Scribd
Upload
4 views4 pages

Topic 8 - 3

The document outlines the preparation of standard solutions using primary standards and details the steps involved, highlighting common mistakes and their effects on concentration calculations. It also discusses titration techniques to improve accuracy and the types of errors that can occur in measurements, including random and systematic errors. Additionally, it covers measurement uncertainty and provides examples of calculating percentage uncertainty for various apparatus used in titration.

Uploaded by

kingslin918
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views4 pages

Topic 8 - 3

The document outlines the preparation of standard solutions using primary standards and details the steps involved, highlighting common mistakes and their effects on concentration calculations. It also discusses titration techniques to improve accuracy and the types of errors that can occur in measurements, including random and systematic errors. Additionally, it covers measurement uncertainty and provides examples of calculating percentage uncertainty for various apparatus used in titration.

Uploaded by

kingslin918
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Topic 8 – Titration & Uncertainty

Standard solution:

Primary standard:

Steps to prepare a standard solution:

solid primary standard


Solid primary standard remained

Step 1

Step 2

Solid primary standard Solution made from primary


standard

solution made from


primary standard
Step 3

Step 4

Step 5
Step 6

Step 7

Exercise 1
A student made 2 mistakes when preparing a standard solution. Explain how each mistake affected the
calculated concentration.
(a) In step 4, he poured the rinsings down the sink instead of transferring them to the flask.

The amount of primary standard in the volumetric flask will be less than that weighed out, so the concentration of the solution
will be lower

(b) In step 6, he added water above the graduation mark.

The amount of primary standard in volumetric flaks will be the same, but the volume of solution will be greater,
so the concentration

Exercise 2
A student used the method to make 500 cm3 of a solution of sodium carbonate. Calculate the concentration
of the solution made.
mass of weighing bottle + sodium carbonate = 23.382 g
mass of weighing bottle = 18.218 g

Titration techniques
Technique Reason
1. Use a white tile.
Provides a background that enables the indicator
color change to seen more clearly

2. Fill the burette so that the space between the tap


If this is not done, some of the liquid fills up the gap instead
and the tip is full of solution. of entering the conical flask. The volume recorded from
the burette will be greater, so the titre will be greater than it
should be.
3. Repeat to obtain concordant results
( ⼟ 0.2 cm3 ). To increase the accuracy of the titres

4. Rinse the conical flask with deionized water only. If the conical flask were rinsed with the solution, this will
increase the amount of substance in the conical flask,
the volume of the substance added from the burette
will be greater, so the titre will be greater

Mistakes & Errors


Mistakes something that a skilled operator can avoid by being careful

Random errors 

 Affect the of the measurements taken, causing a wider spread of
results about the mean value

Systematic errors 

 Affect the of all readings obtained


 To reduce systematic errors:
(1)
(2)

Measurement uncertainty: p.227

Balances
Number of d.p. Measurement Example
uncertainty
1
2
3
Glassware

Apparatus Capacity Measurement uncertainty

burette

Pipette

Volumetric flask
Percentage uncertainty

Total percentage uncertainty: add up the percentage uncertainties of all apparatus involved

Example:
Apparatus Uncertainty # of times used Recorded reading % error

50 cm3 burette ±0.05 cm3 19.45 cm3

25 cm3 pipette ±0.06 cm3 25 cm3

3 d.p. balance ±0.0005 g 3.500 g

250 cm3 volumetric flask ±0.3 cm3 250 cm3

100 cm3 measuring


±0.5 cm3 100 cm3
cylinder

You might also like