CSEC ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

Teacher: Mr. Ronaldo Ferguson

Topic: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Contact: [email protected]

YouTubeChannel: MATH TV
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A RELATION is defined as a set of ordered pairs that obeys a

particular RULE.

Eg) { (-2, -1), (-1, 2), (0, 5), (1, 8), (2, 11) }

The set of first elements of the ordered pairs is called the DOMAIN
and these are usually represented by x.

i.e. x values(x coordinates) Domain= {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}

The set of second elements of the ordered pairs is called the RANGE
and these are usually represented by y.

i.e. y values(y coordinates) Range={ -1, 2, 5, 8, 11 }

In this example above, the RULE which governs the relation is

x→3x+5 which means x is mapped onto 3x + 5.

The relation may be shown on a mapping diagram or on a graph.

Mapping Diagram x → 3x + 5

{ (-2, -1), (-1, 2), (0, 5), (1, 8), (2, 11) }
-2 -1
-1 2
0 5
1 8
2 11
Relation on A Graph

Relation Rule: y= 3x+5

Ordered Pairs: {(-2, -1), (-1, 2), (0, 5), (1, 8), (2, 11)}
 FUNCTIONS

A Function is defined as a relation in which each element in the domain

is mapped onto one and only one element in the range.

A is fully defined only after the domain itself is defined, and the
definition of the range therefore depends on the definition of the
domain. When the domain is not stated, it is assumed to be x ∈ 𝑹, i.e.
the full set of real numbers.

Types of Relation

One-to-One Relation (A Function)

In the relation x → 3𝑥 + 5, each element in the domain was mapped to

one and only one element in the range. This linear relation is one to one
and is a function which may be written as:-

𝑓: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 + 5 which means “the function of 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 3𝑥 + 5.”

Other forms are:-

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 5 or 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5

Many-to-One(A Function)

Consider the quadratic relation 𝑥 → 𝑥 2

The mapping diagram and the graph of the relation based on the
domain:{𝑥: −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2} which produces the ordered pairs
(−2,4), (−1,1), (0,0), (1,1), (2,4) would appear.
𝑥 → 𝑥2

-2
-1 0
0 1
1 4
2
In the case of the quadratic relation above, two different elements in
the domain mapped to the same (1) element in the range, but each
element is mapped onto one and only one element in the range.

This quadratic relation is ‘many-to-one’ and is a function which may be

written as:-

𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 Which means “the function of 𝑥 is 𝑥 2.”

Other forms are:- 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

One-to-Many(Not A Function)

Consider now the relation 𝑥 → ±√𝑥 for the domain {𝑥: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4}

The mapping diagram and graph for the ordered pairs:

(0,0), (1, ±1), (4, ±2) will appear.

Domain → Range

0 -2
-1
1 0
1
4 2

44
In this case each element in the domain is mapped to two (many)
elements in the range and relation 𝑥 → ±√𝑥 is not a function.

That is, One-to-Many relations are NOT functions

We can use a Vertical Line Test to determine if a relation is a

function.

1. One point of intersection means a ‘Function’.

2. More than one point of intersection means ‘not a function.’

The Inverse of a Function

The inverse of a function F is defined as 𝑓 −1 and is the function that

will map the range of 𝑓 back onto the DOMAIN of 𝑓 . This is obtained
by interchanging the (𝑥, 𝑦) elements of the ordered pairs.

Eg) If 𝑓: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 + 1 then we could have the following Set of ordered

pairs: 𝑓 = {(−1, −2), (0,1), (1,4), (2,7)}

→ 𝑓 −1 is such that the set becomes

𝑓 −1 = {(−2, −1), (1,0), (4,1), (7,2)}

Since the inverse 𝑓 −1 has to be a function itself, only a one to one

function can have the inverse.

That is, a one-to-one function can have an inverse.

But A many-to-one function Cannot have an inverse.

To find 𝑓 −1 in terms of 𝑥 we interchange 𝑥 with 𝑓 as follows:

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 1 i.e. 𝑓 = 3𝑥 + 1
→ 𝑥 = 3𝑓 −1 + 1
→ 𝑥 − 1 = 3𝑓 −1
𝑥−1
→ = 𝑓 −1
3
𝑥−1
i.e. 𝑓 −1(𝑥) =
3

𝑥−1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 1 𝑓 −1(𝑥 ) =
3

Function Inverse Function

𝑥−1
𝑥 → 3𝑥 + 1 ← 𝑥
3

-2 -5 -2 -5
-1 -2 -1 -2
0 1 0 1
1 4 1 4
2 7 2 7

Domain of 𝑓 = Range of 𝑓 −1 = {−2, −1, 0 , 1, 2}

Range of 𝑓 = Domain of 𝑓 −1 = {−5, −2, 1, 4, 7}

 The inverse of a function, 𝑓 −1 and the function (𝑓) itself has a
relationship such that the inverse is a reflection of the function
in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
Example
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟
𝑥−1
𝑓 −1(𝑥 ) =
3

Sketch both functions with the line 𝑦 = 𝑥

Note: A function and its inverse intersect at the point where

𝑦 = 𝑥. Therefore to find this intersection we solve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 or
𝑓 −1(𝑥) = 𝑥

Class Work
Find the Inverse Function of the following:
1. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 2
4𝑥+5
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥+2

Composite functions

The composite function 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) means g(x) followed by f(x)

That is, apply g(x) first and then apply f(x) to the result of g(x).

In this case of 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) ,

g(x) is called the inner function (or the first function).

f(x) is called the outer function (or the second function).

𝑥 → 𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) →𝑓 𝑓𝑔(𝑥)
Example

If f(x) = 2x − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2,

Then 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥

{Is obtained by substituting f into g. (Inner function into outer

function)}
𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 3(𝑓(𝑥)) + 2 = 3(2𝑥 − 1) + 2 = 6𝑥 − 1

i.e. 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 1

Now find fg(x)

i.e. f of g of x

{Is obtained by substituting g into f}

fg(x) = f(g(x)) = 2(g(x)) − 1 = 2(3x + 2) − 1 = 6𝑥 + 3

i.e. fg(x) = 6x + 3

Note:- 𝑔𝑓 ≠ 𝑓𝑔

Class Work
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 1
1. Find fg(2) and gf(−1)

Method 1

𝑓𝑔(2) = 𝑓(𝑔(2)) = 𝑓(3(2) − 1) = 𝑓(5) = 2(5) + 5 = 15 Ans

Method 2
𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 2(3𝑥 − 1) + 5 = 6𝑥 + 3

𝑆𝑜 𝑓𝑔(2) = 6(2) + 3 = 15 Ans

Try Both Methods For gf(-1)

Question 2
2𝑥−7
Given the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 + 3
𝑥+1

a) Evaluate 𝑔(6)
b) Evaluate 𝑓𝑔(6)
c) Find 𝑓 −1 (−1), 𝑔−1(−1), 𝑔𝑓(𝑥)

Question 3

The diagram below is a sketch of a function,𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥, for the domain

{𝑥: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4}.

Redraw the sketch and show inverse function, 𝑓 −1(𝑥), Draw the line
which represents the relationship between
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1(𝑥 ), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑠.
Using Inverse Function to Solve Equations

Rule: For any one-to-one function 𝑓(𝑥),

𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑁 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1(𝑁)

Also 𝑓 −1(𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝑥

Example
4𝑥+5 4𝑥+5
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = find 𝑓 −1(𝑥) and hence solve the equation =3
𝑥 +2 𝑥 +2

Undefined Function

A rational function (A fraction) is undefined i.e. has no real result when

the expression in the denominator is equal to 0.

This is because a number cannot be divided by zero.

4𝑥+5
Example: Find the value of 𝑥 for which the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = is
𝑥+2
undefined

Solution: f(x)is undefined when x + 2 = 0 and so it is undefined when

x = −2

Deriving Two Functions from a Composite Function

Steps

1 let the inner function be the expression within

2 replace the inner function with X result is the author function

Example FG of X is equal to three in bracket X +2 all square

Deriving two functions from a composite function

5
Given ℎ(𝑥) = is a composite function,
2(2𝑥+1)3
Derive two functions f(x) and g(x) such that:-
h(x) = fg(x)

Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1 − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)

5
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑓𝑔(𝑥 ) =
2(𝑔(𝑥))3
5
𝑆𝑜 𝑓(𝑥 ) = − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
2𝑥 3

Inverse of A Composite Function

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑔−1𝑓 −1
This may also be written as (𝑓𝑔)−1(𝑥 ) = 𝑔−1 𝑓 −1(𝑥)

Example: 1. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 5, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑓𝑔)−1 = 𝑔−1𝑓 −1

2. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1(𝑥 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔−1(𝑥 ), 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (𝑓𝑔)−1 (𝑥)

Classwork
𝟏. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 4, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1(𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 3𝑥 − 4 = 5
4𝑥 + 5
𝟐. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑.
2𝑥 − 3
3. 𝑎) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: −
𝑓𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3(2𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑏) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑔−1(𝑥 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1(𝑥 ), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (𝑓𝑔)−1(𝑥 )
Functions terminologies and their meanings

Open interval: An interval that does not contain its endpoints.

Written (−3,2) are used for open ends. Solution Set {𝑥: −3 < 𝑥 < 2}

Closed interval: An interval that contains its endpoints.

Written [−3,2] are used for open ends. Solution Set {𝑥: −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2}
Half open: An interval that contains one endpoint but not the other

Written (−3,2] are used for open ends. Solution Set {𝑥: −3 < 𝑥 ≤ 2}

Let set A= {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} Map to set B= {1,2,3,4,5} such that the relation of
f is given as 𝑓: 𝑨 → 𝑩

Domain: Set A is the domain and it contains the elements from which
the input values for relation f can be taken.

Codomain: Set B is the codomain and it contains the elements from

which the output values for relation f can be taken

Range: The range is the actual set of output values that are used from
the codomain B. The range can therefore be a subset of the Co-domain
or the entire codomain.

The relation f is a function if and only if each element in the domain is

mapped onto one and only one element in the range.
Consider the mapping shown here for relation 𝑓1: 𝐴 → 𝐵.

Domain (A) → Co-domain (B)

a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4
5

𝑓1 is NOT a function because the element 𝑑 in the domain does not

have a mapping.

The range of 𝑓1 is { 1 ,2 ,3} and the codomain is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Consider now the Mapping shown here for the relation 𝑓2 : 𝐴 → 𝐵

Domain (A) → Co-domain (B)

a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4
5

𝑓2 is not a function because the element 𝑎 in the domain is mapping to

two (many) elements in the range.
This is a one-to-many relationship which cannot be a function

The range of 𝑓2 is {1, 2, 3, 4} and the codomain is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

One-to-One (Injective) Function

The mapping shown here for the relation 𝑓3 : 𝐴 → 𝐵 is an example of a

one-to-one function

Domain (A) → Co-domain (B)

a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4
5

Not surjective (not unto)

𝑓3 is not surjective because the element 2 to in the codomain is not the

image of any element in the domain.

A function is surjective only when the range is equal to the codomain.

In this case the range of 𝑓3 ={1, 3, 4, 5}
Many-to-One Function

The mapping shown here for the relation 𝑓4 : 𝐴 → 𝐵 is an example of a

many-to-one function.

b → 4 and d→ 4

Domain (A) → Co-domain (B)

a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4
5

It is not surjective Since Range of 𝑓4 ≠ Co-domain of 𝑓4

In this case, Range of 𝑓4 = {1,3,4}

Many to one and Surjective

The mapping showing here for the relation 𝑓5: 𝐴 → 𝐶 is an example of a

many-to-one surjective function.

Domain (A) → Co-domain (B)

a 1
b 2
c 3
d
b→ 3 and c → 3 (many-to-one) so it is many to one

The range of 𝑓5 = 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓5 = {1,2,3) so it is surjective

Bijective Functions

1 to 1 and Surjective (Injective and Onto) which is injective and Onto

The mapping showing here for the relation 𝑓6 : 𝐴 → 𝐷 is an example of a
one-to-one surjective function.

Domain (A) → Co-domain (B)

a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4

A function that is both injective (one-to-one) and surjective(onto) is a

bijective function. Hence 𝑓6 is a bijective.

A function can have a Inverse if and only if the function is bijective.

Therefore for 𝑓6 has an inverse.
Determining If A Function is 1 to 1

A function,f, is one-to-one a function when each element in the range is

the image of only one element in the domain.
𝑇ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑏
The horizontal line test on a graph is used to determine if a function is
one to one. If a horizontal line test intersect the graph of the function
at only one point, then the function is one to one.

y axis

Horizontal Line HL

x axis

3𝑥−1
Example: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , determine if f(x) is one-to-one.
2𝑥+1

Determining If A Function is Onto

A function, f, is surjective when each element in the codomain is the

image of at least one element in the domain, that is, codomain = range.

A horizontal line test on a graph can be used to determine if a

function is surjective if any horizontal line test within the core domain
of the graph of the function intersects the graph then the function is
surjective.
range

HL

Determining If A Function is Onto (By Calculations)

Steps

1. Solve if f(a)=b

If a ∈ {domain of f} for any value of b ∈ {codomain of f} then f is

surjective.

Example: 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 (𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠)

𝑏+3
Solving f(a)=b → 𝑎=
2

Trying b=0 → 𝑎 = 1.5 ∉ 𝑍

Therefore f is not surjective

The Domain of a Quadratic Function

The properties of a quadratic function can only be fully defined by

stating the domain of the function.

1. Consider the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

Properties of 𝒇

 Many-to-One Function
 No Inverse
  Range is: 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0

2. Consider 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 {𝑥: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3}

Properties of 𝒇

 Many-to-One Function
 No Inverse
 Range is: 0 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 4

3. Consider 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 1

Properties of 𝒇

 One-to-One Function
 Has Inverse, 𝑓 −1(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 + 1
 Range is: 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0

Properties of 𝒇−𝟏

 One-to-One Function
 Has Inverse, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2
 Domain is: 𝑥 ≥ 0
 Range is: 𝑓 −1(𝑥) ≥ 1
Inverse of a Quadratic Function

Consider the quadratic function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (standard form)

Completing the square gives 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑡 )2 + 𝑦𝑡 (Vertex Form)

Where (𝑥𝑡 , 𝑦𝑡 ) is the coordinates of the turning point.

The function f can only have an inverse if it is made into 1-to-1 by

restricting the domain to no more than 𝑥 ≥ 𝑥𝑡

To find an expression for 𝑓 −1 we MUST first derive the vertex form

before transposing to find 𝑓 −1. The vertex form will allow us to
identify the domain and the range of 𝑓(𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑡 ) for which
𝑓 −1 is possible and hence the domain and range of 𝑓 −1.

Example: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 𝑘.

𝐵𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1

So the smallest value of k for which f is one to one is 𝑘 = 𝑥𝑡

i.e. 𝑘 = 2

So 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1

Domain of 𝑓: 𝑥 ≥ 𝑥𝑡 … … … 𝑥 ≥ 2

Range of 𝑓: 𝑓 ≥ 𝑦𝑡 … … … 𝑓 ≥ 1

Now, 𝑓 −1(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 1 + 2

Domain of 𝑓 −1 : 𝑥 ≥ 1

Range of 𝑓 −1: 𝑓 −1 ≥ 2
Increasing and Decreasing Function

A function is increasing in an interval where the gradient stays

positive.

A function is decreasing in an interval where the gradient stays

negative.

A function is stationary or not moving where the gradient is equal to

zero.

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 𝑏
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏

Increasing or Decreasing Function(by calculation)

For the graph of f(x) shown

The gradient of the line AB, 𝑚𝐴𝐵 , will indicate whether 𝑓(𝑥 ) is
increasing or decreasing on the interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏

𝑓 (𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑚𝐴𝐵 =
𝑏−𝑎
𝐼𝑓 𝑚𝐴𝐵 > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏.
𝐼𝑓 𝑚𝐴𝐵 < 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏.

Graphical Solution of Equations and Inequalities

Consider the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 ) as shown in the diagram.

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏

𝑓(𝑥) < 𝑔(𝑥)

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏

𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥)

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥 < 𝑎, 𝑥 > 𝑏
Simple Transformation of Functions

1. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑎

This is a translation of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑎 units in the 𝑦 direction

2. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)

This is a translation of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑎 units in the 𝑥 direction

3. 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)

This is a reflection of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑎 units in the 𝑥 direction

4. 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥 )

This is a reflection of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by 𝑎 units in the 𝑦 direction

5. 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1(𝑥 )

This is a reflection of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

6. 𝑦 = |𝑓(𝑥)|

This is obtained by reflecting the section of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) that is below the

𝑥 axis above the 𝑥 axis.

7. 𝑦 = 𝒂𝑓 (𝑥 )
This is a one-way stretch of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by a factor of 𝒂
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 direction

8. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝒂𝑥)
1
This is a one-way stretch of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) by a factor of
𝑎
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 direction