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M3 WIND Updated

The document discusses wind energy, focusing on wind turbine siting, applications, and the energy scenario in India, where 43% of electricity generation capacity comes from renewable sources. It explains the causes of wind, classifications of winds, and types of wind turbines, including variable speed turbines. Additionally, it highlights the importance of energy storage solutions for wind energy due to its intermittent nature.

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Joydip Maiti
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3 views58 pages

M3 WIND Updated

The document discusses wind energy, focusing on wind turbine siting, applications, and the energy scenario in India, where 43% of electricity generation capacity comes from renewable sources. It explains the causes of wind, classifications of winds, and types of wind turbines, including variable speed turbines. Additionally, it highlights the importance of energy storage solutions for wind energy due to its intermittent nature.

Uploaded by

Joydip Maiti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WIND ENERGY

1
Wind Turbine Siting
Major Applications of Wind Power
Mechanical application: Electricity generation:
Mainly (water pumping) Wind turbines vary in size and type.
Multi-blade windmill used for They are commercially available for
water pumping shown below: electricity generation.
Energy scenario in India
❑ Electricity sector in India is growing at a rapid pace.
The present peak demand is about 2,50,000 MW and the
Installed Capacity is 4,46,190 MW using generation from
thermal, hydro, Nuclear, and renewables sector. (30th May
2024)
❑ India is one of the countries with large production
of energy from renewable sources. As of 31 March 2023, 43%
of India's installed electricity generation capacity is
from renewable sources.
• It has the potential to reduce, fragment, or degrade habitat for wildlife, fish, and plants.

• Furthermore, spinning turbine blades can pose a threat to flying wildlife like birds and
bats.
Causes of Wind

The main cause of generation of wind is the uneven heating of


two regions. Following are the examples of uneven heating we
see around us:
uneven heating between land and sea
uneven heating between equator and pole
• Seawater gets heated more slowly as compared to land.
• As the temperature of the land rises, the air above it gets heated by conduction.
• The density of warm air is less than the surrounding environment, because of which it
rises, creating a vacuum in its place.
• The cooler air from the sea rushes to fill the vacuum which creates a cool coastal
breeze.
• At night, the land cools off more quickly, which creates a temperature difference
between the onshore and that offshore.
• Because of this temperature difference, again a pressure drop is created establishing a
land breeze.

The flow of Air between Land and Sea


What is uneven heating between equator and
pole?
• The equatorial and tropical regions (close
to the equator) get the maximum heat from
the sun; hence they get hotter than the
polar regions.
• The air surrounding this region gets heated
up and rises to create a vacuum.
• Cooler air from the poles rushes to fill the
vacuum.
• The wind does not flow in the north-south
direction because a change in direction is
The flow of Air between Equator and Pole caused by the rotation of the earth.

• If the Earth did not rotate and remained stationary, the atmosphere would circulate
between the poles (high pressure areas) and the equator (a low pressure area) in a
simple back-and-forth pattern.
• But because the Earth rotates, circulating air is deflected.
• Instead of circulating in a straight pattern, the air deflects toward the right in the
Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in
curved paths.
Classification of Winds
Permanent winds or
Primary winds or Prevailing
winds or Planetary Winds
The trade winds, westerlies
and easterlies.
• Planetary winds comprise
winds distributed
throughout the lower
atmosphere.
• The winds blow regularly
throughout the year
confined within latitudinal
belts, mainly in north-east
and south-east directions
or from high-pressure
polar-regions to
low-pressure regions.

• If they move from east to west, they are called easterlies.


• If the winds move from west to east, they are called westerlies.
• The westerlies are anti-trades.
• Polar winds begin near the North and South Poles.
Secondary or Seasonal or Periodic Winds
Seasonal winds: These winds change their direction in different seasons.
For example monsoons in India.
Periodic winds: Land and sea breeze, mountain and valley breeze.
Local winds
• These blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area.
Winds like Loo, Foehn, Bora.
• The bora is a northern to north-eastern katabatic wind in the Adriatic Sea.
• Similar nomenclature is used for north-eastern winds in other littoral areas of eastern
Mediterranean and Black Sea basins.
Local winds
• These blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area.
Winds like Loo, Foehn, Bora.
• The local winds include the sea and the land breeze created due to the pressure
difference between the air over the sea and the land regions.
• Loo is the local winds that blow in the northern part of India.
Local winds
• These blow only during a particular period of the day or year in a small area.
Winds like Loo, Foehn, Bora.
• A foehn is a type of dry, warm, down-slope wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side)
of a mountain range.
Wind Turbine Types and Their Construction
HAWT ROTORS
TYPES OF VAWT
VAWT wind turbines.
• Savonious turbines can extract power from slow
speed wind and used for low power application.
• Darrieus rotor used for large power generation. There
is no pitch control, hence no control over output
power and frequency.
• In H-shaped VAWT power output can be controlled
by inclining the blades along the vertical direction.
• Technology under the development stage and far less
known as compared to HAWT.
VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE GENERATORS

A variable speed wind turbine is one which is specifically designed to operate


over a wide range of rotor speeds. It is in direct contrast to fixed speed wind
turbine where the rotor speed is approximately constant. The reason to vary the
rotor speed is to capture the maximum aerodynamic power in the wind, as the
wind speed varies.
Wind-Energy Storage
Wind energy is inherently intermittent, variable and non-dispatchable (cannot be
switched on ‘on demand’).
Consequently, the need for such backup sources of power increases as the proportion
of wind generation on the system increases.
To reduce fuel demands, it is desirable that the backup source is a storage facility
rather than further primary generation.

Parameters of an energy storage device

• Power capacity is the maximum instantaneous output that an energy storage device
can provide, usually measured in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW).
Energy storage capacity is the amount of electrical energy the device can store,usually
measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh).
• Efficiency indicates the quantity of electricity that can be recovered as a percentage
of the electricity used to charge the device.
• Response time is the length of time it takes the storage device to start releasing
power.
• Round-trip efficiency indicates the quantity of electricity which can be recovered as a
percentage of the electricity used to charge and discharge the device.
WES Technologies

pumped hydro-electric compressed-air energy Fly wheel energy


storage storage; storage

advanced lead-acid
batteries with
Electric double layer
carbon-enhanced Sodium-based batteries
capacitor
electrodes; sodium
sulfur batteries

lithium-ion batteries

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