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Lesson 9 (Copy)

This document covers SQL commands related to Data Control Language (DCL) and Transaction Control Language (TCL). DCL is used to manage database privileges with commands like GRANT and REVOKE, while TCL is focused on transaction management with commands such as COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT. The document emphasizes the importance of these commands for maintaining database security and consistency.

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9 views26 pages

Lesson 9 (Copy)

This document covers SQL commands related to Data Control Language (DCL) and Transaction Control Language (TCL). DCL is used to manage database privileges with commands like GRANT and REVOKE, while TCL is focused on transaction management with commands such as COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT. The document emphasizes the importance of these commands for maintaining database security and consistency.

Uploaded by

t23712300
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Full Stack

Web Programming

SQL Commands: Part 3

Lesson 9
Lesson outline

● Introduction
● DCL – Data Control Language
● TCL – Transaction Control Language
Data Control Language (DCL)

DCL stands for Data Control Language in Structured Query Language (SQL). As
the name suggests these commands are used to control privilege in the
database. The privileges (Right to access the data) are required for performing
all the database operations like creating tables, views, or sequences.
DCL command is a statement that is used to perform the work related to the
rights, permissions, and other control of the database system.
Data Control Language (DCL)

There are two types of Privileges in database:

System Privilege
Object Privilege
Data Control Language (DCL)

Why do we need Of DCL commands

- Unauthorized access to the data should be prevented in order to achieve


security in our database
- DCL commands maintain the database effectively than anyone else other
than database administrator is not allowed to access the data without
permission.
- These commands provide flexibility to the data administrator to set and
remove database permissions in granular fashion.
Data Control Language (DCL)

Commands in DCL

The two most important DCL commands are:

GRANT
REVOKE
SQL: DCL - GRANT

This command is used to grant permission to the user to perform a particular


operation on a particular object. If you are a database administrator and you
want to restrict user accessibility such as one who only views the data or may
only update the data. You can give the privilege permission to the users
according to your wish.
SQL: DCL - GRANT

Syntax:
SQL: DCL - REVOKE

REVOKE

This command is used to take permission/access back from the user. If you
want to return permission from the database that you have granted to the
users at that time you need to run REVOKE command.

Syntax:
Data Control Language (DCL)

Following commands are granted to the user as a Privilege List:

EXECUTE
UPDATE
SELECT
DELETE
ALTER
ALL
Data Control Language (DCL)

Advantages Of DCL commands

- It allows to restrict the user from accessing data in database.


- It ensures security in database when the data is exposed to multiple users.
- It is the wholesome responsibility of the data owner or data administrator
to maintain the authority of grant and revoke privileges to the users
preventing any threat to data.
- It prevents other users to make changes in database who have no access
to Database
Transaction Control Language (TCL)

TCL stands for Transaction Control Languages. These commands are used for
maintaining consistency of the database and for the management of
transactions made by the DML commands.

A Transaction is a set of SQL statements that are executed on the data stored
in DBMS. Whenever any transaction is made these transactions are
temporarily happen in database.So to make the changes permanent, we use
TCL commands.

The TCL commands are:


COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
SQL: TCL - COMMIT

This command is used to save the data permanently.


Whenever we perform any of the DDL command like -INSERT, DELETE or
UPDATE, these can be rollback if the data is not stored permanently. So in
order to be at the safer side COMMIT command is used.

Syntax:
SQL: TCL - ROLLBACK

This command is used to get the data or restore the data to the last savepoint
or last committed state. If due to some reasons the data inserted, deleted or
updated is not correct, you can rollback the data to a particular savepoint or if
savepoint is not done, then to the last committed state.

Syntax:
SQL: TCL - ROLLBACK

This command is used to get the data or restore the data to the last savepoint
or last committed state. If due to some reasons the data inserted, deleted or
updated is not correct, you can rollback the data to a particular savepoint or if
savepoint is not done, then to the last committed state.

Syntax:
SQL: TCL - SAVEPOINT

This command is used to save the data at a particular point tempoararily, so


that whenever needed can be rollback to that particular point.

Syntax:
SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

Consider the following Table Student:


SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

Consider the following Table Student:


SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

By using this command you can update the record and save it permanently by
using COMMIT command.

Now after COMMIT :


SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

If commit was not performed then the changes made by the update command
can be rollback.

Now if no COMMIT is performed.

After update command the table will be:


SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

Now if ROLLBACK is performed on the above table:

After Rollback:
SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

If on the above table savepoint is performed:


SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

Now if we Rollback to Savepoint B:


SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

The resulting Table will be-

Now if we Rollback to Savepoint A:


SQL: TCL - EXAMPLE

The resulting Table will be-

So It was all about TCL commands in SQL (transaction control language) with
examples.
Congratulations!

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