MACHINE TOOL

 Machine used for material removal operations with

tools, to produce shape & size of the workpiece is
known as a machine tool.
 The purpose of machine tools is to save time, cost of
production and to get better output which can not be
obtained with hand tools.
 Examples : Lathe Machine , Shaper Machine , Milling
Machine etc
TYPES OF LATHE
FEATURES OF CENTRE LATHE

 General purpose lathe. Widely used in workshops.

 Has the ability to controll the spindle speed and feed
of fixed cutting tool.
 Feed can be given longitudinally or in cross direction.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CENTRE
LATHE
Work piece is held in a chuck or between
the centres.
It is then rotated about axis at a uniform
speed
The tool is fed into the work piece upto a
desired depth and desired direction
Material is removed in the form of chips and
desired shape is obtained
 BED
 HEADSTOCK
 TAILSTOCK
 CARRIAGE
 CROSS SLIDE
 COMPOUND REST
 TOOL POST
 STEADY ,FOLLOWER AND OTHER REST
 BED
 SOLID STRONG BASE WHICH IS A CASTING OF
CAST IRON.
 OTHER PARTS ARE LOCATED OVER IT
 TYPES-
 "V" beds(LIGHT WORK), flat beds(HEAVY WORK),
and combination "V" and flat beds..
HEADSTOCK
The headstock (H1)
houses the main spindle
(H4),
speed change
mechanism (H2,H3),
and change gears (H10
Robust(strong)
Work piece held in
chuck is inserted in
hollow spindle
CROSSSLIDE,COMPOUND REST
AND TOOL POST
rides on the carriage and has a feedscrew
that travels perpendicular to the main
spindle axis
Thus FACING operations and depth of cut
id adjusted.
Over the compound rest tool post exists.
STEADY FOLLOWER AND OTHER REST

extra support can be

provided by a steady
rest (also called a
steady, a fixed steady, a
center rest
CUTTING TOOLS
LATHE TOOLS
TOOL BIT
 non-rotary cutting tool used
in metal lathes, shapers,
and planers.
 Referred to as single-point
cutting tool.
 The cutting edge is ground to
suit a particular machining
operation and may be re-
sharpened or reshaped as
needed.
 Held by a tool holder.
Turning
Facing
knurling
Grooving
Parting
Taper turning
Drilling
TURNING
Cylindrical job
TURNING...
Workpiece
Cutting
speed Depth of cut (d)
N
Machined
surface
Chuck Feed Chip
Tool
Depth of cut
TURNING...
 Excess Material is removed to
reduce Diameter
Cutting Tool: Turning Tool

a depth of cut of 1 mm will reduce

diameter by 2 mm
FACING
Flat Surface/Reduce length

Chuck Workpiece
d
Machined
Face
Cutting
speed Depth of
cut
Tool Feed
FACING...
machine end of job  Flat surface
or to Reduce Length of Job
Turning Tool
Feed: in direction perpendicular to work
piece axis
Length of Tool Travel = radius of
workpiece
Depth of Cut: in direction parallel to work
piece axis
FACING...
KNURLING
Produce rough textured surface
For Decorative and/or Functional
Purpose
Knurling Tool

 A Forming Process
MRR~0
KNURLING...
Knurled surface
Cutting
speed
Feed Movement
for depth
Knurling tool
Tool post
KNURLING...
GROOVING
Produces a Groove on workpiece
Shape of tool  shape of groove
Carried out using Grooving Tool  A
form tool
Also called Form Turning
GROOVING...

Shape produced
by form tool Groove

Feed or Grooving
Form tool depth of cut tool
PARTING
Cutting workpiece into Two
Similar to grooving
Parting Tool
Hogging – tool rides over – at slow feed
Coolant use
PARTING...

Feed
Parting tool
TAPER TURNING

90°
D1  D2

B  C
TAN α = (D1 D2)/2L
A L
TAPER TURNING...
Conicity : K = (D1-D2)/L

Form Tool
 Swiveling Compound Rest
 Taper Turning Attachment
 Simultaneous Longitudinal and
Cross Feeds
DRILLING
Drill – cutting tool – held in TS – feed from TS

Quill
Drill clamp moving
quill
Tail stock
Feed
Tail stock clamp
LATHE ACCESORIES
Divided into two categories

Work-holding, -supporting, and –driving

devices

Cutting-tool-holding devices
REVOLVING TAILSTOCK CENTERS
 Replaced solid dead centers
for most machining
operations
 Used to support work held in
chuck or when work is being
machined between centers
 Contains antifriction
bearings which allow center
to revolve with work piece
 No lubrication required
between center and work
 Types: revolving dead center,
long point center, and
changeable point center
SELF-DRIVING LIVE CENTER
Mounted in headstock spindle
Used when entire length of workpiece is
being machined in one operation
Chuck or lathe dog could not be used to
drive work
Grooves ground around circumference of
lathe center point provide drive
Work usually soft material such as
aluminum
CHUCKS
Used extensively for holding work for lathe
machining operations
Work large or unusual shape
Most commonly used lathe chucks
Three-jaw universal
Four-jaw independent
THREE JAW UNIVERSAL CHUCK
 Holds round and hexagonal work
 Grasps work quickly and accurate
within few thousandths/inch
 Three jaws move simultaneously
when
adjusted by chuck wrench
 Caused by scroll plate into which
all three jaws fit
 Two sets of jaw: outside chucking
and inside chucking
FOUR JAW INDEPENDENT CHUCK
 Used to hold round,
square, hexagonal, and
irregularly shaped work
pieces
 Has four jaws
 Each can be adjusted
independently by
chuck wrench
 Jaws can be reversed to
hold work by inside
diameter
FACEPLATES  Used to hold work too large
or shaped so it cannot be
held in chuck or between
centers
 Usually equipped with
several slots to permit use of
bolts to secure work
 Angle plate used so axis of
work piece may be aligned
with lathe centers
 Counterbalance fastened to
faceplate when work
mounted off center
 Prevent imbalance and
resultant vibrations
MANDREL
 Holds internally machined workpiece between centers
so further machining operations are concentric with
bore
 Several types, but most common
 Plain mandrel
 Expanding mandrel
 Gang mandrel
 Stub mandrel
 PLAIN MANDREL
EXPANDING MANDREL

GANG MANDREL STUB MANDREL

CUTTING TOOL HOLDING DEVICE

LEFT HAND OFFSET

TOOLHOLDER

RIGHT HAND OFFSET

TOOLHOLDER

STRAIGHT TOOLHOLDER