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Modulus Function

The document provides an overview of modulus functions, defined as y = |f(x)|, which represent the positive value of f(x). It includes properties, graphing techniques, and examples of solving modulus equations and inequalities. Additionally, it outlines the steps for graphing modulus functions and provides examples for practice.

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Daniel Facey
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46 views13 pages

Modulus Function

The document provides an overview of modulus functions, defined as y = |f(x)|, which represent the positive value of f(x). It includes properties, graphing techniques, and examples of solving modulus equations and inequalities. Additionally, it outlines the steps for graphing modulus functions and provides examples for practice.

Uploaded by

Daniel Facey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CAPE PURE MATHEMATICS

Teacher: Mr. Ronaldo Ferguson


Topic: MODULUS FUNCTIONS
Contact: [email protected]

Channel: MATH TV
MODULUS FUNCTION

The Modulus Function is defined as 𝑦 = |𝑓(𝑥 )| which means the positive


value of 𝑓(𝑥) whether 𝑓(𝑥) itself is positive or negative.

Eg. |2| = 2 and |−2| = 2

This is represented graphically by reflecting the section of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

that is below the x-axis over the x-axis.

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 = |𝑓(𝑥 )|

Note: All graphs are created at symbolab.com

Definitions
−𝑥, 𝑥<0
|𝑥| = {
𝑥, 𝑥≥0

AND |𝑥| = √(𝑥)2


𝑦 = |𝑥| 𝑦=𝑥

Properties of the Modulus Function


1. |−𝑎| = |𝑎| = 𝑎
2. |𝑎| ≥ 0
3. |𝑎𝑏| = |𝑎||𝑏|
𝑎 |𝑎|
4. | | =
𝑏 |𝑏|
5. |𝑎𝑛 | = |𝑎| 𝑛
6. 𝑎2 = |𝑎|2
7. 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 ∶ |𝑥 + 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥| + |𝑦|
8. 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦: |𝑥 − 𝑦| ≥ |𝑥| − |𝑦|
HOW TO GRAPH A MODULUS FUNCTION

To do this we can use the fact that


−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
|𝑥| = {
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: 𝑦 = 3 − |3 − 2𝑥|

Critical points is at: 3 − 2𝑥 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1.5, 𝑦 = 3 𝑖. 𝑒. (1.5, 3)


3 − 2𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1.5
→ |3 − 2𝑥| = {
2𝑥 − 3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1.5

For 𝑥 ≤ 1.5, 𝑦 = 3 − (3 − 2𝑥) i.e. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟓

For 𝑥 > 1.5, 𝑦 = 3 − (2 − 3𝑥) i.e. 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 𝟏. 𝟓

Therefore

𝑦 = 3 − |3 − 2𝑥| Critical point: (1.5, 3)


2𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 1.5
𝑦={
−2𝑥 + 6, 𝑥 > 1.5

STEPS TO GRAPHING MODULUS FUNCTIONS

1. Sketch 𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑥
2. Sketch 𝑦 = |3 − 2𝑥| 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
3. Sketch 𝑦 = −|3 − 2𝑥|
4. Sketch 𝑦 = 3 − |3 − 2𝑥|
Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:
Step 4:

Examples

Sketch the graph of the following:-

1. 𝑦 = 5 − |2𝑥 − 3|
2. 𝑦 = −3 + |3 − 2𝑥|

3. 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 2| + |𝑥 − 3|

4. 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 1| − |𝑥 − 4|

5. 𝑦 = |2𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 5|

Solving Modulus Function

Note: The solution of a Modulus equation MUST be checked to


ensure that it satisfy the given equation.

Rule: 𝐼𝑓 |𝑎| = 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 |𝑎| = |𝑏|


Then → 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 → 𝑎 = ±𝑏

Examples:

1. |2𝑥 + 5| = 3
→ 2𝑥 + 3 = ±3
±3 − 5
→𝑥=
2
→ 𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −4 ANS
𝑇𝐸𝑆𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3
𝑥 = −1: 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3
𝑥 = −4: 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3

2. |2𝑥 + 5| = 3𝑥
→ 2𝑥 + 5 = ±3𝑥
→ 2𝑥 ∓ 3𝑥 = −5
→ (2 ∓ 3)𝑥 = −5
−5
→𝑥=
2∓3
→ 𝑥 = 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 ANS

𝑇𝐸𝑆𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3


𝑥 = 5 ∶ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 15, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 15
𝑥 = −1: 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = −3

Hence 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 → 𝑥 = 5
3. |2𝑥 + 5| = |3𝑥|
→ 2𝑥 + 5 = ±3𝑥
→ 2𝑥 ∓ 3𝑥 = −5
→ (2 ∓ 3)𝑥 = −5
−5
→𝑥=
2∓3
→ 𝑥 = 5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 ANS

𝑇𝐸𝑆𝑇𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3


𝑥 = 5 ∶ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 15, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 15
𝑥 = −1: 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 3
Hence 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑥 = 5

QUADRATIC
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑥 2 ≡ |𝑥|2 𝐴𝑁𝐷 |𝑎𝑥| = 𝑎|𝑥| 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 0

Example: 2𝑥 2 − |3𝑥| − 5 = 0
→ 2|𝑥|2 − 3|𝑥| − 5 = 0 … … … . (𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛 |𝑥|)
→ (2|𝑥| − 5)(|𝑥| + 1) = 0
→ |𝑥| = 2.5 𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| = −1 (𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)

→ 𝑥 = ±2.5 ANS

INDICES

Example: |8𝑥 − 9| = 7
→ 8𝑥 − 9 = ±7
→ 8𝑥 = 9 ± 7
→ 23𝑥 = 16 𝑜𝑟 23𝑥 = 2
→ 23𝑥 = 24 𝑜𝑟 23𝑥 = 21
4 1
→𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ANS
3 3

SOLVING MODULUS INEQUALITIES

The solution of modulus inequalities MUST be checked to ensure that


it satisfies the given inequality.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 1 |𝑎| < 𝑏
→ 𝑎2 < 𝑏 2
→ −𝑏 < 𝑎 < 𝑏
𝑖. 𝑒. |𝑎| < 𝑏 → −𝑏 < 𝑎 < 𝑏

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 2 |𝑎| > 𝑏


→ 𝑎2 > 𝑏 2
→ 𝑎 < −𝑏, 𝑎 > 𝑏
𝑖. 𝑒. |𝑎| > 𝑏 → 𝑎 < −𝑏, 𝑎 > 𝑏

Example
|2𝑥 + 5| < 3
→ −3 < 2𝑥 + 5 < 3
−3 − 5 3−5
→ <𝑥< → −4 < 𝑥 < −1
2 2
Testing Solution (𝐿𝐻𝑆 < 3)
𝑥 = −3 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1 < 3
𝑥 = −2 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1 < 3

Example: |2𝑥 + 5| > 3


→ 2𝑥 + 5 < −3, 2𝑥 + 5 > 3

→ 𝑥 < −4, 𝑥 > −1 ANS

Testing Solution (𝐿𝐻𝑆 > 3)


𝑥 = −5 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 5 < 3
𝑥=0 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 5 < 3

OBSERVE
|2𝑥 + 5| = 3 → 𝑥 = −4, 𝑥 = −1
|2𝑥 + 5| < 3 → −4 < 𝑥 < −1
|2𝑥 + 5| > 3 → 𝑥 < −4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > −1
𝑦 = |2𝑥 + 5|

𝑦 = 3 (green line)
|2𝑥 + 5| < 3𝑥
→ −3𝑥 < 2𝑥 + 5 < 3𝑥
→ −3𝑥 < 2𝑥 + 5 → 𝑥 > −1
𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 + 5 < 3𝑥 → 𝑥>5

Testing Solution (𝐿𝐻𝑆 < 𝑅𝐻𝑆)


𝑥 = 1 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 7, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 3 → 𝑥 > −1 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑

𝑥 = 6 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 17, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 18 →𝑥>5 ANS

Example: |2𝑥 + 5| > 3𝑥


→ 2𝑥 + 5 < −3𝑥, 2𝑥 + 5 > 3𝑥
→ 2𝑥 + 5 < −3𝑥 → 𝑥 < −1

𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 + 5 > 3𝑥 → 𝑥<5 ANS

Testing Solution (𝐿𝐻𝑆 > 𝑅𝐻𝑆)


𝑥 = −2 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = −6 (𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝐼𝐷)

𝑥=4 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 13, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 12 → 𝑥 < 5 ANS

OBSERVE
|2𝑥 + 5| = 3, 𝑥=5
|2𝑥 + 5| < 3𝑥 → 𝑥 > 5
|2𝑥 + 5| > 3𝑥 → 𝑥 < 5
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 3: |𝑎| < |𝑏| → 𝑎2 < 𝑏2
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 4: |𝑎| > |𝑏| → 𝑎2 > 𝑏2

EXAMPLE
|2𝑥 + 5| < |3𝑥| → (2𝑥 + 5)2 < (3𝑥 )2
→ (2𝑥 + 5)2 < (3𝑥 )2
→ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 > 0
→ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) > 0
→ 𝑥 < −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 5

Testing Solution(𝐿𝐻𝑆 < 𝑅𝐻𝑆 )


𝑥 = −2, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 1, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 6
𝑥 = 6, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 17, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 18

EXAMPLE
|2𝑥 + 5| > |3𝑥|
→ (2𝑥 + 5)2 > (3𝑥 )2
→ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 < 0
→ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) < 0
→ −1 < 𝑥 < 5

Testing Solution(𝐿𝐻𝑆 < 𝑅𝐻𝑆 )


𝑥 = −0.5, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 4, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 1.5
𝑥 = 4, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 13, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 12

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