Industrial Internship (21INT822)

ABSTRACT
This internship report presents a comprehensive overview of the technical skills and practical knowledge I
acquired during my internship, primarily focused on Java programming and related technologies. The learning
process began with a strong foundation in Java language fundamentals and object-oriented programming
(OOP), which provided the basis for understanding more advanced concepts.

Throughout the internship, I gained hands-on experience with essential Java features such as packages, arrays,
exception handling, string manipulation, and multithreading. I also explored back-end development using SQL
and JDBC for database connectivity, and front-end development through HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to build
interactive user interfaces. Moreover, I was introduced to Spring Boot, a powerful framework that simplifies
the development of production-ready applications.

This internship offered an excellent opportunity to bridge theoretical knowledge with real-world application,
improving both my technical skills and problem-solving abilities. The experience has significantly contributed
to my growth as a budding software developer, preparing me for future challenges in the field of software
development

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Contents
 Company Profile
 Weekly Achievement
 Introduction
 Java Language Fundamentals
 OOP implementation
 Packages
 Exception handling
 Multithreading
 SQL
 JDBC
 HTML/CSS
 Java script
 Spring boot
 Conclusion

Organization :

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Company Profile

Company Name: Internz Learn

Private Limited
Address: 46/4, Hosur Rd, Kudlu Gate, Krishna Reddy Industrial Area, H.S.R Extension
Bangalore , Karnataka, India – 560068
Website: www.internzlearn.com

About the Company:

Internz Learn is an ed-tech company based in Bengaluru, India, founded in 2023, offering structured
internship programs designed to bridge the gap between academic learning and industry skills. Their 3-month
program includes training by industry experts, hands-on project work, and professional development activities
like mock interviews and resume building. They provide internships in fields such as Web Development,
Machine Learning, and Digital Marketing. While the company has generally positive reviews on platforms
like Glassdoor, there are mixed opinions online, with some concerns raised about program fees and the
legitimacy of certificates. Prospective interns are advised to research thoroughly and verify all details before
enrolling.
Mission and Vision:
• Mission: To align talent with industry expectations by delivering quality education and hands-on
training.

• Vision: To be a trusted partner in creating a future-ready workforce by promoting continuous learning

and development.

Core Areas of Focus:

• Technical Training (Java, SQL, Web Technologies, etc.)

• Soft Skills and Communication Development

• Aptitude and Logical Reasoning Training

• Industry Readiness and Placement Support

• Curriculum Development and Content Services

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Weekly Achievement :
Week 1 (20 Jan – 26 Jan 2025):
• Internship orientation and introduction to iPRIMED Education Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
• Overview of web technologies and the software development process.
• Basic understanding of front-end vs back-end and client-server architecture.
Week 2 (27 Jan – 2 Feb 2025):
• Introduction to Java: Environment setup, writing and executing basic Java programs.
• Understanding Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and JDK.
Week 3 (3 Feb – 9 Feb 2025):
• Java Language Fundamentals: Data types, variables, operators, control structures (if, loops, switch).
• Practice through hands-on assignments.
Week 4 (10 Feb – 16 Feb 2025):
• Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java.
• Core OOP concepts: Classes, Objects, Methods, Constructors.
Week 5 (17 Feb – 23 Feb 2025):
• Advanced OOP: Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction, and Encapsulation.
• Implementing real-life object models in Java.
Week 6 (24 Feb – 2 Mar 2025):
• Java Packages: Creating and using user-defined and built-in packages.
• Understanding access modifiers and package structures.
Week 7 (3 Mar – 9 Mar 2025):
• Arrays in Java: Single and multi-dimensional arrays.
• Performing sorting, searching, and array manipulation.
Week 8 (10 Mar – 16 Mar 2025):
• Exception Handling: try-catch-finally blocks, throw and throws keywords.
• Creating custom exceptions and handling runtime errors effectively.
Week 9 (17 Mar – 23 Mar 2025):
• Working with Strings: String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer classes.
• Hands-on practice with string manipulation functions.
Week 10 (24 Mar – 30 Mar 2025):

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• Multithreading: Thread lifecycle, creating and running threads.

• Thread synchronization and communication techniques.
Week 11 (31 Mar – 6 Apr 2025):
• Introduction to SQL: Creating databases, tables, and performing CRUD operations.
• Writing complex queries with joins, group by, and subqueries.
Week 12 (7 Apr – 13 Apr 2025):
• JDBC (Java Database Connectivity): Establishing connection between Java and databases.
• Performing database operations using JDBC and prepared statements.
Week 13 (14 Apr – 20 Apr 2025):
• HTML & CSS: Structuring and styling web pages.
• Creating responsive designs and practicing layout techniques.
Week 14 (21 Apr – 27 Apr 2025):
• JavaScript: Syntax, variables, loops, functions, and event handling.
• DOM manipulation and basic form validation.
Week 15 (28 Apr – 4 May 2025):
• Introduction to Spring Boot: Understanding annotations, dependencies, and application setup.
• Building basic REST APIs using Spring Boot.
Week 16 (5 May – 11 May 2025):
• Connecting Spring Boot applications to databases using Spring Data JPA.
• Building CRUD operations with RESTful services.
Week 17 (12 May – 20 May 2025):
• Final integration project: Full-stack application using HTML/CSS, JavaScript, Java, JDBC/Spring
Boot.
• Testing, debugging, and deploying the project.
• Final review and documentation of the internship work.

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Chapter 1

Java Full Stack:

A full-stack developer is a person who can develop application's backend and frontend. Java full-stack is
basically a term used for a web developer that uses Java to develop the entire technology stack is referred to as
Java full stack developer.

1.1 Introduction to Java:

• Java is a popular programming language, created in 1995.
• It is owned by Oracle, and more than 3 billion devices run Java.
• Java works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.) . • It is easy to learn and simple
to use.
• It is open source and free.
• It is secure, fast and powerful.
• Java is an object oriented language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused,
lowering development costs.
• It is used for:
Mobile applications (specially Android apps)
Desktop applications
Web applications
Web servers and application servers
Games

Syntax:
public class Main{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println (“Hello World”);
}
}
Every line of code that runs in Java must be inside a class. In our example, we named the class Main. A class
should always start with an uppercase first letter.
• Java is case-sensitive: "MyClass" and "myclass" has different meaning

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. • The name of the java file must match the class name. When saving the file, save it using the class name
and add ".java" to the end of the filename.

• Any code inside the main() method will be executed.

• Inside the main() method, we can use the println() method to print a line of text to the screen.

Chapter-2

Java Fundamentals
2.1 IDENTIFIERS:
• Java identifiers are names given to variables, methods, classes, and other program elements in Java
programming language
. • Java identifiers must start with a letter, a currency character "$", or an underscore "_". The first character
cannot be a digit.
• Java identifiers can contain letters, digits, underscores, and currency characters. The name can be of any
length
. • Java is case-sensitive, which means that "name" and "Name" are two different identifiers. • Identifiers
should not be a Java keyword, which are reserved words in Java that have a specific meaning and cannot be
used as an identifier
. • Examples of valid identifiers in Java are "myVariable", "_count", "MAX_VALUE", "calculateSum",
"MyClass"

2.2 Variables:
• Variables are containers for storing data values.
• In Java, there are different types of variables, for example
String - stores text, such as "Hello". String values are surrounded by double quotes
int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -
123 float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or 19.99
• char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'.

• Char values are surrounded by single quotes boolean - stores values with two states: true or false.
• To create a variable, you must specify the type and assign it a value.
Syntax: type variable Name = value;

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• All Java variables must be identified with unique names.

• These unique names are called identifiers.
• Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names (age, totalVolume).
• The general rules for naming variables are:
Names can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs Names must begin with a letter Names should
start with a lowercase letter and it cannot contain whitespace
Names can also begin with $ and _ . Names are case sensitive ("mycar" and "myvar" are different variables).
eserved words (like Java keywords, such as int or boolean) cannot be used as names.

2.3 Data Types:

• Data types are divided into two groups:
Primitive data types - includes byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean and char.
Non-primitive data types - such as String, Arrays and Classes .
• Primitive number types are divided into two groups:
Integer types stores whole numbers, positive or negative (such as 123 or -456), without decimals.
Valid types are byte, short, int and long. Which type you should use, depends on the numeric value.
Floating point types represents numbers with a fractional part, containing one or more decimals.
There are two types: float and double
. • Integer Types: The byte data type can store whole numbers from -128 to 127. This can be used instead of
int or other integer types to save memory when you are certain that the value will be within -128 and 127. The
short data type can store whole numbers from -32768 to 32767.
The int data type can store whole numbers from -2147483648 to 2147483647. In general, the int data type is
the preferred data type when we create variables with a numeric value. The long data type can store whole
numbers from - 9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. This is used when int is not large enough
to store the value. Note that you should end the value with an "L".
• Floating Point Type
The float and double data types can store fractional numbers. Note that you should end the value with an "f"
for floats and "d" for doubles.
A floating point number can also be a scientific number with an "e" to indicate the power of 10.
• Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive data type to another type.
• In Java, there are two types of casting:
Widening Casting (automatically) - converting a smaller type to a larger type size

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byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double Example: int myInt = 9; double myDouble = myInt;
Narrowing Casting (manually) - converting a larger type to a smaller size type double -> float -> long -> int ->
char -> short -> byte

Example:
double myDouble = 9.78d;
int myInt = (int) myDouble;

2.4 Operators:
• Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

• Java divides the operators into the following groups:

Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Bitwise operators

2.5 Conditional Statements

• Java has the following conditional statements
Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is true

.Syntax
:if (condition)
{ // block of code to be executed if the condition is true
}
Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is false.
Syntax: if
(condition)
{ // block of code to be executed if the condition is true
}
Else{
// block of code to be executed if the condition is false

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}
Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false. if
(condition1) {
// block of code to be executed if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2)
{ // block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is true }
else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is false }

Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed

Syntax: switch(expression)

{ case

x:

// code block break;

case y: // code

block break;

default:

// code block

The switch expression is evaluated once.

The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case.

If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed.

The break and default keywords are optional.

2.6 Loops:
• Loops can execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is reached.

• Loops are handy because they save time, reduce errors, and they make code more readable. While Loop:

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The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.

Syntax
while (condition) { // code block to be executed }

2.6.1 Do/While Loop:

The do/while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the code block once, before checking

if the condition is true, then it will repeat the loop as long as the condition is true . Syntax:

do {

// code block to be executed

} while

(condition);

2.6.2 For Loop:

When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead
of a while loop.

Syntax:

for (statement 1; statement 2; statement 3)

{ // code block to be executed

Statement 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code block.

Statement 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.

Statement 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been executed.

2.7 Arrays:
• Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable, instead of declaring separate variables for each
value.

• To declare an array, define the variable type with square brackets: Example: String[] cars;
• You can access an array element by referring to the index number

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. • This statement accesses the value of the first element in cars: Example: String[] cars = {"Volvo", "BMW",
"Ford", "Mazda"};

// Outputs Volvo

2.7.1 Multidimensional Arrays:

• A multidimensional array is an array of arrays.

• Multidimensional arrays are useful when you want to store data as a tabular form, like a table with rows
and columns.

To create a two-dimensional array, add each array within its own set of curly braces.

Example: int[][] myNumbers = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5,

6, 7} }; System.out.println(myNumbers[1][2]); //

Outputs 7

2.8 Methods:
• A method is a block of code which only runs when it is called . • You can pass data, known as parameters,

into a method.

• Methods are used to perform certain actions, and they are also known as functions

. • Why use methods? To reuse code: define the code once, and use it many times

. • A method must be declared within a class. It is defined with the name of the method, followed by
parentheses ( ).

Example:

public class Main

{ static void myMethod()

{ // code to be executed

}
} myMethod() is the name of the method.

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static means that the method belongs to the Main class and not an object of the Main class. You will learn
more about objects and how to access methods through objects. void means that this method does not have a
return value.

• To call a method in Java, write the method's name followed by two parentheses () and a semicolon;

• Information can be passed to methods as parameter. Parameters act as variables inside the method

. • Parameters are specified after the method name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many parameters as
you want, just separate them with a comma.

The following example has a method that takes a String called fname as parameter. When the method is
called, we pass along a first name, which is used inside the method to print the full name:

public class Main { static void myMethod(String

fname) {

System.out.println(fname + " Refsnes");

} public static void main(String[]

args) { myMethod("Liam");

myMethod("Jenny");

myMethod("Anja");

}
}

2.9 Return Values:

The void keyword, used in the examples above, indicates that the method should not return a value. If you
want the method to return a value, you can use a primitive data type (such as int, char, etc.) instead of void,
and use the return keyword inside the method:

public class Main { static

int myMethod(int x) { return

5 + x; }

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public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(myMethod(3));

}}

Chapter 3

Java OOP(Object Oriented Programing):

• OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming.

• Procedural programming is about writing procedures or methods that perform operations on the data, while
object-oriented programming is about creating objects that contain both data and methods.

• Object-oriented programming has several advantages over procedural programming.

OOP is faster and easier to execute.

OOP provides a clear structure for the programs.

OOP helps to keep the Java code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the code easier to maintain,
modify and debug.

OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less code and shorter development time

3.1 Object:
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike,
etc. It can be physical or logical. An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an
address and takes up some space in memory. Objects can communicate without knowing the details of each
other's data or code. The only necessary thing is the type of message accepted and the type of response
returned by the objects. Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed, etc. as well
as behaviors like wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc

3.2 Class:
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual object. Class doesn't
consume any space. Inheritance:

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When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known as inheritance.

It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism. Polymorphism: If one task is
performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism.

For example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle, rectangle,
etc. In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism. Another example
can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog barks woof, etc

3.3 Inheritance in Java:

Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent
object. It is an important part of OOPs (Object Oriented programming system).

The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes.
When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class. Moreover, you
can add new methods and fields in your current class also. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which
is also known as a parent- child relationship.

• Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or blueprint from
which objects are created.

• Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It is also called a derived
class, extended class, or child class.

• Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass inherits the features. It is also
called a base class or a parent class

. • Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism which facilitates you to reuse the fields and
methods of the existing class when you create a new class. You can use the same fields and methods already
defined in the previous class.

Syntax: class Subclass-name extends

Superclass-name

//methods and fields }

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3.3.1Types of Inheritance:
• Single Inheritance

• Multiple Inheritance

• Multi-Level Inheritance

• Hierarchical Inheritance

• Hybrid Inheritance

Abstraction in Java

3.4 Abstraction:
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example phone call, we don't
know the internal processing. In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction. Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as encapsulation. For example, a
capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines. A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the
fully encapsulated class because all the data members are private here.

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user.
Another way, it shows only essential things to the user and hides the internal details, for example, sending
SMS where you type the text and send the message. You don't know the internal processing about the message
delivery. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.

3.4.1 Ways to achieve Abstraction

There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java

1. Abstract class (0 to 100%)

2. Interface (100%) Abstract class in Java A class which is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class.
It can have abstract and non-abstract methods. It needs to be extended and its method implemented.
It cannot be instantiated.
• An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.
• It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
• It cannot be instantiated.

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• It can have constructors and static methods also

. • It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of the method.
Example:
abstract class Bike
{
abstract void run();
}
class Honda4 extends Bike
{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely..");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ Bike obj = new Honda4(); obj.run();.
}
}

3.5 Interface in Java:

• An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods. • The interface
in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface,
not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
• In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. It cannot have a
method body.
• Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship.
• It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class
. • Since Java 8, we can have default and static methods in an interface .
• Since Java 9, we can have private methods in an interface.
• There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below. It is used to achieve abstraction.
By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple inheritance. It can be used to achieve loose
coupling.
• An interface is declared by using the interface keyword. It provides total abstraction; means all the
methods in an interface are declared with the empty body, and all the fields are public, static and final by
default. A class that implements an interface must implement all the methods declared in the interface.

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Syntax: interface { // declare constant fields // declare methods that abstract // by default. }
Polymorphism: Polymorphism means "many forms", and it occurs when we have many classes that are
related to each other by inheritance.

3.6 Polymorphism:
Polymorphism means "many forms", and it occurs when we have many classes that are related to each
other by inheritance.
Like we specified in the previous chapter; Inheritance lets us inherit attributes and methods from
another class. Polymorphism uses those methods to perform different tasks. This allows us to perform a
single action in different ways. For example, think of a superclass called Animal that has a method
called animalSound(). Subclasses of Animals could be Pigs, Cats, Dogs, Birds - And they also have their
own implementation of an animal sound (the pig oinks, and the cat meows, etc.) Example:
class Animal { public
void animalSound()
{ System.out.println("The animal makes a sound");
}
}
class Pig extends Animal {
public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The pig says: wee wee");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
public void animalSound()
{
System.out.println("The dog says: bow wow");
}
}

3.7 Method Overloading:

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If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is known as Method
Overloading in java.
If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the readability of
the program.
Suppose you have to perform addition of the given numbers but there can be any number of arguments, if
you write the method such as a(int,int) for two parameters, and b(int,int,int) for three parameters then it
may be difficult for you as well as other programmers to understand the behavior of the method because
its name differs.
So, we perform method overloading to figure out the program quickly

3.7.1 Advantage of method overloading

Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Different ways to overload the method
There are two ways to overload the method in java
1. By changing number of arguments
2. By changing the data type

Example: class
Adder{
static int add(int a,int b)
{ return
a+b; }
static int add(int a,int b,int c)
{ return
a+b+c; }

} class
TestOverloading1
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println (Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println (Adder.add(11,11,11));
}

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3.8 Method Overriding:

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as method
overriding in Java.
In other words, If a subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that has been declared by
one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding.
Usage of Java Method Overriding oMethod overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of
a method which is already provided by its superclass. oMethod overriding is used for runtime
polymorphism
Rules for Java Method Overriding

1. The method must have the same name as in the parent class
2. The method must have the same parameter as in the parent class . 3. There must be an IS-A
relationship (inheritance).
Example:
class Vehicle{ void run()
{
System.out.println("Vehicle is running");
}
} class Bike extends
Vehicle{ public
static void main(String args[]{ bike
obj=new bike(); obj.run();
)
{

3.9 Encapsulation:
Encapsulation in Java is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit, for example, a
capsule which is mixed of several medicines. We can create a fully encapsulated class in Java by making
all the data members of the class private. Now we can use setter and getter methods to set and get the data
in it.

The Java Bean class is the example of a fully encapsulated class. Advantage of Encapsulation in Java By
providing only a setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or write-only. In other words,

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you can skip the getter or setter methods. It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to
set the value of id which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter method.
You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter methods
. It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access the data through
the private data members. The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing. The
standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it is easy and fast to create
an encapsulated class in Java.

Chapter-4
Java Package:
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub- packages. Package in java can be
categorized in two form, built-in package and user- defined package. There are many built-in packages
such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc. Here, we will have the detailed learning of
creating and using user-defined packages.

4.1 Advantage of Java Package:

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be easily maintained.
2) Java package provides access protection.
3) Java package removes naming collision. There are three ways to access the package from outside the
package
1.import package.*;
2. import package.classname;
3. fully qualified name. Access Modifiers in Java:
There are two types of modifiers in Java: access modifiers and non-access modifiers.
The access modifiers in Java specifies the accessibility or scope of a field, method, constructor, or class.
We can change the access level of fields, constructors, methods, and class by applying the access modifier
on it. There are four types of Java access modifiers: 1. Private: The access level of a private modifier is
only within the class. It cannot be accessed from outside the class.
2. Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package. It cannot be accessed from
outside the package. If you do not specify any access level, it will be the default.

3. Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package and outside the package
through child class. If you do not make the child class, it cannot be accessed from outside the package.

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4. Public: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere. It can be accessed from within the class,
outside the class, within the package and outside the package.
There are many non-access modifiers, such as static, abstract, synchronized, native, volatile, transient, etc

Chapter -5 Exception Handling in Java

5.1 Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that
the normal flow of the application can be maintained.
What is Exception in Java?
In Java, an exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which is
thrown at runtime.
What is Exception Handling? Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as
ClassNotFoundException, IOException, SQLException, RemoteException, etc. The core advantage of
exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application. An exception normally disrupts
the normal flow of the application; that is why we need to handle exceptions.

5.2 Types of Java Exceptions

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. An error is considered as the
unchecked exception. However, according to Oracle, there are three types of exceptions namely: 1.
Checked Exception
2. Unchecked Exception
3. Error
The classes that directly inherit the Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as
checked exceptions. For example, IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are checked at
compile-time.

The classes that inherit the RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions. example,
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc. Unchecked
exceptions are not checked at compile-time, but they are checked at runtime.

Error is irrecoverable. Some example of errors are OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError,

AssertionError etc. Java provides five keywords that are used to handle the exception
The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should place an exception code. It means we can't
use try block alone. The try block must be followed by either catch or finally.

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• The “catch” block is used to handle the exception. It must be preceded by try block which means we
can’t use catch block alone.

• The "finally" block is used to execute the necessary code of the program. It is executed whether an
exception is handled or not

. • The “throw” keyword is used to throw an exception

. • The "throws" keyword is used to declare exceptions. It specifies that there may occur an exception in
the method. It doesn't throw an exception. It is always used with method signature.

Example: public class

JavaExceptionExample

{ public static void main(String args[])

{ try

{ int data=100/0;

} catch(ArithmeticException

e)

System.out.println(e);
}

System.out.println("rest of the code...");

Chapter-6

Multithreading in Java:
Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously. A thread is a
lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are
used to achieve multitasking. However, we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads use
a shared memory area. They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and contextswitching

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between the threads takes less time than process. Java Multithreading is mostly used in games,
animation, etc.

6.1 Advantages of Java Multithreading

1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can perform multiple operations at
the same time.

2) You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.

3) Threads are independent, so it doesn't affect other threads if an exception occurs in a single thread.

6.2 Relational database concepts

A relational database management system (RDBMS) stores and retrieves data that is represented in
tables. A relational database consists of a collection of tables that store interrelated data.

This section introduces some of the terms and concepts that are important in talking about relational
databases.

6.3 Database tables :

In a relational database, all data is held in tables, which are made up of rows and columns.

Each table has one or more columns, and each column is assigned a specific datatype, such as an integer
number, a sequence of characters (for text), or a date. Each row in the table has a value for each column.

A typical fragment of a table containing employee information may look as follows

: emp_ID emp_lname emp_fname emp_phone

10057 Huong Zhang 10693

1096 donaldson Anne 7821

The tables of a relational database have some important characteristics:

• There is no significance to the order of the columns or rows.

• Each row contains one and only one value for each column.

• Each value for a given column has the same type.

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The following table lists some of the formal and informal relational database terms describing tables and
their contents, together with their equivalent in other nonrelational databases. This manual uses the informal
terms.

Formal relational term Informal relational term Equivalent nonrelational term

Relation Table File

Attribute Column Field

Tuple Row Record

When you are designing your database, make sure that each table in the database holds information about a
specific thing, such as employees, products, or customers.

By designing a database this way, you can set up a structure that eliminates redundancy and inconsistencies.
For example, both the sales and accounts payable departments may look up information about customers. In a
relational database, the information about customers is entered only once, in a table that both departments can
access.

A relational database is a set of related tables. You use primary and foreign keys to describe relationships
between the information in different tables. Primary and foreign keys Primary and foreign keys define the
relational structure of a database. These keys enable each row in the database tables to be identified, and
define the relationships between the tables.

Tables have a primary key

All tables in a relational database should have a primary key. The primary key is a column, or set of columns,
that allows each row in the table to be uniquely identified. No two rows in a table with a primary key can have
the same primary key value.

If no primary key is assigned, all the columns together become the primary key. It is good practice to keep
your primary key for each table as compact as possible.

Examples

In a table holding information about employees, the primary key may be an ID number assigned to each
employee. In the sample database, the table of sales order items has the following columns:

• An order number, identifying the order the item is part of

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• A line number, identifying each item on any order

• A product ID, identifying the product being ordered

• A quantity, showing how many items were ordered

• A ship date, showing when the order was shipped

To find the name of a particular employee's department, there is no need to put the name of the employee's
department into the employee table. Instead, the employee table contains a column holding the department ID
of the employee's department. This is called a foreign key to the department table. A foreign key references a
particular row in the table containing the corresponding primary key. In this example, the employee table
(which contains the foreign key in the relationship) is called the foreign table or referencing table. The
department table (which contains the referenced primary key) is called the primary table or the referenced
table.

Chapter -7

Queries
Retrieve data from a database using the SELECT statement. The basic query operations in a relational system
are projection, restriction, and join. The SELECT statement implements all of these operations.

A projection is a subset of the columns in a table. A restriction (also called selection) is a subset of the rows in

a table, based on some conditions. For example, the following SELECT statement retrieves the names and

prices of all products that cost more than $15: SELECT name, unit_price FROM product

WHERE unit_price > 15

This query uses both a restriction (WHERE unit_price > 15) and a projection (SELECT name, unit_price)
A JOIN links the rows in two or more tables by comparing the values in key columns and returning rows that

have matching values. For example, you may want to select the item identification numbers and product

names for all items for which more than a dozen has been shipped: SELECT sales_order_items.id,

product.name FROM product KEY JOIN sales_order_items WHERE sales_order_items.quantity > 12

The product table and the sales_order_items table are joined together based on the foreign key relationships
between them.

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Chapter -8

SQL
SQL is a standard database language used to access and manipulate data in databases. SQL stands for
Structured Query Language. SQL was developed by IBM Computer Scientists in the 1970s. By executing
queries SQL can create, update, delete, and retrieve data in databases like MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, etc.
Overall SQL is a query language that communicates with databases.

8.1 What is a Database?

Data is the new fuel of this world but only data is unorganized information, so to organize that data we make a
database. A database is the organized collection of structured data which is usually controlled by a database
management system (DBMS). Databases help us with easily storing, accessing, and manipulating data held on
a computer.

8.2 Why to learn SQL?

▪ SQL helps you to easily get information from data at high efficiency.

To manipulate the data in databases like Create, Read, Edit, and delete we use SQL queries. Users can interact
with data stored in relational database management systems. Anyone who knows the English language can
easily write SQL queries. Some of the key features of SQL are given below:

▪ Without a lot of coding knowledge we can manage a database with SQL.

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SQL works with database systems from Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, etc .

▪ Simple and easy to learn.

▪ SQL is ANSI and ISO standard language for database manipulations.

▪ SQL retrieves large amounts of data very fast.

8.3 Applications of SQL

In data-driven industries where managing databases is very important in regular,Here are some important SQL
applications.

• To support client/server architecture, software engineers use SQL to establish the connection between
backend and front-end

. • SQL can also be used in the 3-tier architecture of a client, an application server, and a database.

• SQL is used as a Data Definition Language(DDL) in which we can independently create a database, define
the structure, use it, and discard it when its work is done.

• SQL is used as a Data Manipulation Language(DML) in which we can enter data, modify data, extracting
data.

• SQL is used as a Data Control Language(DCL) it specifies how we can protect our database against
corruption and misuse

Chapter-9

JDBC
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity. JDBC is a Java API to connect and execute the query with the
database. It is a part of JavaSE (Java Standard Edition). JDBC API uses JDBC drivers to connect with the
database. There are four types of JDBC drivers

• JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

• Native Driver,

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• Network Protocol Driver, and

• Thin Driver

• We have discussed the above four drivers in the next chapter

. • We can use JDBC API to access tabular data stored in any relational database. By the help of JDBC API, we
can save, update, delete and fetch data from the database. It is like Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
provided by Microsoft.

The current version of JDBC is 4.3. It is the stable release since 21st September, 2017. It is based on the
X/Open SQL Call Level Interface. The java.sql package contains classes and interfaces for JDBC API. A list
of popular interfaces of JDBC API are given below:

▪ Driver interface

▪ Connection interface

▪ Statement interface

▪ PreparedStatement interface

▪ CallableStatement interface

▪ ResultSet interface

▪ ResultSetMetaData interface

▪ DatabaseMetaData interface

▪ RowSet interface

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▪
▪ AD A list of popular classes of JDBC API are given below:
A list of popular classes of JDBC API are given below:

▪ DriverManager class
Blob class

▪ Clob class

▪ Types class

10.2 Why Should We Use JDBC

▪ Before JDBC, ODBC API was the database API to connect and execute the query with the database. But,
ODBC API uses ODBC driver which is written in C language (i.e. platform dependent and unsecured). That is
why Java has defined its own API (JDBC API) that uses JDBC drivers (written in Java language).

▪ We can use JDBC API to handle database using Java program and can perform the following activities:

▪ Connect to the database

▪ Execute queries and update statements to the database ▪ Retrieve

the result received from the database.

Chapter-10

HTML
▪ HTML is an acronym which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language which is used for creating web pages
and web applications. Let's see what is meant by Hypertext Markup Language, and Web page.

▪ Hyper Text: HyperText simply means "Text within Text." A text has a link within it, is a hypertext. Whenever
you click on a link which brings you to a new webpage, you have clicked on a hypertext. HyperText is a way
to link two or more web pages (HTML documents) with each other

. ▪ Markup language: A markup language is a computer language that is used to apply layout and formatting
conventions to a text document. Markup language makes text more interactive and dynamic. It can turn text
into images, tables, links, et. ▪ Web Page: A web page is a document which is commonly written in HTML and

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translated by a web browser. A web page can be identified by entering an URL. A Web page can be of the
static or dynamic type. With the help of HTML only, we can create static web page

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▪
Hence, HTML is a markup language which is used for creating attractive web pages with the help of styling,
and which looks in a nice format on a web browser. An HTML document is made of many HTML tags and
each HTML tag contains different content.

Chapter-11

Java script
▪ JavaScript (js) is a light-weight object-oriented programming language which is used by several websites for
scripting the webpages. It is an interpreted, full-fledged programming language that enables dynamic
interactivity on websites when applied to an HTML document. It was introduced in the year 1995 for adding
programs to the webpages in the Netscape Navigator browser. Since then, it has been adopted by all other
graphical web browsers. With JavaScript, users can build modern web applications to interact directly without
reloading the page every time. The traditional website uses js to provide several forms of interactivity and simplicity

. ▪ Although, JavaScript has no connectivity with Java programming language. The name was suggested and
provided in the times when Java was gaining popularity in the market. In addition to web browsers, databases
such as CouchDB and MongoDB uses JavaScript as their scripting and query language.

11.1 Application of JavaScript

▪ JavaScript is used to create interactive websites. It is mainly used for:

▪ Client-side validation,

▪ Dynamic drop-down menus,

▪ Displaying date and time,

▪ Displaying pop-up windows and dialog boxes (like an alert dialog box, confirm dialog box and prompt dialog
box),

▪ Displaying clocks etc

. ▪ JavaScript is used to create interactive websites. It is mainly used for

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▪
▪ Client-side validation,
Dynamic drop-down menus,

▪ Displaying date and time,

▪ Displaying pop-up windows and dialog boxes (like an alert dialog box, confirm dialog box and prompt dialog
box),

Chapter -12

Spring Boot
▪ Spring Boot Tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of Spring Framework. Our Spring Boot Tutorial is
designed for beginners and professionals both.

▪ Spring Boot is a Spring module that provides the RAD (Rapid Application Development) feature to the
Spring framework.

▪ Our Spring Boot Tutorial includes all topics of Spring Boot such, as features, project, maven project, starter
project wizard, Spring Initializr, CLI, applications, annotations, dependency management, properties, starters,
Actuator, JPA, JDBC, etc.

▪ Spring Boot is a project that is built on the top of the Spring Framework. It provides an easier and faster way
to set up, configure, and run both simple and web-based applications.

▪ It is a Spring module that provides the RAD (Rapid Application Development) feature to the Spring
Framework. It is used to create a stand-alone Spring-based application that you can just run because it needs
minimal Spring configuration.

▪ In short, Spring Boot is the combination of Spring Framework and Embedded Servers. ▪ In Spring Boot,
there is no requirement for XML configuration (deployment descriptor). It uses convention over configuration
software design paradigm that means it decreases the effort of the developer.

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We can use Spring STS IDE or Spring Initializr to develop Spring Boot Java applications. ▪ Why should we use
Spring Boot Framework?

▪ We should use Spring Boot Framework because: ▪ The dependency injection approach is used in Spring Boot.

▪ It contains powerful database transaction management capabilities

. ▪ It simplifies integration with other Java frameworks like JPA/Hibernate ORM, Struts, etc.

▪ It reduces the cost and development time of the application.

▪ Along with the Spring Boot Framework, many other Spring sister projects help to build applications
addressing modern business needs. There are the following Spring sister projects are as follows:

▪ Spring Data: It simplifies data access from the relational and NoSQL databases. ▪ Spring Batch: It provides
powerful batch processing.

▪ Spring Security: It is a security framework that provides robust security to applications

. ▪ Spring Social: It supports integration with social networking like LinkedIn

. ▪ Spring Integration: It is an implementation of Enterprise Integration Patterns. It facilitates integration with

other enterprise applications using lightweight messaging

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Chapter 13

CONCLUSION :
In conclusion, a Java Full Stack Developer requires a diverse range of technical and soft skills to develop and
maintain web-based applications. They need to be proficient in both front-end and back-end development,
understand security protocols, testing and debugging methodologies, design patterns, cloud technologies, and

be customer-focused.

During the course of my internship, I gained practical and theoretical knowledge of key concepts in Java and
its associated technologies. Starting with the fundamentals of Java and object-oriented programming, I
developed a solid understanding of the language's core structure and syntax. I learned how to effectively
utilize packages, arrays, exception handling, and multithreading to build efficient and robust applications.

Additionally, I explored working with strings and implemented database connectivity using SQL and JDBC,
which enhanced my ability to create dynamic and data-driven applications. My exposure to front-end
technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript enabled me to understand the full-stack development
process.

A significant highlight was learning Spring Boot, which provided insight into developing modern,
enterpriselevel applications with minimal configuration and maximum scalability.

Overall, this internship has been a valuable learning experience that bridged the gap between academic
knowledge and real-world application, equipping me with the essential skills required to build comprehensive
software solutions.

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REFERENCE :

1. Java Programming:

o Eckel, B. (2006). Thinking in Java (4th Edition). Prentice Hall. o Horstmann, C. S., &

Cornell, G. (2012). Core Java Volume I & II. Prentice Hall. o Oracle Java Documentation:

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/

2. OOP, Packages, Exception Handling, Multithreading:

o Schildt, H. (2018). Java: The Complete Reference (11th Edition). McGraw-Hill Education.

o Bloch, J. (2018). Effective Java (3rd Edition). Addison-Wesley.

3. SQL and JDBC:

o Date, C. J. (2004). An Introduction to Database Systems (8th Edition). Pearson Education. o Oracle

JDBC Guide: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/jdbc/

4. HTML/CSS and JavaScript:

o Duckett, J. (2011). HTML and CSS: Design and Build Websites. Wiley. o Duckett, J. (2014).

JavaScript and JQuery: Interactive Front-End Web Development. Wiley. o Mozilla Developer

Network (MDN): https://developer.mozilla.org/

5. Spring Boot:

o Walls, C. (2018). Spring in Action (5th Edition). Manning Publications.

o Spring Boot Official Documentation: https://spring.io/projects/spring-boot

6. General Full-Stack Development:

o Ford, N. (2019). Fundamentals of Software Architecture. O’Reilly Medi

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