/ — ea Coefficients : Based on einstetn quantum ‘heavy: a Ear Ey -E, -h ‘ Ni ey in gyound otate- where, Ny= novof atoms present in extited State. No= no-of atoms present €1= Ground state energy level: Ex= Higher energy level- i> An absorption transition ts given by Ey to Ep = Ny SC) Bio —— i> The spontaneous Fronaition t given by ii’y The stimulated transition iS given by Fates = MEO 4o thermal equilibrium. According stimulated absoyption = gpon taneous emission + stimulated emission Nfl) By = Nafay +N (0) Baa Naa = NSO B127 No Sl) Bos Nagy = £0) LNBag- No Bai) Nofat 5(v) = [nBis - N28] s()Accord ei eres eee eee ng to mazecen ~ Bolt gran dtsttbution law : Ny= Ny exp(és Iket) where, kg = Boltaman Constant No = Ea [ker 2 = Nq exp (-Ealket) T= Temperature _ expt Iket) No weap (& Iker) Ny ho nee exe Ox) 7 © Na 5 -E4 = ho substitute gy" @ in eq°@. we get» A $v) = Bo Boy [eagl ttle) Bia Boy Absarption emission (Bi) = stimulated emission (B23) — © Einstein Yadkahion équation. According to plank's law of tadiaton : r i . sxho? S(v) - as Comparing equation @ and equation ©: we get: 3 Boy Cc Planks quantum Equation. where #48 are the insteing Co-e ficients \ C wt & r energy |f @ 4» Absorption : an atom in the lower energy level Or ground state enevgy level Ei absorbs the incident Photon Yadiation of energy ond goes to the higher energy, level of excited level Ex a3 shawn in qu | this process te catted absorption. Ey: lower energy |My €2 E,: Higher enetgy Tever~” a> spontaneous emission: (After life time) "aera ey the atom in the excited state Yetuins 0 the ground Re State by emitting photon energy E-Eg-Ex2 hv spontaneously | | without any external triggering a8 ghouon tn the Ex | | Aiquie the process 18 known as apontaneous emission: a | such an emfssion is vondom and 18 independent of a eve Es, incident vodiation . spontaneous emigsion process i ‘ay Stimulated emtaston : (Before the ite time) | the alom in the exctied State can alse retuin jo the ground. State by externa) viggering or inducement OF photon there by emitting 0 | photon of energy equal % the energy of the incident Photon Known | ag stimulated emigaton. Thug, regutts in two : & | photons of same energy phase difference bu hy | and of game directonality a5 shown hy oe a “uy Aelagtable state + stimulated emisgion process | an atom con be excited to 0. higher level by supplying energy 40 Tt | Notmatly vexdied atoms haye short lie times and release thelr energy | in a matter of nano seconds Cio’) through Spontaneous emission. tit means atoms do not stay long to be stimulated: AS Q Yesult, they ae Spontaneous emiseinn and Yopidly tetum 40 the ground level : ere by Population inversion could not be egtablished- [-+ sn order to do so the exctied atoms are ‘equved 40 ut” ot he | upper energy level till a large number OF atoms accumutete at that | ae a other words, it ig Necessaty that excited State have @ longet |—e A mela Stable stale 19 Such a State. Meta Stable =~ oo Je obtained in a crystal system containing impurity atoms. Nea? < ; + These levels We in the “biden gap of the host Crystal There & | be no population trvetston and hence no loser action if metastable | states don't exist- a | in ‘ie time +The lifetiine Of an election rete | an erection ‘Yemaing in a particular state befor | State due 40 ‘interactions such 05 yecombination » to the duration for which e transitioning Ao anathe scattering, OY decay. | | principle : Ruby laser is based on stimulated emission in. a. Solid ~State medium. a ‘uby laser consis of a wwby CTystol (Alaog: ct?) 29. the ushich 13 optically purnped by 0 Flash lamp. | | | gain Medium + | Construction : | —® Ruby laser belongs to Sd | + Ruby loser {s basieatty | chromium octoms. — crt3 ions are the actual active centers while aluminium and oxygen lid -stote lasers. flg03 Crystal Containing above 005% Of | atoms axe ingert« Ruby tod 13 Yoken in the Form OF O Cylindrical tod of about y cm in | Length and 32cm in diarneter. “the end faces of the TWuby to “optical xesonator+ i ’ xenon flash lamp the laset vod 9 Syustounded by a helical Flash lamp filled tatth yenon d axe siNtered 80 that they form the | | | eee) | é \\ | (me ——— = Fully yeflected fetaty mittor four 9uPply catey out reflected mintFP ' gO sinhenevet Power (3 Supplied Yo the lamp preduced flashes of white Night eo’ Z n z \ smlsec lifetime = , * 6396°A ey LLL Unser output Energy level diagram of wby lasers. * Working : ee Tuby Ted acts as active medium xenon slash lamps acts as source of eneigy which Supply suitable energy: Ly the two minors placed at the ends" Tuby red act ag Optically NeSonator cavities. sarter the We time wby Crystals emit the “adiotion tom the partially | Yeftected MiNToT: | | } «The pumping mechanism + —+ then the xenon fash lamp 13 Switched on the discharge generates | an intenge of white light f0F new Jew nitiseconds: i + the ex fons are ardero non-vadioactive 4yangitions. E2 13 a meta | | stable Store. ‘ Wy the metostoble level Eo 1s the upper lager level utile Es 'S te ground. \ene\+ | . population inversion + | wit) be ‘Yapidly Populated ,a5 the excited + ‘the upper laser level Ea cx2* jong quickly make dovnwor + then more than half of the or Ea level the State of Population inversion | es and Ey levels. 4 transitions from the wpper ene'sy ing population accumulates ot is established between* Losing : Vs +4 his Stimulated photon and the intial Photon ‘tiggey many eng tons to emit photons. x I Red photons of wave length 6qu3 4 4novelling along the aris aw uby rod are repeatedly veltected at the end mtrross and fat amplification takes Place. the laser emission Occurs in State 13 1e-established- + saltent footw the visible Yegion Population inversin 4. Use3 three-level pumping scheme. & The active centers are cx" tong: 3+ Ught form xencn Slash lamp ts purnping agent , YW pwr efficiency: 5. Operates in pulsed mode. «Uses: —+ used in atmospheyic vange. > x-ray diffraction: — Used for drilling and blasting, om He-Ne laser + Fame gocts ove the mest widely used laser, these lose Operate with Yorefied gases a8 the active media and axe excited by an electiic discharge. —+ elections present in the discharge transfer energy to atom tn the lasey gas by Collisions. —+ Optical pumping is not Used tn gas lasers. Construction '- —+ telium-Neon loser consists of & \ong dts charge Ae HEA io a mituse of helium and neon gases in the valio 40: 4, of the tube, two mirrors are arranged one is funy |» Gn the axis [on UeYeflected mirror and anothey one is partially reflected minor, | a gr the distance between the minor is ma : | i+ working « Csouree of energy), aa gisero'd° ons ver electrodes ae ( Al 7 ZO | g | | Herne Gas mixture | word Lietive medium) | y | | * | £ artiall =| one [TF] pF. oscllatot oe THN TOT . ere Th helium and neon axe shown in *Q = es ae Trough atomic conision energy, hansfer 3 k : : Sndvaxed xegion fe eu SEL, visible fe) SS Through atomic calliston energy “ transfer. Eo pe- excitation by cariston tie adorn ey Ve atom athe Purning_Mechaniam + Energy level diagyam of Heine laser. + when the power fs sustched on, a high Yottage of about to kv is applied 06x085 the gas roiect ure « —t “The energetic electrons excite hetum atoms more Yeadlly.+ the excited heltum atom cann ‘Spontaneous emission. oy x + Herum atoms atop to the Ground State odter exciting neon ot vetuin to the Ground ia J Ue * Population inversion : Ebputanon eet —+ The opper state of Neon atom Ex —+ the €3 level Is Populated at ordinary Aempexalures: \ —* Ag the population ot the highey energy, level Es ig greater Ahan th Population at the \oooer level E31 a State Of Population ™NEWion ‘8 established between Es and €3 levels. + lasing : —+ Random photons of ved Coloux of utave length 63A8'A axe emitted spontaneously by a Seo of the atoms at the energy level E5+ Thus: the transition E5 7 E3 generates a laser beam of wavelength 63.281". Prom the level Es the neon atoms drop to E, level spontaneously E2 is metastable state- # Rote of helium atoms + + The wl of heltum atoms tn the laser ig to excite neon atoms and + Cause Population terson- —+ The probability of Energy ‘transfer tNom helium atomg +o neon atoms ta more, as there axe 40 helfum atoms per 1 neon atom is Ss mixture. + The probability oF Tevetse thansfer of en: is negligible. * Salient Features : 4. Uses four-level ‘Pumping scheme. Q. the active centers axe neon atoms. fs a metastable state. a + 94 OM neon to heltum atom 3. Blectrical discharge #8 the Punrping agent y. low eftidency and low power output. 5. Qperdtes in Cw mode.