jupyter with big data

tools, like Apache Spark from Python
(known as PySpark), R and Scala.
You can explore big data with pandas,
scikit-learn, ggplot2, TensorFlow and
more.
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 Jupyter Editor

Notebook name. Click

here to change the name
of the notebook

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Toolbar

Code cell. Write your

code here

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 Commenting code

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#
Code commenting is required in order to describe the purpose of the code. This is
not only a good practice but also a mandatory practice in most organizations.

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 Variables

● Variables are containers that store data. Python has no command for
declaring variable

● You simply assign a value to a variable to create it

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● You use = to assign a value to a variable
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 Print variables with texts

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 Reassign variable

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 Multiple variables assignment with same value

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 Multiple variables assignment with different values

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 Python data types

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 We learn the following in our session today

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 Create integer & string variables

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 Create float & boolean variables

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 Checking data types with type() function

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 Data type conversion

Python allows to convert one data type to another

Implicit Conversion: Conversion Type Conversion

done by Python interpreter with
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programmer’s intervention

Implicit Conversion Explicit Conversion

Explicit Conversion: Conversion
that is user-defined that forces an
expression to be of specific data type
Arithmetic
Casting Operation
Operation

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 Implicit conversion

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 Explicit conversion is required when you have mixed data types.

Numeric Data type

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 Explicit conversion

String Data type. Needs to be

converted to integer type before
adding to another numeric
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Explicit type conversion

of string to integer type
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 Type casting

Type Casting

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int() float() str() bool()

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 Type casting

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Functions in Python
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 What is a function?

Name of the Input

● A function is a block of code that runs when called function, sum() parameters

● A function has a
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● A function can take input(s), known as input

parameters

● A function can return data as a result

Return value of
the function

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The print() Function
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 The print() in python

Words or sentences separated by a comma

within a print() function get concatenated
when printed.

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 The print() in python

The sep is an optional parameter. When

output is printed, each word is separated
by ^^^ characters

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print(‘\n’) gives a new blank line

The backslash “\” is known as escape character. It is used in representing certain

whitespaces.

For example ‘\t’ is a tab

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 Invalid use of opening and closing quotes

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 Print with concatenation

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 You cannot concatenate string & number

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That’s wrong because adding numbers to strings doesn’t make any sense. You
need to explicitly convert the number to string first, in order to join them together.

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 Concatenating with type casting

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Explicit conversion of a number

to string with str() function.

We learn more such type

conversions in our upcoming
sessions

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Python Operators
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 Python operators

Python
Operators

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Arithmetic Relational Logical Special
Operators Operators Operators Operators

Bitwise Assignment
Operators Operators

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 Arithmetic operators: Addition

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 Arithmetic operators: Addition

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Note that 22 is a string here because it

has been put within the quotes.

Here two strings are getting concatenated.

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 Arithmetic operators: Subtraction

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 Arithmetic operators: Subtraction

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When two strings are added, the operator basically concatenates the two strings.
Subtracting two strings does not make any sense.
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 Arithmetic operators: Multiplication

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 Arithmetic operators: Multiplication

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 Arithmetic operators: Multiplication

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 Arithmetic operators: Division

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 Arithmetic operators: Division

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 Arithmetic operators: Get quotient

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 Arithmetic operators: Get remainder

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 Arithmetic operators: Get square & power output

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 Runtime variable

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 Runtime variable

The default return type of a runtime variable is string.

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 Runtime variable

The default return type of a runtime variable is string. So in order to use

the entered value for computation we convert the values to integer.

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 Relational operators

Relational operators are used to compare 2 values and take certain

decisions based on the outcome (outcome is is a boolean value)

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< is less than
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<= is less than & equal to
> is greater than
>= is greater than & equal to
== is equal to
!= is not equal to
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 Relational operators

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 Logical operators

Logical operators in Python are used for conditional statements are either
True or False

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AND Returns True if both the operands are True
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OR Returns True if either of the operands are True

NOT Returns True if the operand is False

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 AND operator

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 OR operator

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 NOT operator

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 Membership operators

Membership operators tests whether a value is a member of a sequence. The

sequence may be a list, a string, a tuple, or a dictionary.

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The ‘in’ operator is used to check if a value exists in any sequence object or not.
in For example, if 2 exists in a list, say [4, 5, 7, 2]. This evaluates to True if it finds a
value in the specified sequence object. Otherwise it returns a False.

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 Membership operators

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VGNQ9IQTEJnot in A ‘not in’ works in an opposite way to an ‘in’ operator. A ‘not in’ evaluates to True if
a value is not found in the specified sequence object. Else it returns a False.

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 Membership operators

Example:

in operator: not in operator:

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 Some bitwise operators

Python Bitwise Operators take one to two operands, and operates on it/them bit by
bit, instead of whole

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VGNQ9IQTEJ & The binary and (&) takes two values and performs an AND-ing on each pair of
(Bitwise bits.
and)

Compared to &, this one returns 1 even if one of the two corresponding bits from
| the two operands is 1.

(Bitwise or)
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 The truth tables

& |
(Bitwise and) (Bitwise or)

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Value Value Value
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True True True True True True

True False False True False True

False True False False True True

False False False False False False

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 Some bitwise operators

Example:

& operator: | operator:

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(9 % 3 == 0) & (9 % 5 == 0) (9 % 3 == 0) | (9 % 5 == 0)

Implies True & False Implies True | False

This results in Fasle. This results in True.

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 More assignment operators

The assignment operators are used to store data into a variable.

a += b is same as a = a + b
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VGNQ9IQTEJ a *= b is same as a = a * b
a /= b is same as a = a / b
a %= b is same as a = a % b
a **= b is same as a = a ** b
a //= b is same as a = a // b
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 Data slicing

The basic syntax for a slice is square brackets with colons and integers
inside "[0:1:2]".
myStr[start : stop : step]
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myStr[ : stop] # By using one colon and leaving the first argument blank
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we automatically start at index 0, stepping by 1

myStr[start : ] # By using one colon and leaving the last argument blank
we automatically go to the end, stepping by 1
myStr[ : : step] # by using two colons and leaving the first two arguments
blank we start at index 0, go to the end and step by 1
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 Data slicing

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‘:’ is used to specify range of the

sequence to be sliced

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 Data slicing

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 Data slicing

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 String Handling

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 String Handling

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Returns a concatenated string where

each character of s1 is separated with
sep string which is ‘-’

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 String Handling

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Returns a list containing

elements as strings separated
by the space character

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 String Handling

Returns a copy of the string with both

leading and trailing characters removed
(based on the string argument passed)

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Python Flow Control
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 Python Flow Control

Any program has a flow. The flow is the order in which the program’s code
executes. The control flow of a Python program is controlled by:
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VGNQ9IQTEJ 1. Conditional Statements

2. Loops

3. Function Calls

We cover the basics of conditional statements and loops in today’s session

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 The if-statement

Sometimes we want to execute a code only if a certain condition is true.

The if statement is used in Python for decision making. An "if statement" is

written by using the if keyword.
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Syntax:
if test expression:
statement(s)

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 The if-statement

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 The if-else statement

The ‘if..else’ statement evaluates a test expression and will execute the code
that is part of the ‘if’ expression if the test expression True.

If the test expression is False, the code that is part of the ‘else’ expression is
executed. Note the indentation that is used to separate the ‘if’ and ‘else’ blocks.
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Syntax:
if test expression:
Body of if
else:
Body of else
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 The if-else statement

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 The while Loop

Loops are used to repeat the execution of a specific block of code.

The ‘while loop’ in Python is used to iterate over a block of code as long as the
test expression holds true.
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We generally use this loop when the number of times to iterate is not known to
us beforehand.
Syntax:

while test_expression:
Body of while
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 The while Loop

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 The for Loop

The ‘for loop’ in Python is used to iterate over the items of a sequence object like
list, tuple, string and other iterable objects.

The iteration continues until we reach the last item in the sequence object. Note
the indentation that is used in a ‘for loop’ to separate the rest of the code from the
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‘for loop’ syntax

Syntax:
for i in sequence:
Body of for

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 The for Loop

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 Pseudocode
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 What is Pseudocode?

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Pseudocode is a step-by-step written outline of your code that you can
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gradually transcribe into programming language

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 Example: Pseudocode

Find the sum of 5 numbers:

1. Set sum=0, count=0

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2. Enter the number
3. Add number to sum and store it back to
sum
4. Increment count by 1
5. If count < 5, go to step 2 else print total
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 Write pseudocode to calculate sum & average of 10 numbers that you
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input

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 There exists a word “Pythonic”? What does it mean?

There are many ways to accomplish the same task in Python, but
there is usually one preferred way to do it. This preferred way is
called "pythonic."

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Read The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Python (https://docs.python-

guide.org/writing/style/).

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[email protected]
VGNQ9IQTEJ Thank You

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