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The document outlines various transmission methods including baseband, broadband, and passband, along with their definitions, bandwidth usage, and examples. It also covers calculations related to total delay in fiber links, received power after attenuation, data rates in circuit-switched networks, and multiplexing types. Additionally, it discusses encoding methods, symbol rates in QAM, idle time in TDM, and issues related to framing errors.

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5 views2 pages

Solutions

The document outlines various transmission methods including baseband, broadband, and passband, along with their definitions, bandwidth usage, and examples. It also covers calculations related to total delay in fiber links, received power after attenuation, data rates in circuit-switched networks, and multiplexing types. Additionally, it discusses encoding methods, symbol rates in QAM, idle time in TDM, and issues related to framing errors.

Uploaded by

utkarshdev2411
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Baseband vs. Broadband vs.

Passband Transmission

- **Baseband Transmission**
- **Definition**: Sends a digital signal directly over the medium without modulation.
- **Bandwidth**: Occupies the entire bandwidth of the channel.
- **Example**: Ethernet over twisted pair uses Manchester or NRZ coding.
- **Use Case**: Short-distance LANs.

- **Broadband Transmission**
- **Definition**: Transmits multiple channels by modulating them onto different carrier frequencies.
- **Bandwidth**: Uses a wide range of frequencies, subdivided into non■overlapping bands.
- **Example**: Cable TV delivers many TV channels on different RF carriers.
- **Use Case**: Cable Internet, CATV.

- **Passband Transmission**
- **Definition**: Converts a baseband (digital) signal to an analog passband signal by modulation (e.g., ASK, FSK, P
- **Bandwidth**: Centered around a nonzero carrier frequency.
- **Example**: Modems where digital data is modulated onto an analog telephone channel.
- **Use Case**: Long-distance telephony, wireless links.

2. Total Delay on a 1 Gbps, 2 000 km Fiber Link

- Packet size: 10 KB = 10 × 1024 B = 10 240 B = 81 920 bits


- Transmission delay
d_trans = 81,920 bits / (1×10^9 bps) = 0.0819 ms
- Propagation delay
d_prop = 2,000,000 m / (2×10^8 m/s) = 10 ms
- Total delay ≈ 10.0819 ms

3. Received Power after 10 dB Attenuation

- Transmitted power: 50 mW
- Attenuation: 10 dB (linear factor 0.1)
- Received power = 50 mW × 0.1 = 5 mW

4. Data Rate per Circuit in a Circuit-Switched Network

- Link bandwidth: 1 Gbps


- Number of circuits: 100
- Per-circuit rate = 1,000 Mbps / 100 = 10 Mbps

5. Multiplexing: Concept & Types

- **FDM (Frequency-Division)**: Each user occupies a distinct frequency band.


- **TDM (Time-Division)**: Users take turns in time slots on the same frequency.
- **WDM (Wavelength-Division)**: Optical analog of FDM using multiple light wavelengths.

6. Digital-to-Analog vs. Analog-to-Digital Encoding


- **Digital-to-Analog (D/A)**: Maps digital bits onto analog carrier changes.
- **Analog-to-Digital (A/D)**: Samples and quantizes analog signals into bits.

7. Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I for `01001110`

- **NRZ-L waveform**: +V, –V, +V, +V, –V, –V, –V, +V


- **NRZ-I waveform**: +V, –V, –V, –V, +V, –V, +V, +V

8. Why PSK > ASK; Advantage of QAM

- PSK is more robust to amplitude noise.


- QAM offers higher spectral efficiency by encoding phase and amplitude.

9. Symbol Rate in 16-QAM at 64 Mbps

- Bits/symbol = 4
- Symbol rate = 64 Mbps / 4 = 16 Mbaud

10. Idle Time in TDM (100 Mbps, 5 Users × 10 Mbps)

- Occupancy = (5×10) / 100 = 0.5


- Idle fraction = 0.5 (50%)

11. Bandwidth for Synchronous TDM (8×2 Mbps)

- Aggregate = 8×2 = 16 Mbps


- Minimum ≈ 16 MHz

12. Total Data Rate in WDM Fiber (16×10 Gbps)

- 16×10 = 160 Gbps

13. Bit-Stuffed Sequence (Flag = 01111110)

- Final transmitted bits: 01111100001111101011111010

14. Error in Character-Count Framing

- Corrupt count byte causes framing and data corruption.

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