QUERYING GRAPHS WITH

NEO4J

Querying Graphs with

Neo4j
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 2
Introduction to Neo4j 2
What is a Graph Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cypher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Getting Started 3
Installing Neo4j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Accessing Neo4j Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Creating a new graph database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Basic Data Retrieval 4
Retrieving nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Retrieving relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Combining node and relationship retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Filtering and Sorting 4
Using WHERE to filter nodes and relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Applying multiple conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Sorting query results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Aggregation and Grouping 4
Using COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
GROUP BY clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Filtering aggregated results with HAVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Advanced Relationship Traversal 5
Traversing multiple relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Variable-length relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Controlling traversal direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Pattern Matching with MATCH 5
Matching specific patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Optional match with OPTIONAL MATCH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Using patterns as placeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Working with Path Results 5
Returning paths in queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Filtering paths based on conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Limiting the number of paths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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 QUERYING GRAPHS WITH
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Modifying Data with CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE 6

Creating nodes and relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Updating property values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Deleting nodes, relationships, and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Indexes and Constraints 6
Creating indexes for faster querying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Adding uniqueness constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Dropping indexes and constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Combining Cypher Queries 6
Using WITH for result pipelining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chaining multiple queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Using subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Importing Data into Neo4j 7
Using Cypher’s LOAD CSV for CSV imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Integrating with ETL tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Data Modeling Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Performance Tuning 7
Profiling queries for optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Understanding query execution plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Working with Dates and Times 7
Storing and querying date/time values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Performing date calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Handling time zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
User-Defined Procedures and Functions 8
Creating custom procedures and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Loading and using APOC library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Extending Query Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exporting Query Results 8
Exporting to CSV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
JSON and other formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Additional Resources 8

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 QUERYING GRAPHS WITH
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PREFACE
PREFACE intuitive and efficient manner compared to
traditional relational databases.
This cheatsheet is your guide to effectively querying
graphs using Neo4j. Whether you’re a seasoned Graph databases offer several advantages,
database professional looking to expand your skills especially when dealing with highly interconnected
or a curious enthusiast eager to dive into the world data:
of graph data, this resource is designed to provide
you with quick and concise information to get you Advantages Of Graph Description
started. Databases

Efficient Relationship Graph databases excel at

INTRODUCTIONTO
INTRODUCTION TONEO4J
NEO4J Handling traversing relationships
efficiently. This makes
Neo4j is a leading graph database management them ideal for scenarios
system that enables efficient storage and Querying where understanding
Graphs of connected data. It’s designed to work connections and
with highly interconnected data models, making it relationships is a critical
suitable for applications such as social networks, part of the data.
recommendation systems, fraud detection, and
more. Flexible Data Modeling Graph databases adopt a
schema-less approach,
Key Concepts: enabling easy
adaptation of data
models as requirements
Concept Description
evolve. This adaptability
Nodes Fundamental building is particularly beneficial
blocks representing for dynamic data
entities in the graph structures.
database’s domain.
Complex Queries Graph databases excel at
Relationships Connections between handling complex
nodes that convey queries involving
meaningful information relationships and
and context between the patterns. They can
connected nodes. uncover hidden
Properties Key-value pairs attached relationships and
to nodes and insights that might be
relationships for storing challenging for
additional data or traditional databases.
attributes. Use Cases Graph databases are
Graph Modeling Graph databases employ well-suited for
a schema-less model applications like social
that offers flexibility to networks,
adapt to changing data recommendation
structures. systems, fraud detection,
and knowledge graphs.
They shine where
WHAT IS A GRAPH DATABASE relationships are as
important as data.
A graph database is a specialized type of database
designed to store and manage data using graph
structures. In a graph database, data is modeled as
nodes, relationships, and properties. It’s a way to
represent and store complex relationships and
connections between various entities in a more

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Advantages Of Graph Description RETURN p.name

Databases

Query Performance Graph databases In this query, MATCH is used to specify the pattern
generally offer superior you’re looking for, (p:Person) defines a node
query performance labeled as "Person," and RETURN specifies what
when retrieving related information to retrieve.
data, thanks to their
optimized traversal Cypher also supports a wide range of functionalities
mechanisms. beyond basic querying, including creating nodes
and relationships, filtering, sorting, aggregating
Natural Representation Graph databases
data, and more. It’s a central tool for interacting
provide a more natural
with Neo4j databases effectively and efficiently.
way to model and
represent real-world It’s important to note that while Cypher is specific
scenarios, aligning well to Neo4j, other graph databases might have their
with how humans own query languages or might support other query
perceive and languages like GraphQL, SPARQL, etc., depending
understand on the database technology being used.
relationships.
GETTINGSTARTED
GETTING STARTED
However, it’s important to note that while graph
databases excel in certain use cases, they might not
To begin using Neo4j for Querying Graphs, follow
be the optimal choice for every type of application.
these steps:
Choosing the right database technology depends on
the specific needs of your project, including data
structure, query patterns, and performance INSTALLING NEO4J
requirements.
Download and install Neo4j from the official
website. Choose the appropriate version based on
CYPHER your operating system. Follow the installation
instructions for a smooth setup.
Neo4j uses its own language for Querying Graphs
called Cypher. Cypher is specifically designed for
querying and manipulating graph data in the Neo4j ACCESSING NEO4J BROWSER
database. It provides a powerful and expressive
Neo4j Browser is a web-based interface that allows
way to interact with the graph database, making it
you to interact with your graph database using
easier to work with nodes, relationships, and their
Cypher queries. After installing Neo4j, you can
properties.
access the browser by navigating to
https://localhost:7474 in your web browser.
Cypher is designed to be human-readable and
closely resembles patterns in natural language
when describing graph patterns. It allows you to CREATING A NEW GRAPH DATABASE
express complex queries in a concise and intuitive
manner. Cypher queries are written using ASCII Once you’re in Neo4j Browser, you can create a new
art-like syntax to represent nodes, relationships, graph database using Cypher. For example, to
and patterns within the graph. create a node with a "Person" label and a "name"
property, run:
For example, a simple Cypher query to retrieve all
nodes labeled as "Person" and their names might
look like:
CREATE (:Person {name: 'John'})

MATCH (p:Person)

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BASIC
BASICDATA
DATARETRIEVAL
RETRIEVAL RETURN p

To retrieve data from your Neo4j database, you can

use the MATCH clause along with patterns to specify APPLYING MULTIPLE CONDITIONS
what you’re looking for.
Combine conditions using logical operators

RETRIEVING NODES
MATCH (p:Person)
To retrieve all nodes with a specific label, use the
MATCH clause followed by the label: WHERE p.age > 30 AND p.location =
'New York'
RETURN p
MATCH (p:Person)
RETURN p
SORTING QUERY RESULTS

RETRIEVING RELATIONSHIPS Use the ORDER BY clause to sort results:

To retrieve specific relationships between nodes,

use the MATCH clause with the desired pattern: MATCH (p:Person)
RETURN p.name
ORDER BY p.age DESC
MATCH (p1:Person)-[:FRIENDS_WITH]-
>(p2:Person)
RETURN p1, p2 AGGREGATIONAND
AGGREGATION ANDGROUPING
GROUPING

Aggregation functions allow you to summarize and

COMBINING NODE AND RELATIONSHIP analyze data.
RETRIEVAL
USING COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX
You can retrieve both nodes and relationships in a
single query: Aggregate functions work on numeric properties:

MATCH (p1:Person)-[r:FRIENDS_WITH]- MATCH (p:Person)

>(p2:Person) RETURN COUNT(p) AS totalPeople,
RETURN p1, r, p2 AVG(p.age) AS avgAge

FILTERINGAND
FILTERING ANDSORTING
SORTING GROUP BY CLAUSE

Use the WHERE clause to filter query results based on Group data based on specific properties:
specific conditions.

MATCH (p:Person)
USING WHERE TO FILTER NODES AND
RETURN p.location, AVG(p.age) AS
RELATIONSHIPS
avgAge
Filter nodes based on property values: GROUP BY p.location

MATCH (p:Person)
WHERE p.age > 30

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FILTERING AGGREGATED RESULTS WITH PATTERN

PATTERNMATCHING
MATCHINGWITH
WITHMATCH
MATCH
HAVING
Patterns allow you to specify the structure of your
Filter groups using the HAVING clause data.

MATCHING SPECIFIC PATTERNS

MATCH (p:Person)
RETURN p.location, AVG(p.age) AS Match nodes and relationships based on patterns:
avgAge
GROUP BY p.location
HAVING avgAge > 30 MATCH (p:Person)-[:FRIENDS_WITH]-
>(friend:Person)
WHERE p.name = 'Alice'
ADVANCEDRELATIONSHIP
ADVANCED RELATIONSHIP RETURN friend
TRAVERSAL
TRAVERSAL

Neo4j power of Querying Graphs lies in traversing OPTIONAL MATCH WITH OPTIONAL
complex relationships. MATCH

Include optional relationships in the pattern:

TRAVERSING MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS

Navigate through multiple relationships:

MATCH (p:Person)
OPTIONAL MATCH (p)-[:LIKES]-
MATCH (p:Person)-[:FRIENDS_WITH]- >(m:Movie)
>(:Person)-[:LIKES]->(m:Movie) RETURN p, m
RETURN p, m

USING PATTERNS AS PLACEHOLDERS

VARIABLE-LENGTH RELATIONSHIPS
Use variables to match patterns conditionally:
Use the asterisk (*) syntax for variable-length paths:

MATCH (p:Person)-[:FRIENDS_WITH]-
MATCH (p:Person)- >(friend:Person)
[:FRIENDS_WITH*1..2]- WITH friend, size((friend)-[:LIKES]-
>(friend:Person) >()) AS numLikes
RETURN p, friend WHERE numLikes > 2
RETURN friend

CONTROLLING TRAVERSAL DIRECTION

WORKINGWITH
WORKING WITHPATH
PATHRESULTS
RESULTS
Specify traversal direction with arrow notation:
Paths represent sequences of nodes and
relationships.
MATCH (p:Person)-[:FRIENDS_WITH]-
>(friend:Person)
RETURNING PATHS IN QUERIES
RETURN p, friend
Use the MATCH clause to return paths:

MATCH path = (p:Person)-

[:FRIENDS_WITH]->(:Person)-[:LIKES]-

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>(m:Movie) DELETING NODES, RELATIONSHIPS, AND

RETURN path PROPERTIES

Use the DELETE clause to remove data:

FILTERING PATHS BASED ON

CONDITIONS MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Eve'})
Filter paths based on specific criteria: DELETE p

MATCH path = (p:Person)- INDEXESAND

INDEXES ANDCONSTRAINTS
CONSTRAINTS
[:FRIENDS_WITH]->(friend:Person)
Indexes and constraints enhance query
WHERE size((friend)-[:LIKES]->()) >
performance and data integrity.
2
RETURN path
CREATING INDEXES FOR FASTER
QUERYING
LIMITING THE NUMBER OF PATHS
Create an index on a property for faster retrieval:
Use the LIMIT clause to restrict results:

CREATE INDEX ON :Person(name)

MATCH path = (p:Person)-
[:FRIENDS_WITH]->(:Person)-[:LIKES]-
>(m:Movie) ADDING UNIQUENESS CONSTRAINTS
RETURN path Enforce uniqueness on properties:
LIMIT 5

CREATE CONSTRAINT ON (p:Person)

MODIFYINGDATA
MODIFYING DATAWITH
WITHCREATE,
CREATE, ASSERT p.email IS UNIQUE
UPDATE,
UPDATE, DELETE
DELETE

Cypher allows you to create, update, and delete DROPPING INDEXES AND CONSTRAINTS
data.
Remove indexes and constraints as needed:

CREATING NODES AND RELATIONSHIPS

Use the CREATE clause to add nodes and

DROP INDEX ON :Person(name)
relationships: DROP CONSTRAINT ON (p:Person) ASSERT
p.email IS UNIQUE

CREATE (p:Person {name: 'Eve', age:

28}) COMBININGCYPHER
COMBINING CYPHERQUERIES
QUERIES

Combine multiple queries for more complex

UPDATING PROPERTY VALUES operations.

Use the SET clause to update properties: USING WITH FOR RESULT PIPELINING

Pass query results to the next part of the query:

MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Eve'})
SET p.age = 29
MATCH (p:Person)

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WITH p DATA MODELING CONSIDERATIONS

MATCH (p)-[:FRIENDS_WITH]-
Plan your graph model and relationships before
>(friend:Person)
importing data to ensure optimal performance and
RETURN p, friend
queryability.

PERFORMANCETUNING
PERFORMANCE TUNING
CHAINING MULTIPLE QUERIES

Chain queries together using semicolons: Optimize your queries for better performance.

PROFILING QUERIES FOR OPTIMIZATION

MATCH (p:Person)
RETURN p.name; Use the PROFILE keyword to analyze query
MATCH (m:Movie) execution:
RETURN m.title
PROFILE MATCH (p:Person)-
USING SUBQUERIES
[:FRIENDS_WITH]->(:Person)
RETURN p
Embed subqueries within larger queries:

UNDERSTANDING QUERY EXECUTION

MATCH (p:Person) PLANS
WHERE p.age > (SELECT AVG(age) FROM
Person) Analyze query plans to identify bottlenecks and
RETURN p optimizations.

Tips for improving query performance:

IMPORTINGDATA
IMPORTING DATAINTO
INTONEO4J
NEO4J
• Use indexes for property-based filtering.

Importing external data into Neo4j as graphs for • Avoid unnecessary traversals by using specific
querying is a common task. patterns.

• Profile and analyze slow queries to identify

USING CYPHER’S LOAD CSV FOR CSV improvements.
IMPORTS
WORKINGWITH
WORKING WITHDATES
DATESAND
ANDTIMES
TIMES
Load data from CSV files into the graph:

Store, query, and manipulate date and time values.

LOAD CSV WITH HEADERS FROM

'file:///people.csv' AS row STORING AND QUERYING DATE/TIME
CREATE (:Person {name: row.name, VALUES
age: toInteger(row.age)})
Store date/time properties and query them using
comparisons:

INTEGRATING WITH ETL TOOLS

MATCH (p:Person)
Use ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tools like Neo4j
WHERE p.birthdate > date('1990-01-
ETL or third-party tools to automate data imports.
01')
RETURN p

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PERFORMING DATE CALCULATIONS EXPORTING

EXPORTINGQUERY
QUERYRESULTS
RESULTS

Perform calculations on date properties: Export query results for further analysis.

EXPORTING TO CSV
MATCH (p:Person)
SET p.age = date().year - Use the EXPORT CSV clause to export data to a CSV
p.birthdate.year file:
RETURN p

MATCH (p:Person)
HANDLING TIME ZONES RETURN p.name, p.age
EXPORT CSV WITH HEADERS FROM
Use the datetime() function to work with time 'file:///people.csv'
zones:

JSON AND OTHER FORMATS

MATCH (m:Movie)
SET m.releaseDate = datetime('2023- For JSON export, use the APOC library:
07-01T00:00:00Z')
RETURN m
CALL
apoc.export.json.query("MATCH
USER-DEFINEDPROCEDURES
USER-DEFINED PROCEDURESAND
AND (p:Person) RETURN p",
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS 'people.json', {})

Extend Cypher’s capabilities with user-defined

procedures and functions. ADDITIONALRESOURCES
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

CREATING CUSTOM PROCEDURES AND Title Description

FUNCTIONS Neo4j Documentation Official documentation
for Neo4j, including
Write custom procedures using Java and integrate
guides, tutorials, and
them into your Cypher queries.
reference materials.

LOADING AND USING APOC LIBRARY Neo4j Community An online community

Forum forum where you can
APOC (Awesome Procedures on Cypher) is a ask questions, share
popular library of procedures and functions: knowledge, and engage
with other Neo4j users.

Cypher Query Language In-depth guide to the

CALL apoc.date.parse('2023-07-01',
Manual Cypher query language,
's', 'yyyy-MM-dd') YIELD value
explaining its syntax,
RETURN value.year AS year functions, and usage.

Graph Databases for A beginner-friendly

EXTENDING QUERY CAPABILITIES Beginners guide to graph
databases, their
User-defined functions allow you to encapsulate benefits, and how they
logic and reuse it in queries. compare to other
database types.

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 QUERYING GRAPHS WITH
9 NEO4J

Title Description

Neo4j Online Training Paid and free online

courses provided by
Neo4j to learn about
graph databases and
how to work with Neo4j
effectively.

YouTube: Neo4j Channel Neo4j’s official YouTube

channel with video
tutorials, webinars, and
talks about graph
databases and Neo4j
features.

GitHub: Neo4j Examples Repository containing

sample code and
examples for various
use cases, helping you
understand practical
applications of Neo4j.

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