Design and Optimization of Distributed
Design and Optimization of Distributed
https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-025-00471-2
*Correspondence:
Nan Feng Abstract
[email protected] With the continuous growth of global energy demand and the rapid development
1
School of Health Services
Management, Xi’an Medical of renewable energy, traditional energy management systems are facing enormous
University, Xi’an 710021, China challenges, especially in the scheduling and optimization of distributed energy. In
2
School of Education, Jiujiang order to meet these challenges, edge computing and machine learning technology
University, Jiujiang 332005, China
are widely used in the design and optimization of distributed energy management
systems. This paper proposes a design scheme of distributed energy management
system based on edge computing and machine learning, and optimizes it. The
system reduces data transmission latency and improves energy scheduling
efficiency by performing real-time data processing and analysis on edge devices.
The experimental results show that the proposed system performs outstandingly in
optimizing energy allocation, reducing energy consumption, and improving system
response speed. Specifically, by using machine learning algorithms for dynamic
scheduling of distributed energy resources, the system can achieve an energy
utilization rate 12% higher than traditional scheduling methods, and reduce energy
waste by 18% in the event of fluctuations in energy demand. In addition, the system
response time has been improved by 30% compared to traditional cloud-based
solutions. These optimizations not only reduce energy costs, but also effectively
enhance the sustainability and intelligence level of distributed energy systems.
The contribution of this research lies in the combination of edge computing and
machine learning technology to achieve real-time optimal control of the distributed
energy system, reduce the system’s computing load and delay, and improve the
accuracy and flexibility of energy management through data-driven methods. Future
research can further explore how to integrate multiple machine learning algorithms
to optimize energy scheduling strategies and improve the system’s adaptability in
complex environments.
Keywords Distributed energy management system, Edge computing, Machine
learning, Energy optimization
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Feng and Ran Energy Informatics (2025) 8:17 Page 2 of 18
Introduction
Energy is the cornerstone of economic growth, but its shortage restricts China’s eco-
nomic development. Therefore, implementing a long-term energy conservation and
consumption reduction strategy is crucial to ensure healthy and sustained economic
growth. Improper use of energy wastes resources and causes environmental crises, such
as increasing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions. European and American
countries have begun formulating carbon emission guidelines and introducing “carbon
tariffs.” The world is moving towards a transition focusing on low carbon emissions and
high efficiency, aiming to alleviate energy and environmental pressures [1].
Since the reform and opening up, China’s economy has grown rapidly. However, its
extensive development model relies heavily on fossil fuels, resulting in coal consumption
and carbon emissions leading the world, and environmental pressure has risen sharply,
especially the threat of acid rain. In response, energy conservation and emission reduc-
tion have become a top priority for the government [2]. Policies such as the “Eleventh
Five-Year Plan” and the “Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emis-
sion Reduction in the 12th Five-Year Plan” have been issued, setting specific targets
for energy conservation and emission reduction [3]. The power industry, in particular,
has been promoting energy conservation and emission reduction through innovative
policies such as electricity price adjustments to build a resource-saving, environment-
friendly society.
Energy is fundamental to the operation of both industry and society, with the metal-
lurgical sector, characterized by its substantial energy consumption and associated envi-
ronmental challenges, emerging as a pivotal area for enhancement. In response to these
pressing issues, researchers have diligently pursued various technologies and strategies
aimed at developing efficient energy management systems. Notably, in recent years,
significant strides have been made in the advancement of centralized energy manage-
ment systems (EMS), which are instrumental in monitoring and regulating energy con-
sumption. Despite these notable achievements, however, existing EMS systems continue
to grapple with challenges, including inaccuracies in calculations, inadequate control
mechanisms, and restricted response times in the event of energy-related accidents.
To overcome these limitations, researchers have been actively exploring new
approaches and technologies, including edge computing and machine learning. Edge
computing enables real-time data processing and decision-making by bringing computa-
tion closer to the data source, which can significantly reduce data transmission latency
and improve system efficiency. Machine learning, on the other hand, provides powerful
tools for analyzing and predicting energy consumption patterns, enabling more accu-
rate and efficient energy management. At present, machine learning and edge comput-
ing have worked well in energy management [4, 5], but no researchers have combined
the two. The aim of this paper is to combine machine learning with edge computing to
design a distributed energy management system to improve the efficiency, reliability, and
sustainability of the system.
systems to improve management efficiency and promote the realization of office auto-
mation. Introducing these systems not only enhances the management efficiency of
enterprises but also significantly reduces operating costs and promotes enterprises’
competitiveness in the market. However, in electrical monitoring and energy manage-
ment, the information technology and networking process is relatively lagging, and there
is still much room for improvement.
We must build a perfect network architecture to realize the comprehensive infor-
mation and network in this field. This includes the construction of hardware facilities,
the development and optimization of the software platform, and the implementation
of data management and security protection measures. We have designed an efficient
data acquisition network that can real-time and accurately collect operational data from
various types of distributed energy devices (such as solar photovoltaic panels, wind
turbines, energy storage systems, etc.). These data are transmitted through Internet of
Things technology and initially preprocessed at edge computing nodes, including data
cleaning, format conversion and anomaly detection, to provide a reliable data basis for
subsequent analysis. By building a comprehensive and systematic network architecture,
enterprises can realize real-time monitoring and management of electrical equipment
and energy resources to optimize energy efficiency further, reduce operating costs, and
provide strong support for the sustainable development of enterprises. Finally, this will
help enterprises establish themselves in the information age and gain more significant
advantages in the fierce market competition [6, 7].
The system architecture includes a management network, monitoring network, man-
agement site, and telecommuting, all relying on industrial Ethernet for efficient intercon-
nection and data sharing. Real-time electrical and energy data are collected by sensors
and transmitted to the central server via high-bandwidth, low-latency Ethernet, ensur-
ing fast data transmission and minimal delay. The energy management system processes
this data, generates real-time usage reports, and performs automated control based on
preset rules [8, 9]. Key factors for successful operation include server computing power,
data storage performance, and network strength. The system also enables remote moni-
toring and management, allowing managers to access real-time data and perform opera-
tions from any location, enhancing flexibility and efficiency, especially for multi-site and
cross-regional management. By integrating advanced Ethernet technology, reliable data
transmission, and efficient processing, the system improves energy utilization, manage-
ment precision, and supports sustainable enterprise development.
Recognize that the data originates from the energy basic storage layer and provide
a reference for subsequent evaluation after integration and analysis. The core of the
energy data management team is to deeply analyze and process data to optimize corpo-
rate energy consumption and allocation [10]. Table 1 shows comparison of architecture
functions.
Table 2 Schematic diagram of the components of the distributed energy management system
Constituent Describe Technology
part application
Data acquisi- Responsible for collecting the operation data of various energy equip- Sensors, the Internet
tion layer ment (such as solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage batteries, of Things technology
etc.), as well as the energy consumption data on the user side
Edge comput- Preliminary processing and analysis of the collected data, including Edge computing
ing layer data cleaning, abnormal detection, etc., is order to reduce the data nodes, data process-
transmission volume and improve the processing efficiency ing algorithm
Machine The machine learning algorithm is used to deeply analyze the pro- Machine learning
learning layer cessed data to realize the functions of energy prediction and optimal models, and data
scheduling analysis tools
Optimize the According to the results of the machine learning layer, energy manage- Optimization algo-
decision-mak- ment strategies, including energy distribution, equipment scheduling, rithm and decision
ing layer etc., are developed to achieve the efficient use of energy support system
User interac- Provide a user-friendly interface that enables users to monitor energy User interface design,
tion layer usage in real time and receive optimization suggestions from the human-computer in-
energy management system teraction technology
Feng and Ran Energy Informatics (2025) 8:17 Page 5 of 18
Monitoring unit
The design of the monitoring unit is based on the advanced machine learning and data
analysis technology. Through the in-depth analysis of the data transmitted in the data
collection part, the real-time monitoring and abnormal detection of the energy sys-
tem are realized. We adopted machine learning algorithms suitable to energy manage-
ment scenarios, such as time series analysis and cluster analysis, to extract valuable
information and predict future energy needs. In energy management, the monitor-
ing system plays a crucial role. Without a comprehensive monitoring system in place,
enterprises are unable to effectively optimize their electricity consumption strategy and
attain energy-saving objectives. This system hinges on an information collection sys-
tem that utilizes intelligent meters to monitor various crucial power parameters in real-
time, encompassing power, current, voltage, power factor, and other relevant metrics.
Through the monitoring of these real-time data, enterprises can fully grasp the energy
use situation and timely find and solve potential problems; in general, the monitoring
system is not only an essential tool for energy management but also an important guar-
antee for enterprises to achieve exemplary management, energy conservation, and emis-
sion reduction. Through real-time data monitoring, accurate fault diagnosis, rapid event
reporting, and effective risk control, it provides solid technical support for the sustain-
able development of enterprises. It helps enterprises maintain a leading position in the
fierce market competition [14].
The monitoring system adopts unit control from total to sub-unit, first overviewing
the operation of the enterprise and then detailing the real-time status of the power unit.
The user can drill down to the unit wiring diagram. The system monitors abnormalities
in real time, gives early warnings, and provides solutions to ensure the standard equip-
ment is typical [15]. The energy management module is the core, which counts energy
consumption, evaluates balance, predicts load, optimizes cost, and provides energy-sav-
ing diagnosis and solutions [16].
This mathematical model aims to minimize the total energy cost while ensuring the
reliability and stability of the system under uncertain conditions, taking into account fac-
tors such as fluctuations in renewable energy generation and changes in energy demand.
The model includes an objective function that includes the costs of energy procurement,
storage, and generation, and constrains energy supply, demand, and operational con-
straints. In order to deal with the uncertainty in energy production and consumption,
probability techniques such as opportunity constrained optimization were adopted.
further improve the efficiency and adaptability of the system, we combined support vec-
tor machines for device load prediction. The high generalization ability of SVM helps to
reduce overfitting and enhance the recognition ability of unknown load patterns.
In the process of building a machine learning model, we first train the model using
historical data and use cross validation to ensure its generalization ability. For different
tasks, we perform hyperparameter optimization on each model to achieve optimal per-
formance. For example, in the LSTM model, we adjusted parameters such as the number
of nodes, learning rate, and time step in the hidden layer, while in the random forest, we
adjusted hyperparameters such as the number of trees and maximum depth. In addition,
in order to realize the real-time and low latency response of the system, we combine the
machine learning model with edge computing to preprocess and preliminarily analyze
the data through edge devices, reducing the time of data transmission to the cloud, thus
improving the response speed of the entire energy management system. Through these
methods, we have developed a multi model collaborative machine learning framework
that enables efficient and accurate prediction and decision-making in distributed energy
management. Table 3 shows comparison of main differences and advantages between
proposed and existing methods.
Table 3 Comparison of main differences and advantages between proposed and existing methods
Comparing Existing methods Proposed method
dimensions
System Architecture Centralized data processing and transmission Edge computing is used to process data
and Data Processing to the cloud result in a system response delay and reduce data transmission. The re-
of approximately 150ms, high bandwidth sponse time is reduced to 30ms and the
requirements, and poor system scalability. bandwidth requirement is reduced by
about 50%, which greatly improves the
real-time performance of the system.
Machine learning Using traditional optimization algorithms By using LSTM and random forest
models and optimi- such as linear regression and heuristic model, the prediction accuracy has
zation capabilities algorithms, the system optimization effect is been improved to 92%, the error rate
limited, the prediction accuracy is low, and has been reduced to 5%, and it performs
the error rate is about 15%. better under complex load changes.
Feng and Ran Energy Informatics (2025) 8:17 Page 7 of 18
Fig. 1 Flow chart of the design and implementation of the distributed energy management system
Fig. 3 Comparison of the response time of distributed system before and after optimization
and reduce difficulty. Cross-entropy learning determines the optimal offloading scheme.
Simulation shows that the strategy is robust and super-convex optimized performance
[21]. The calculation formula is shown in formula (1).
Where α represents the regression coefficient, Q(t) represents the node feature matrix,
β the adjacency matrix, γ the weight matrix, T(t) represents the temperature, and D(t)
represents the power demand. The calculation formula is shown in formula (2).
N
∑
Pi (t) = D(t)(2)
i=1
Where Pi(t) represents the power supply of energy, D(t) represents the power demand,
and N represents the amount of energy. Energy demand is directly proportional to the
energy supply. The calculation formula is shown in formula (3).
N
∑
min Ci (Pi (t))(3)
i=1
Where t represents time, Pi represents the power supply cost function, and Pi(t) repre-
sents the power supply. The calculation formula is shown in formula (4).
Among them, Estorage(t) represents the energy storage capacity of the energy stor-
age device, Pcharge(t) represents the charging power of the energy storage device, and
Pdicharge(t) represents the discharging power of the energy storage device. The calculation
formula is shown in formula (5).
N
∑
Pgrid (t) = D(t) − Pi (t)(5)
i=1
Among them, Pgrid(t) represents the electricity purchased by the grid, D(t) represents the
total electricity demand, and Pi(t) represents the electricity supply of the energy source.
Fig. 4 Relationship between training period and prediction accuracy of machine learning model
The efficiency of the energy storage system over time is shown in Fig. 5. This experi-
ment was performed at a temperature of 24℃ and 40% humidity. The experimental
results show that the efficiency of energy storage systems exhibits certain fluctuations
over time, mainly influenced by fluctuations in load demand and renewable energy
generation. In the initial stage of the experiment (0–10 h), the energy efficiency of the
system is relatively high, maintaining between 80 and 85%, mainly due to the stable out-
put of renewable energy and low load demand at this time. However, over time, espe-
cially within 10–20 h, the energy efficiency of the system decreases to about 70% due
to increased load demand. At this point, the system begins to rely more on traditional
energy supply, leading to a decrease in energy efficiency. The optimization of mobile
edge computing networks is studied, and hyperparameters affect the convergence speed
and accuracy in cross-entropy learning. Hyperparameter optimization can improve the
algorithm’s performance, and the optimization value is screened through testing [24].
The optimization rate of the mobile edge computing network is shown in (6).
K
∑
Cedge (t) = aj · yj (t)(6)
j=1
Among them, Cedge(t) represents the processing power of edge computing nodes, aj indi-
cates the attention coefficient, yi(t) represents the task load, and K represents the num-
ber of tasks. The calculation formula of the attention coefficient is shown in (7).
aj = W H + b(7)
Where aj represents the operating cost, W is the environmental cost, H is the optimiza-
tion cycle, and b is the bias vector.
Feng and Ran Energy Informatics (2025) 8:17 Page 11 of 18
management tasks, but it still has some error space, which may result from the limita-
tions of algorithm design or data processing.
SVM has increased to 90%, which is PSO significant improvement compared with
method PSO, which reflects that the algorithm may have adopted more advanced data
processing technology or strategies in the optimization process, thus making progress in
accuracy. However, a 90% accuracy still means a potential error of 10%, which may have
a significant impact in practice.
The accuracy of GA was only 70%, which is at a low level in all methods. This may be
due to the relative simplicity of its algorithm design, or the failure to fully adapt to the
complexity and diversity of distributed energy management.
The paper method shows excellent accuracy, reaching a high level of 95%. This signifi-
cant improvement may be due to the innovative design of the algorithm, the deep data
mining, and the efficient model training process. High accuracy not only means lower
error rate, but also means that energy distribution can be more accurately predicted and
optimized in practice, thus improving the overall efficiency and stability of the system.
T
∑
min [Cop (t) + Cenv (t)](8)
t=1
Where Cop(T) denotes the operating cost, Cenv(T) denotes the environmental cost, and T
represents the optimization cycle. The calculation formula is shown in formula (9).
Feng and Ran Energy Informatics (2025) 8:17 Page 13 of 18
n [ ]2
1 ∑ Si (t) − µi
H(t) = (9)
n σi
i=1
Where H(t) represents the health status index, µi the loss function, σi the input feature
matrix, Si(t) the monitoring signal, and n the quantity.
Fig. 8 The comparison of energy consumption and time delay by the different methods
Feng and Ran Energy Informatics (2025) 8:17 Page 14 of 18
terms of cost savings, our system brings about a 25% cost reduction for distributed
energy management systems, which is particularly prominent in comparison.
In high-load scenarios, our system is faster and more stable. For applications with
low latency requirements, our system also performs well, meeting the strict real-time
requirements by optimizing algorithms and data transmission. Ordinary heterogeneous
sets refer to specific scenarios of {0, 1} functions in fuzzy sets. The related definitions
and proofs should be consistent when fuzzy sets are explicit. Fuzzy set theory transcends
explicit set theory and deals with subjective perception scenarios. The operation of the
fuzzy set in the cosmic pool is summarized.
Probability theory calculates the probability of random events, and fuzziness describes
the fuzzy state of things. Researchers discuss fuzziness from the perspective of set the-
ory, integrate the concepts of fuzzy set, membership function, and fuzzy reasoning, and
lay the foundation of fuzzy mathematics. The calculation formula is shown in formula
(10).
Where Pwind(t) represents wind power generation changes over time, v(t)3 represents the
node features after aggregation, η represents the wind power efficiency, ρ represents the
air density, and A represents the swept area of the wind wheel. The calculation formula is
shown in formula (11).
∑
N
Pi · ηi
ηtotal = i=1
(11)
∑
N
Pi
i=1
Among them, Pi represents the amount of electricity generated, ηi represents the energy
efficiency, and N represents the amount of energy. The design and optimization effects
of the distributed energy management system based on edge computing and machine
learning are shown in Table 6. The values of these initial versus optimized states are
Feng and Ran Energy Informatics (2025) 8:17 Page 15 of 18
Table 6 Design and optimization effects of distributed energy management systems based on
edge computing and machine learning
Index Initial status Optimized post-state Increase the proportion
Energy utilization (%) 65 85 30%
Calculate the delay (ms) 120 50 58.33%
System response time (s) 5.0 2.0 60%
Data transmission volume (GB/day) 50 20 60%
Equipment failure rate (%) 8.5 3.2 62.35%
Energy cost saving (%) 0 15 15%
CO2 Reduction in emissions (kg/yr) 0 5000 5000 kg/yr
observed under a specific set of conditions. The initial state reflects the performance
of a distributed energy management system before not applying edge computing and
machine learning optimization. These status data are collected under the normal opera-
tion of the system without any special adjustments or optimization measures. The data
of the optimized state is observed after the system design and optimization of edge com-
puting and machine learning algorithms. In the optimization process, we consider the
energy efficiency, response speed, stability and other aspects of the system, and through
in-depth analysis and processing of the data, the system performance improvement.
These optimization measures are conducted on the premise of ensuring the safety and
reliability of the system, and have been rigorously tested and verified.
Fig. 10 Relationship between user satisfaction and energy management system performance
The relationship between household satisfaction and energy management system per-
formance is shown in Fig. 10. As can be seen from the data points, with the improve-
ment of the performance of the energy management system, the user satisfaction shows
an increasing trend. When the system performance was increased from 10 to 80%, the
user satisfaction was rapidly increased from 65 points to 100 points. Fuzzy calculation
converts input data into a fuzzy data set, and the data scale needs to be adjusted. The
transformation is divided into linear and nonlinear, and the universe is divided into
continuous and discrete—the fuzzy division into the single-point fuzzy sets and other
techniques to ensure accuracy. The membership function is critical in fuzzy sets. The
formula of the thermal lag time is shown in formula (12).
d2
tlag = (12)
α
Among them, tlag represents thermal hysteresis time, d represents wall thickness, and α
represents thermal diffusivity. Thermal diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to
the thermal lag time. In fuzzy control, the demand deviation and change rates are the
core inputs, and the load ratio is the output. The operation of input quantity is uncertain
and depends on operating experience. Expert knowledge is used to achieve optimal con-
trol, so the fuzzy control method is incorporated into the demand control process.
Conclusion
In this study, we designed and optimized a Distributed Energy Management System
based on edge computing and machine learning techniques, aiming to address the inef-
ficiencies of traditional energy management systems. Through rigorous simulation and
analysis, we have demonstrated that integrating edge computing and machine learning
significantly enhances the system’s performance in terms of energy efficiency, cost sav-
ings and real-time adaptability.
(1) One of the most significant contributions of this approach is its impact on energy
efficiency. The integration of edge computing allows for real-time data processing at the
source, reducing latency in decision-making. In comparison to traditional centralized
systems, our system reduced response times by 80% (from 150ms to30ms). This reduc-
tion in latency enables more accurate and timely control of energy usage. Which directly
translates into a 30% improvement in energy efficiency. The system’s ability to dynami-
cally adjust to real-time conditions allows for better load balancing and optimized
energy consumption.
(2) Another key finding is the cost reduction achieved through the proposed system.
By utilizing machine learning algorithms, such as Random Forest and LSTM, the sys-
tem optimizes energy management strategies to reduce over costs. The machine learn-
ing model was able to predict energy demand more accurately. Which led to a 15%
Feng and Ran Energy Informatics (2025) 8:17 Page 17 of 18
Declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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