3.

Data Distribution
Chapter 1 - Central Tendency
 Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

Central Tendency
Central Tendency
Descriptive Statistics Outcome is one value

Definition:

a descriptive summary of a dataset through a single value that reflects

the center of the data distribution

To tell us

How the center of distribution?

 3. Data Distribution
Chapter 2 - Understanding Mean, Median, Mode
Central Tendency

Name Age

John 33

Mark

Susan

Joe
28

25

46
? Average
= Mean

… … Average age of employees in the data distribution (data set)

Bob 29
 Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

Central Tendency

Mean Median Mode

= Average
Calculating Mean

Name Age

John 33

Mark 28
33 + 28 + 25 + 46 + 32 + 29 + 42 + 21
Susan 25
8
Joe 46

Ema 32

Bob 29 Mean value = 32

Keith 42

Julia 21
Calculating Mean

Day Sales

Sunday 9500

Monday 100
9500 + 100 + 50 + 150 + 100 + 150 + 100
Tuesday 50
7
Wednesday 150

Thursday 100 More than 10 times compared

to most of the sales
Friday 150 Mean value = 1450
Saturday 100
Mean
● Average value of a data series

○ e.g. data[100, 200, 50, 150], then mean is 100+200+50+150 / 4 = 125

● Outlier(s) in our data set can mislead mean value

○ e.g. data[9500, 100, 50, 350], then mean is 9500 + 100 + 50 + 350 / 4 = 2500

○ in above example, mean value is too far high then most of our data in the dataset

● Formula,

○ Mean = 𝝨x/N
Median
● Middle value in our dataset
● Must sort out the data from low to high
○ e.g. data[150, 50, 600, 200, 350]
○ sorted_data[50, 150, 200, 350, 600]
○ therefore, median value is 200
● Formula
○ {(n + 1) ÷ 2}th value

● if n is even, the median is calculated by averaging the two middle values

○ e.g. data[150, 50, 600, 200, 350, 100]
○ sorted_data[50, 100, 150, 200, 350, 600]
○ therefore, media value is 150+200/2 = 175
Mode
● Value that frequently appears in the data set
○ e.g. data[100, 50, 200, 50, 150]
○ therefore, mode is 50 as it appears twice in the data set
● Can be more than one mode in a single data set
○ e.g. data[100, 50, 200, 50, 150, 100]
○ therefore, mode is 50 and 100

● Some data set do not have mode if there is no repeating number

○ e.g. data[50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300]
● Sorting is preferred as it helps visually
 3. Data Distribution
Chapter 3 - Understanding Weighted Mean
and Mean of Grouped Data
 Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

Central Tendency

Mean Median Mode

= Average
Weighted Mean

Weighted:

some part of the data is more important than other

calculating mean based on each weight

Weighted Mean - Example

Assessment Type Scores/Marks Weight in Percentage

Mid-term Exam 95 15%

Practical Project 85 35%

Final Exam 82 50%

● Year end score is computed based on:

○ Get 15% of overall score from mid-term exam
○ Get 35% of overall score from practical project
○ Get 50% of overall score from final exam
Weighted Mean - Calculation

Assessment Type Scores/Marks Weight Weight x Score

Mid-term Exam 95 0.15 14.25

Practical Project 85 0.35 29.75

Final Exam 82 0.50 41

Grade Point 85

● To calculate the weighted mean

∑w i . x i
Sum (Multiply weight of each value with its value)
WA =
∑w i
○
○ Sum (weight of each value)
○ Then divide w = weight of each value
x = data value
Mean of Grouped Data - Example

Frequency Distribution

Sales Group No. of Days

0-2 11

3-5 8

6-8 5

9-11 3

12-14 1

15-17 2

Mean/Avg = 150/30 = 5
Mean of Grouped Data - Calculation

Sales Midpoint (x) No. of Days f.x

∑fi . xi
Group (frequency, f) GM =
0-2 1 11 11 ∑fi
3-5 4 8 32
f = frequency of each group
6-8 7 5 35 x = midpoint
9-11 10 3 30
153
12-14 13 1 13
30
15-17 16 2 32
Grouped Mean = 5.1
30 153
3. Data Distribution
Chapter 4 - Variability
 Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

Central
Tendency Variability

Mean Median Mode Range Variance Standard Deviation

 3. Data Distribution
Chapter 5 - Understanding Range, Variance
and Standard Deviation
 Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

Central
Tendency Variability

Mean Median Mode Range Variance Standard Deviation

Range - Example & Calculation

● the difference between the largest number and the smallest number
○ e.g. data[100, 50, 200, 50, 150]
○ therefore, range is 200 - 50 = 150

● same outlier effect as mean

○ e.g. data[100, 50, 9000, 50, 100]
○ therefore, range is 9000 - 50 = 8950

● Formula
○ Range = Largest number - Smallest number

● sorting is preferred as it helps visually

Variance - Calculation

● Calculating Variance

○ Step 1 - calculate the mean value

○ Step 2 - subtract mean value from each data point

○ Step 3 - get the squared value for each subtracted value

○ Step 4 - calculate the average of each squared value

Variance - Example
● E.g. data[15, 17, 16, 14, 18, 16] ● Step 1 - calculate the mean value
● Step 2 - subtract mean value from each data point
Step 1 ● Step 3 - get the squared value for each subtracted value
● Step 4 - calculate the average of each squared value
mean = 15+17+16+14+18+16 / 6 = 96/6 = 16

Step 2 & 3

15-16 = -1 => (-1)2 = 1 Step 4

17-16 = 1 => (1)2 = 1
1 + 1 + 0 + 4 + 4 + 0 = 10
2
16-16 = 0 => (0) = 0
n = 6, therefore VAR = 10/6 = 1.67
2
14-16 = -2 => (-2) = 4
18-16 = 2 => (2)2 = 4
16-16 = 0 => (0)2 = 0
 Variance - Interpretation

● If the variance is too small, then our data is very close to the mean
○ E.g. data[15, 17, 16, 14, 18, 16]
○ Variance = 1.67, Mean = 16
○ Since the value of variance is small, each data point is not much far from mean

● If the variance is large, then our data is very far from the mean
○ E.g. data[13, 3, 40, 12, 3, 25]
○ Variance = 170, Mean = 16
○ Since the value of variance is large, each data point is considered far from mean
Standard Deviation - Interpretation

● the value of standard deviation shows us how far each data is deviated
from the mean
● Formula
○ take the square root of Variance

● E.g. data[15, 17, 16, 14, 18, 16]

○ VAR = 1.67
○ SD = √1.67 = 1.29
3. Data Distribution
Chapter 6 - Understanding Quartiles and
Interquartiles Range
Quartiles

● Divide the data set into four equal segments after arranging in ascending order
Quartiles

● First quartile, denoted as Q1

○ splits off the lowest 25% of data from the highest 75%
● Second quartile, denoted as Q2
○ cuts data set in half, median value
● Third quartile, denoted as Q3
○ splits off the highest 25% of data from the lowest 75%
Quartiles - Calculating Q1, Q2, Q3

● Step 1: Arrange data in ascending order

● Step 2: Find the median value, i.e. Q2
● Step 3: Find the median value of lower half of the data set, i.e. Q1
● Step 4: Find the median value of upper half of the data set, i.e. Q3
 Quartiles - Example
● Step 1: Arrange data in ascending order
e.g. 7, 18, 16, 10, 2, 5, 13, 11, 3
● Step 2: Find the median value, i.e. Q2
Step 1 ● Step 3: Find the median value of lower half of the data set, i.e. Q1

2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18 ● Step 4: Find the median value of upper half of the data set, i.e. Q3

Step 2 Step 2

Median = 10 = Q2 Median Upper = (13+16)/2 = 14.5 = Q3

Step 2

Median Lower = (3+5)/2 = 4 = Q1

Interquartile Range (IQR)

● Measure spread of the center half of the data set

IQR = Q3 - Q1

● Useful to spot outliers

Any values that are more than:
Q3 + 1.5 IQR

OR

Any values that are less than:

Q1 - 1.5 IQR
 Finding Outliers - Example
● Step 1: Arrange data in ascending order
e.g. 11, 41, 44, 47, 51, 53, 57, 75
● Step 2: Find the median value, i.e. Q2
Sort First
● Step 3: Find the median value of lower half of the data set, i.e. Q1
11, 41, 44, 47, 51, 53, 57, 75 ● Step 4: Find the median value of upper half of the data set, i.e. Q3

Q3
Q3 + 1.5 IQR
(53+57)/2 = 55
55 + (1.5 x 12.5) = 73.75
Q1

(41+44)/2 = 42.5 Q1 - 1.5 IQR

IQR
42.5 - (1.5 x 12.5) = 23.75
55-42.5 = 12.5