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Compiler_Design_Unit_I

The document provides an overview of compiler design, detailing the phases and passes involved in transforming source code into executable code. It covers concepts such as bootstrapping, finite state machines (FSMs), lexical analyzers, formal grammars, and context-free grammars (CFGs), along with tools like LEX and YACC for generating analyzers and parsers. Additionally, it discusses optimization techniques for DFAs and the limitations of CFGs in semantic analysis.

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5 views

Compiler_Design_Unit_I

The document provides an overview of compiler design, detailing the phases and passes involved in transforming source code into executable code. It covers concepts such as bootstrapping, finite state machines (FSMs), lexical analyzers, formal grammars, and context-free grammars (CFGs), along with tools like LEX and YACC for generating analyzers and parsers. Additionally, it discusses optimization techniques for DFAs and the limitations of CFGs in semantic analysis.

Uploaded by

ubaid.k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit I - Introduction to Compiler

1. Phases and Passes of a Compiler:

A compiler transforms source code into executable code in distinct phases: lexical analysis, syntax

analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and

linking. Phases are logical stages in compilation, while passes are actual traversals over the code. A

single-pass compiler processes code in one go; a multi-pass compiler uses several traversals for

better optimization.

2. Bootstrapping:

Bootstrapping is writing a compiler in the language it compiles. Initially, a simple version is

implemented in another language. It compiles its own source code into executable form, enabling

compiler self-improvement.

3. FSMs and Regular Expressions:

FSMs are used to recognize token patterns defined by regular expressions. Regular expressions

describe lexical elements like identifiers and numbers. They are converted to DFAs for efficient

pattern matching during lexical analysis.

4. Optimization of DFA-Based Pattern Matchers:

To improve performance, DFAs are optimized by reducing redundant states and transitions.

Techniques like state minimization enhance lexical analyzer speed and efficiency.

5. Implementation of Lexical Analyzers:

Lexical analyzers convert character streams into tokens. They can be manually written or generated

using tools. Efficient implementation ensures fast and accurate token recognition.
6. Lexical-Analyzer Generator - LEX:

LEX generates lexical analyzers from regular expressions and actions. It outputs C code to scan

and tokenize input based on defined rules. Often used with YACC for parser generation.

7. Formal Grammars and Syntax Analysis:

Formal grammars define language syntax, commonly using context-free grammars (CFGs). Parsers

use these to verify source code structure and generate parse trees.

8. BNF Notation, Ambiguity, and YACC:

BNF is a notation for specifying grammar. Ambiguity occurs when a grammar produces multiple

parse trees for a string. YACC generates parsers from BNF-like grammar rules, resolving many

ambiguities.

9. CFGs, Derivations, and Parse Trees:

CFGs consist of terminals, non-terminals, production rules, and a start symbol. Derivations generate

strings, and parse trees represent the syntactic structure. CFGs handle most programming syntax

but not context-sensitive rules.

10. Capabilities of CFG:

CFGs define loops, expressions, and conditionals but not semantic aspects like variable type

checking. They are foundational for parsing in compilers.

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